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Vibrations and
Waves
Introduction Amplitude :
A wave is produced by a source of vibration. The maximum displacement of the objects from their
Mechanical waves need a material medium or their equilibrium position.
propagation.
Examples of mechanical waves include water Period, T
waves ,sound waves, shock waves as in earthquakes
and waves in strings, springs and rods. The time taken for one complete oscillation.
Electromagnetic waves do not need a material
medium for their propagation. The S.I. unit is second (s)
Examples of electromagnetic waves are radio waves ,
light waves , infra-red (IR) and ultra-violet ( UV). T= t
As a wave travels through a medium, there is no n t = time
transfer of matter but only transfer of energy from a n = number of oscillations
vibrating source.
Frequency, f
Common terminology of vibrations
The number of complete oscillations per second.
Vibration: The S.I. unit is Hertz (Hz)
Equilibrium position:
Graph displacement-time
The position of the object where is no resultant force
acts on the object.
One oscillation:
Example 1
Solution
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Example 2 Transformation of energy in a vibration system.
Solution
Natural Frequency:
Oscillation of a
spring hang with a mass
mass kekenyalan spring
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energy from the microwaves and so they get hotter.
This heat conducts and cooks the food.
Example 5 :
The another example of useful resonance is the
tuning circuit on a radio set. Radio waves of all
frequencies strike the aerial and only the one which is
required must be picked out. This is done by having a
capacitance-inductance combination which resonates
to the frequency of the required wave . The
capacitance is variable; by altering its value other
frequencies can be obtained.
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overcome the problem of taking a reading from
an oscillating needle.
TUTORIAL 1
A 2.0 s B 4.0 s
C 6.0 s D 8.0 s
E 10.0 s
A A to B A 1 Hz B 1 Hz
B A to C 3 2
C A to C and back C to B
D A to C and back C to A C 2 Hz D 3 Hz
3 2
2 The figure shows a bob of a simple pendulum is
swinging between point P and point Q. It takes E 2 Hz
13.8 s to swing from P to Q and back to P
twenty times
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4
6 The diagram shows how displacement varies 9 Pak Abu has a pendulum clock as shown in the
with time. diagram below.
A P B Q
C R D S
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11 Which of the following arrangements of springs 14 What energy changes take place when a load
produces the highest frequency? hang at the end of a spring is displaced
[ All the springs are identical ] downwards and released to make vertical
vibrations?
12 A spring is loaded with a weight of 40 g takes At which point does the bob of the pendulum
0.6 s to make a complete swing. What is the have both of kinetic energy and gravitational
time of a complete swing of the spring , when potential energy?
the spring is carried out to the surface of the
Moon? 16 The figure shows a simple pendulum of length
40 cm.
( g earth = 1 g moon ) A metal rod R is clamped at R to make OR = 20
6 cm.
A 0.1 s B 0.6 s
C 3.6 s D 4.2 s
E 10.0S
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Which of the following is not true when the bob 20 The figure shows the arrangement of the
is displaced and released ? apparatus to show the phenomenon of
resonance but the resonance not occurs.
A At point B ,the bob has the highest velocity
B The time taken to move from to A to B
same as from B to C.
C The gravitational potential energy at A
same as at C
D The gravitational potential energy at A
same as the kinetic energy at B
18 Which of the following physical quantities has a 22 A system is oscillating at its natural frequency
maximum value when resonance occurs? without damping.
What happens to the total energy of the
A frequency B period oscillating system?
C amplitude D acceleration
A It remains constant
19 A spring vibrates at a natural frequency 50 Hz. B It decreases
Resonance occurs when the frequency of forced C It increases
vibrations on the spring is
23 As the amplitude decreases the
A 0 Hz B 25 Hz ______________ decrease.
C 50 Hz D 100 Hz
A period B frequency
C energy D number of
oscillations
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24 The figure shows a mass hanging from a spring 25 The figure shows a paper cone filled with water
is immersed in water. attached to spring. The paper cone has a hole at
its end.
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(f) Plot a graph displacement – time to show
(a) By using the letters A,B and C in the why the pendulum stops to oscillate.
diagram above state the
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(iii) the experiment is conducted at the
surface of the Moon.
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(c) When the amplitude of the vibrations (b) Base on the graph paper above plot a
remain constant, draw, using the same graph T2 against m.
axes shown below, two displacement-
time graphs to compare the vibrations of
the springs with one trolley and then with
two trolleys are used.
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.........
(d) Determine the value of
(i) m when T = 2.2 s
The jigsaw blade is displaced horizontally to one
side and then released so that it oscillates. The
time for 20 oscillations ,t is taken by a stop
watch. The experiment is repeated by using (ii) T when m = 0.72 kg.
plasticine balls with different masses.
The results of the experiment are shown in the
table below.
Mass, Time for 20 Period T2 / s2 (e) State one precaution that should be taken
m /k g oscillations, t / s T/s during this experiment.
0.1 28.0
0.2 40.0 ………………………………………………..
0.3 50.0
0.4 56.0
0.5 64.0
0.6 70.0
(a) Complete the table above.
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29 Each figure below shows a boxer punches the (v) The procedure of the experiment
punch-ball with two different sizes. The big which include the method of
punch-ball vibrates more slowly than the small controlling the manipulated variable
punch-ball. and the method of measuring the
responding variable.
(vi) Way you would tabulate the data
(vii) Way you would analysis the data
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