Prof.

Anchordoqui

Problems set # 3 Physics 169 February 24, 2015

1. A point charge q is located at the center of a uniform ring having linear charge density λ
and radius a, as shown in Fig. 1. Determine the total electric flux through a sphere centered at the
point charge and having radius R, where R < a.

Solution Only the charge inside radius R contributes to the total flux, hence ΦE = q/0 .

2. A point charge Q is located just above the center of the flat face of a hemisphere of radius
R as shown in Fig. 2. What is the electric flux (i) through the curved surface and (ii) through the
flat face?

Solution With δ very small, all points on the hemisphere are nearly at a distance R from
1 Q
the charge, so the field everywhere on the curved surface is 4π 0 R
2 radially outward (normal to

the surface). Therefore, the flux is this field strength times the area of half a sphere Φcurved =
~ · dA~ = 1 Q2 2πR2 = Q . (ii) The closed surface encloses zero charge so Gauss’ law gives
R
E 4π0 R 20
Φcurved + Φflat = 0 or Φflat = −Φcurved = − 2Q0 .

3. The line ag in Fig. 3 is a diagonal of a cube. A point charge q is located on the extension of
line ag, very close to vertex a of the cube. Determine the electric flux through each of the sides of
the cube which meet at the point a.

Solution No charge is inside the cube. The net flux through the cube is zero. Positive flux
comes out through the three faces meeting at g. These three faces together fill a solid angle equal
to one-eighth of a sphere as seen from q. The total flux passing through these faces is then 18 q0 .
Each face containing a intercepts equal flux going into the cube: 0 = ΦE,net = 3ΦE,abcd + 8q0 .
q
Therefore, ΦE,abcd = − 240
.

4. A sphere of radius R surrounds a point charge Q , located at its center. (i) Show that the
electric flux through a circular cap of half-angle (see Fig. 4) is ΦE = 2Q0 (1 − cos θ). What is the
flux for (ii) θ = 90◦ and (iii) θ = 180◦ .

Solution The charge creates a uniform E, ~ pointing radially outward, so ΦE = EA. The
R
arc length is ds = Rdθ, and the circumference is 2πr = 2πR sin θ. Hence, A = 2πrds =
Rθ 2 θ
R 2 θ 2 1 Q
0 (2πR sin θ)Rdθ = 2πR 0 sin θ dθ = −2πR cos θ|0 = 2πR (1 − cos θ) and ΦE = 4π0 R2 ·
2πR2 (1 − cos θ) = 2Q0 (1 − cos θ), i.e., independent of R! (ii) For θ = 90◦ (hemisphere), ΦE =
Q ◦ Q ◦ Q ◦ Q
20 (1 − cos 90 ) = 20 (iii) For θ = 180 (entire sphere), ΦE = 20 (1 − cos 180 ) = 0 ; this is a
formal derivation of Gauss’ law.

5. An insulating solid sphere of radius a has a uniform volume charge density and carries a
total positive charge Q. A spherical gaussian surface of radius r, which shares a common center
with the insulating sphere, is inflated starting from r = 0. (i) Find an expression for the electric
flux passing through the surface of the gaussian sphere as a function of r for r < a. (ii) Find an
expression for the electric flux for r > a. (iii) Plot the flux versus r.

4 ρ 3Q
Solution The charge density is determined by Q = 3 πa ⇒ ρ = 4πa3
. (i) The flux is that
qin 4πr3 ρ Qr3 Q
created by the enclosed charge within radius r: ΦE = 0 = 30 = 0 a3 . (ii) ΦE = 0 . Note that
the answers to parts (i) and (ii) agree at r = a. (iii) This is shown in Fig. 5.

6. A solid insulating sphere of radius a carries a net positive charge 3Q, uniformly distributed
throughout its volume. Concentric with this sphere is a conducting spherical shell with inner radius
b and outer radius c, and having a net charge −Q, as shown in Fig. 6. (i) Construct a spherical
gaussian surface of radius r > c and find the net charge enclosed by this surface. (ii) What is the
direction of the electric field at r > c? (iii) Find the electric field at r ≥ c. (iv) Find the electric
field in the region with radius r where b < r < c (v) Construct a spherical gaussian surface of radius
r, where b < r < c, and find the net charge enclosed by this surface. (vi) Construct a spherical
gaussian surface of radius r, where a < r < b, and find the net charge enclosed by this surface.
(vii) Find the electric field in the region a < r < b. (viii) Construct a spherical gaussian surface of
radius r < a, and find an expression for the net charge enclosed by this surface, as a function of r.
Note that the charge inside this surface is less than 3Q. (ix) Find the electric field in the region
r < a. ( x) Determine the charge on the inner surface of the conducting shell. (xi) Determine
the charge on the outer surface of the conducting shell. (xii) Make a plot of the magnitude of the
electric field versus r.

Solution (i) qin = 3Q − Q = 2Q. (ii) The charge distribution is spherically symmetric and
1 qin Q
qin > 0. Thus, the field is directed radially outward. (iii) For r ≥ c, E = 4π 0 r
2 = 2π r 2 .
0
(iv) Since all points within this region are located inside conducting material, E = 0, for b < r < c.
~ = 0 ⇒ qin = 0 ΦE = 0. (vi) qin = 3Q. (vii) For a ≤ r < b, E = 1 qin2 = 3Q 2
~ · dA
R
(v) ΦE = E 4π0 r 4π0 r
3Q 4 3 qin 3Qr
(radially outward). (viii) qin = ρV = 4 3 πr
πa3
3 = 3Q ar 3 . (ix) For 0 ≤ r ≤ a, E = 4π0 r2
= 4π0 a3
3
(radially outward). (x) From part (iv), for b < r < c, E = 0.Thus, for a spherical gaussian sur-
face with b < r < c, qin = 3Q + qinner = 0 where qinner is the charge on the inner surface of the
conducting shell. This yields qinner = −3Q. (xi) Since the total charge on the conducting shell is
qnet = qouter + qinner = −Q, we have qouter = −Q − qinner = −Q − (−3Q) = 2Q. (xii) This is shown
in Fig. 6.

7.Consider a long cylindrical charge distribution of radius R with a uniform charge density ρ.
Find the electric field at distance r from the axis where r < R.

Solution If is positive, the field must be radially outward. Choose as the gaussian surface a cylin-
der of length L and radius r, contained inside the charged rod. Its volume is πr2 L and it encloses
charge ρπr2 L, see Fig. 7. Because the charge distribution is long, no electric flux passes through
the circular end caps; E ~ · dA
~ = EdA cos(π/2) = 0. The curved surface has E ~ · dA
~ = EdA cos 0◦ ,
 H
~ · dA
~= q
and E must be the same strength everywhere over the curved surface. Gauss’ law, E 0 ,
R ρπr2 L
becomes E curved dA = 0 . Now the lateral surface area of the cylinder is 2πrL, yielding
surface
~ = ρr
E2πrL = ρπr2 L/0 . Thus, E 20 radially away from the cylinder axis.

8. A solid, insulating sphere of radius a has a uniform charge density ρ and a total charge Q.
Concentric with this sphere is an uncharged, conducting hollow sphere whose inner and outer radii
are b and c, as shown in Fig. 8. (i) Find the magnitude of the electric field in the regions r < a,
a < r < b, b < r < c, and r > c. (ii) Determine the induced charge per unit area on the inner and
outer surfaces of the hollow sphere.

~ = E(4πr2 ) = qin . For r < a, qin = ρ 4 πr3 , so E = ρr . For

~ · dA
H
Solution (i) From Gauss’ law E 0 3 30
a < r < b and c < r, qin = Q, so E = 4πQ0 r2 . For b ≤ r ≤ c, E = 0, since E = 0 inside a conductor.
(ii) Let q1 be the induced charge on the inner surface of the hollow sphere. Since E = 0 inside
the conductor, the total charge enclosed by a spherical surface of radius b ≤ r ≤ c must be zero.
q1 Q
Therefore, q1 +Q = 0 and σ1 = 4πb 2 = − 4πb2 . Let q2 be the induced charge on the outside surface of
q1 Q
the hollow sphere. Since the hollow sphere is uncharged, we require q1 +q2 = 0 and σ2 = 4πc 2 = 4πc2 .

9. An early (incorrect) model of the hydrogen atom, suggested by J. J. Thomson, proposed

that a positive cloud of charge e was uniformly distributed throughout the volume of a sphere of
radius R, with the electron an equal-magnitude negative point charge e at the center. (i) Using
Gauss’ law, show that the electron would be in equilibrium at the center and, if displaced from the
center a distance r < R, would experience a restoring force of the form F = −kr, where k is a con-
2
stant. (ii) Show that k = 4πe0 R3 . (iii) Find an expression for the frequency f of simple harmonic
oscillations that an electron of mass me would undergo if displaced a small distance (< R) from
the center and released. (iv) Calculate a numerical value for R that would result in a frequency of
2.47×1015 Hz, the frequency of the light radiated in the most intense line in the hydrogen spectrum.

Solution First, consider the field at distance r < R from the center of a uniform sphere of positive
4
qin ρV +e πr2 e
charge (Q = +e) with radius R. From Gauss’ law, 4πr2 E = 0 = 0 = 4
πR3
3
0 , so E = 4π0 R3
r
3
directed outward. (i) The force exerted on a point charge q = −e located at distance r from the
2 2 2
center is then F = qE = − 4πe0 R3 r = −kr. (ii) k = 4πe0 R3 (iii) Fr = me ar = − 4πe0 R3 r, so ar =
2
q
e2
− 4π0eme R3 r = −ω 2 r. Thus, the motion is simple harmonic with frequency f = ω
2π = 1
4π0 me R3
2π .
q 9 2 2 −19
8.99×10 N·m /C (1.60×10 C)2
1
(iv) f = 2.47 × 1015 Hz = 2π 9.11×10−31 kg R3
, which yields R3 = 1.05 × 10−30 m3 , or
R = 1.02 × 10−10 m = 102 pm.

10. An infinitely long cylindrical insulating shell of inner radius a and outer radius b has a
uniform volume charge density ρ. A line of uniform linear charge density λ is placed along the axis
of the shell. Determine the electric field everywhere.

Solution The field direction is radially outward perpendicular to the axis. The field strength
depends on r but not on the other cylindrical coordinates θ or z. Choose a Gaussian cylinder of
radius r and length L. If r < a, ΦE = qin0 and E2πrL = λL/0 , so E ~ = λ r̂. If a < r < b,
2πr0
2 2 ~ λ+ρπ(r2 −a2 )
E2πrL = [λL + ρπ(r − a )L]/0 and E = 2πr0 r̂. If r > b, E2πrL = [λL + ρπ(b2 − a2 )L]/0
~ = λ+ρπ(b2 −a2 )
and E 2πr0 r̂.

11. A particle of mass m and charge q moves at high speed along the x axis. It is initially
near x = −∞, and it ends up near x = +∞. A second charge Q is fixed at the point x = 0,
y = −d. As the moving charge passes the stationary charge, its x component of velocity does not
change appreciably, but it acquires a small velocity in the y direction. Determine the angle through
which the moving charge is deflected. [Hint: The integral you encounter in determining vy can be
evaluated by applying Gauss’ law to a long cylinder of radius d, centered on the stationary charge.]

dv
Solution The vertical velocity component of the moving charge increases according to m dty =
dv q
Fy → m dxy dx
dt R= qEy , see Fig. 9. Now dxdt = vx , has a nearly constant value v. Hence dvy = mv Ey dx,
vy q +∞
yielding vy = 0 dvy0 = mv
R
−∞ Ey dx.
R +∞
The radially outward compnent of the electric field varies
R +∞
along the x axis; it is described by −∞ Ey dA = −∞ Ey 2πd dx = Q/0 . Putting all this together
R +∞ Q qQ
−∞ E y dx = 2πd0 and v y = mv2πd0 . The angle of deflection is described by tan θ = vy /v, so
−1 qQ
θ = tan 2π0 dmv2 .

12. Two infinite, nonconducting sheets of charge are parallel to each other, as shown in Fig. 10.
The sheet on the left has a uniform surface charge density σ, and the one on the right has a uniform
charge density −σ. Calculate the electric field at points (i) to the left of, (ii) in between, and (iii)
to the right of the two sheets. (iv) Repeat the calculations when both sheets have positive uniform
surface charge densities of value σ.

Solution Consider the field due to a single sheet and let E+ and E− represent the fields due
to the positive and negative sheets, see Fig. 10. The field at any distance from each sheet has a
magnitude given by |E+ | = |E− | = 2σ0 . (i) To the left of the positive sheet, E+ is directed toward
the left and E− toward the right and the net field over this region is E ~ = 0. (ii) In the region
between the sheets, E+ and E− are both directed toward the right and the net field is E ~ = σ/0
to the right. (iii) To the right of the negative sheet, E− and E+ are again oppositely directed and
E~ = 0. (iv) If both charges are positive (see Fig. 10), in the region to the left of the pair of sheets,
both fields are directed toward the left and the net field is E ~ = σ/0 to the left; in the region
between the sheets, the fields due to the individual sheets are oppositely directed and the net field
~ = 0; in the region to the right of the pair of sheets, both are fields are directed toward the
is E
~ = σ/0 to the right.
right and the net field is E

13. A sphere of radius 2a is made of a nonconducting material that has a uniform volume charge
density ρ. (Assume that the material does not affect the electric field.) A spherical cavity of radius
a is now removed from the sphere, as shown in Fig. 11. Show that the electric field within the
ρa
cavity is uniform and is given by Ex = 0 and Ey = 3 0
. [Hint: The field within the cavity is the
superposition of the field due to the original uncut sphere, plus the field due to a sphere the size of
the cavity with a uniform negative charge density −ρ].
 Solution The resultant field within the cavity is the superposition of two fields, one E ~ + due to a
~
uniform sphere of positive charge of radius 2a, and the other E− due to a sphere of negative charge
3
of radius a centered within the cavity. From Gauss’ law we have 43 πr0 ρ = 4πr2 E+ , so E ~ + = ρr r̂ =
30
3
πr ρ
ρ ~ − = ρr1 (−r̂1 ) = − ρ ~r1 . It is easily seen in
30~r. Using again Gauss’ law, − 4 1 = 4πr2 E− , so E
3 0 1 30 30
r−~a)
ρ(~ ~ ~ ~ ρ~r ρ~r ρ~a ρ~a ρa
Fig. 11 that ~r = a + ~r1 , so E= − 30 , yielding E = E+ + E− = 30 − 30 + 30 = 30 = 0ı̂ + 30 ̂.
ρa
Therefore Ex = 0 and Ey = 3 0
at all points within the cavity.

14. A solid insulating sphere of radius R has a nonuniform charge density that varies with r
according to the expression ρ = Ar2 , where A is a constant and r < R is measured from the
center of the sphere. (i) Show that the magnitude of the electric field outside (r > R) the sphere
AR5
is E = 5 0r
2. (ii) Show that the magnitude of the electric field inside (r < R) the sphere is
3
E = Ar50 . [Hint: The total charge Q on the sphere is equal to the integral of ρdV , where r extends
from 0 to R; also, the charge q within a radius r < R is less than Q. To evaluate the integrals,
note that the volume element dV for a spherical shell of radius r and thickness dr is equal to 4r2 dr.]

~ = E4πr2 = qin /0 . (i) For r > R, qin = R Ar2 4πr2 dr =

~ · dA
H R
Solution From Gauss’ law E 0
5
2 4πr 2 dr = 4πAr 5 /5, and E = Ar3 .
AR Rr
4πAR5 /5, and E = 50r
2 . (ii) For r < R, q in = 0 Ar 50

15. A slab of insulating material (infinite in two of its three dimensions) has a uniform positive
charge density ρ. An edge view of the slab is shown in Fig.12. (i) Show that the magnitude of
the electric field a distance x from its center and inside the slab is E = ρx/0 . (ii) Suppose an
electron of charge −e and mass me can move freely within the slab. It is released from rest at a
distance x from q the center. Show that the electron exhibits simple harmonic motion with a fre-
quency s = 2π mρe
1
e 0
. (iii) A slab of insulating material has a nonuniform positive charge density
ρ = Cx2 , where x is measured from the center of the slab as shown in Fig. 12, and C is a constant.
The slab is infinite in the y and z directions. Derive expressions for the electric field in the exterior
regions and the interior region of the slab (−d/2 < x < d/2).

Solution (i) Consider a cylindrical shaped gaussian surface perpendicular to the yz plane with
~ · dA
~ = qin /0
H
one end in the yz plane and the other end containing the point x: Use Gauss law: E
~
By symmetry, the electric field is zero in the yz plane and is perpendicular to dA over the wall
of the gaussian cylinder. Therefore, the only contribution to the integral is over the end cap con-
taining the point x. Hence EA = ρAx/0 , so that at distance x from the mid-line of the slab,
E = ρx/0 . (ii) Use Newton’s law to obtain a = mFe = − mρe e 0
x. The acceleration of the electron
q
ρe
is of the form a = −ω 2 x with ω = me 0 . Thus, the motion is simple harmonic with frequency
q
ω 1 ρe
f= 2π = 2π me 0 .
 6. A point charge q is located at the center of a uniform ring
C is applied having linear charge density % and radius a, as shown in
ough a rec- Figure P24.6. Determine the total electric flux through a
g assuming sphere centered at the point charge and having radius R,
) the plane where R & a.
s the y axis,
x axis. λ

N/C exists R
derstorm is a
q
m by 3.00 m
rd at 10.0°.
m of the car.
electric field Figure P24.6
Figure 1: Problem 1.
found. The 7. A pyramid with horizontal square base, 6.00 m on each
05 N " m2/C. side, and a height of 4.00 m is placed in a vertical electric
field of 52.0 N/C. Calculate the total electric flux through
n a horizon- the pyramid’s four slanted surfaces.
104 N/C as 8. A cone with base radius R and height h is located on a
ux through horizontal table. A horizontal uniform field E penetrates
he slanted the cone, as shown in Figure P24.8. Determine the electric
flux that enters the left-hand side of the cone.

Q
δ 0
h
E
R
R

Figure P24.8

face of area Section 24.2 Gauss’s Law

surface lies 9. The following charges
Figure are located inside a submarine:
P24.15
Figure 2: Problem 2.
he xy plane? 5.00 'C, ( 9.00 'C, 27.0 'C, and ( 84.0 'C. (a) Calculate

16. In the air over a particular region at an altitude of 500 m

above the ground the electric field is 120 N/C directed
 re
of
point charge
surface. Find the electric q isat points
field
shell and (b) inside the shell.
located on the
(a) just outside the extension of line ag, very
49.close tosquare
A thin vertex
conducting aplate
of 50.0
the cm oncube.
a side liesDetermine the electric flux
!8
in the xy plane. A total charge of 4.00 % 10 C is placed
through
on the plate. Findeach(a) theof thedensity
charge sideson theof the cube which meet at the
plate,
(b) the electric field just above the plate, and (c) the
m point a.just below the plate. You may assume that the
electric field
a charge density is uniform.
ric 50. A conducting spherical shell of inner radius a and outer
he radius b carries a net charge Q. A point charge q is placed
cu-
d
at the center of this shell. Determine the surface charge c
density on (a) the inner surface of the shell and (b) the
ut outer surface of the shell. q
lectric
ce
field lines
51. A hollow conducting sphere is surrounded by a larger
concentric spherical conducting shell. The inner sphere
b
a has net charge & 3Q .
utside.
sa
es.
has charge !Q , and the outer shell
The charges are in electrostatic equilibrium. Using
he Gauss’s law, find the charges and the electric fields
re everywhere.
er 52. A positive point charge is at a distance R/2 from the center
of an uncharged thin conducting spherical shell of radius
of h
R. Sketch the electric field lines set up by this arrangement g
m, both inside and outside the shell.
hat
re
Section 24.5 Formal Derivation of Gauss’s Law
net
e
FIG. P24.52
53. A sphere of radius R surrounds a point charge Q , located
eld at its center. (a) Show that the electric flux through a cir- f
nd cular cap of half-angle ' (Fig. P24.53) is
he
() #
Q Figure P24.22
(1 ! cos ')
Figure 3: Problem 3.
2* 0
ge
us What is the flux for (b) ' # 90° and (c) ' # 180°?
he
he
# Section 24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various
his
Charge Distributions
of
ct-The arc length
23. Determine theis magnitude
ds Rd ,ofR
θ
the electric field at the
on-
ge
he
surface of a lead-208
Q nucleus, which contains 82 protons
and 126 neutrons. Assume the lead nucleus has a volume
ed
208 times that of one proton, and consider a proton to be
a f b g
ate
2 2 1.20 % 10&15 m.
cos
a sphere of2Figure
RP24.53 1 cos
ce
est radius
0 Figure 4: Problem 4.
24. A solid sphere of radius 40.0 cm FIG.
in- has a total positive charge
P24.53
re
sa of 26.0
Additional $C uniformly distributed throughout its volume.
Problems
on, 54. A nonuniform electric field is given by the expression
[independent
on
he
Calculate
E # ayî & bzĵ & cxthe of
k̂, where R!]
magnitude
a, of the electric field (a) 0 cm,
b, and c are constants.
Determine the electric flux through a rectangular surface
he (b)
in the 10.0
xy plane,cm, (c)
extending from40.0
x # 0 tocm,
x # w and
and from(d) 60.0 cm from the center
 r " Law
" Gauss’s b. (e) Construct Q a spherical gaussian surface h
(b)
dditional Problems E . Note that the answers to parts (a) and
s r, where c " r 0" b, and find the net charge 59. A
by this surface. (f) Construct a spherical gaussian
4.54 In general, E ay i bz j cxk z
y=0 y =h al
In the xy plane, z 0 and E ay i cxk
of radius r, aywhere b " r " a, and find the net y x = 0
(c) E z
nclosed by this
E dA z e i cx k j k dA
surface. E
(g) Find the x = w electric field
u
ch z xdx ch
w
x 2 w
chw 2
x
dA = hdx x
gion b " r " a.
E
x 0
2 (h)2 Construct a spherical gaussian
x 0
ch
Q
of radius r # a, and find an expression for the net
FIG. P24.54

4.55 (a) q 3Q Q 2Q ci
0
nclosed by this surface, as a function of r. Note
in

D
charge inside
(b)
this surface is less than 3Q. (i) Find
The charge distribution is spherically symmetric and q
radially outward .
0 . Thus, the field is directed
in

d
ric field in k q
the 2k Q
region r # a. ( j) Determine the m
e in e
on the inner
(c) E
r 2
rsurface of the conducting shell.
for r c .
2

lo
rmine (d) the
Since all charge
0
points within this on regionthe outer
are located surface
inside conducting material, of
r E 0 the for
ch
ng shell. (l) Make 0a plot of the
b r c.
a magnitude of the
field (e)versus zr.E dA 0 q
E in0 0 E 60. R
Figure 5: Problem 5.
ge
(f) q in 3Q
FIG. P24.34(c)
k q e in3k Q –Q
e
it
(g) E (radially outward) for a r b .
r 2
r 2
th
V G
F 3Q I FG 4 r IJ 3Q r 3
el
(h) q in
H a K 3Q J H43 K 3
a
3
3
3
th
k q k F r I 3
r
(i) E
r
e in
2
r H
G 3Q J e
a K
2
3k Q 3
a
(radially outward) for 0 r a .
e 3 w
(j) From part (d), E 0 for b r c . Thus, for a
fr
spherical gaussian asurface with b rc c , E
re
q in 3Q q 0 where q
inner is the inner
charge on the inner surface of the
(b
conducting shell. This yields bq 3Q . inner

(k) Since the total charge on the conducting

fr
shell is q q net q outer Q , we have
inner
a b c r
el
q Figure
Q q b 3Qg Figure
QP24.55 2Q . 6: Problem 6.
outer inner FIG. P24.55(l)
d
(l) This is shown in the figure to the right.
a
r two identical conducting spheres whose surfaces 2.
 b

the center of the wall to the field point is

Figure P24.55

56. Consider two identical conducting spheres whose surfaces

are separated by a small distance. One sphere is given a
s the large net positive charge while the other is given a small
61.
ned insidenet positive charge. It is found that the force between
2 them is attractive even though both spheres have net
r L . charges of the same sign. Explain how this is possible.
57.
es A solid, insulating sphere of radius a has a uniform
charge density $ and a total charge Q. Concentric with this
e curved sphere is an uncharged, conducting hollow sphere whose 62.
inner and outer radii are b and c, as shown in Figure
ngth Figure 7: Problem 7.
P24.57. (a) Find the magnitude of the electric field in the
regions r # a, a #FIG.
r # b, P24.29
b # r # c, and r " c. (b) Deter-
mine the induced charge per unit area on the inner and
L outer surfaces of the hollow sphere.
.
Insulator

Conductor
a

ly away from the cylinder axis .

b
c

phere at r1 5 cm we
Figure have
P24.57 Problems 57 and 58.
Figure 8: Problem 8.
 e charge.
e

eb 2
a L j
60. Review problem. An early (incorrect) model of the hydro-
2
gen atom, suggested by J. J. Thomson, proposed that a pos-
itive cloud of charge ( e was uniformly distributed
throughout the volume of a sphere of radius R, with the
0electron an equal-magnitude negative point charge ! e at
the center. (a) Using Gauss’s law, show that the electron

ng charge
r
j
2 would be in equilibrium at the center and, if displaced
a due to the each sheet given by
field
a f
from the center a distance r # R, would experience a
r b . y
restoring force of the form F % !Kr, where K is a constant.
0 (b) Show that K % k e e 2/R 3. (c) Find an expression for the

v
frequency f of simple harmonic oscillations that an
directed perpendicular to the sheet. vy
0
electron of mass me would undergo if displaced a small
0et and let E and E
distance (#R) from the center and released. (d) Calculate vx
a numerical value for R that would result in a frequency of x
s
760
ae and negative sheets. The
2.47C HAPTE
& 1015RHz, • Gauss’s
24 the frequency of Law q d
the light radiated in the
most intense line in the hydrogen spectrum.
to
l the
has a left of
magnitude the pair
given ofbysheets, both fields
61. An infinitely long cylindrical insulating shell of inner are
Q
n
trd the left and the net field is
radius a and outer radius b has a uniform volume charge
FIG.
67. P24.63
A solid insulating sphere of ra
.m Soon the right has a uniform charge density !". Calculate
density $. A line of uniform linear charge density ) is
placed along the axis of the shell. Determine the electric
the electric field at points (a) to the left of, (b) in between,
field everywhere. charge density that varies with r a
s
e
to the left .
and
62. Two(c) to the
infinite, right of sheets
nonconducting the two sheets.
of charge are parallel # $ Ar 2, where A is a constant a
e
63.
e
What
left has If?
a uniform Repeat
surface the
charge FIG. P24.59
to each other, as shown in Figure P24.62. The sheet onFigure
calculations
density
the 9: Problem 11.
*, and the one for Problem 62
the center of the sphere. (a) Show
electric field outside (r ( R) the
- . E is directed toward the
et,when both sheets have positive uniform surface charge den-
d
between
sities ofthe sheets,
value ". the fields due to the individual sheets are (b) Show that the magnitude o
oppositely
andnet
the thefield
net field
is over this (r ' R) the sphere is E $ Ar 3/
64. A sphere of radius 2a is made of a
nitude of the field due to the each sheet given by nonconducting material
charge Q on the sphere is equal to
c. field
that
n 24.8 is varies
has a uniformalong volume the x axis,
charge but
density # . is described
(Assume that by r extends from 0 to R; also, the
the material does not affect the electric field.) A spherical
r ' R is less than Q. To evaluate
E of radius
cavity directed
a is perpendicular
now removed to the sheet.
from the sphere, as
eets, 2 0 E are both
and
Eright volume element dV for a spher
to theshown of the P24.64.
in Figure pair of Showsheets, both
that the are fields
electric arewithin
field directed toward the right
thickness dr is equal to 4) r 2dr.)
deld theisnetcavity
the field isis uniform and is given by Ex $ 0 and Ey $
σ
In the#a/3region to the left
% 0. (Suggestion: of the
The pair
field of sheets,
within bothisfields
the cavity are
the super- 68. A point charge Q is located on
–σ
directedthe toward
toposition
rightof the.thefield
left due
Figure and the
P24.62to net
the field isuncut sphere, plus
original R at a distance b from the plane
FIG. P24.62 FIG. that
Show P24.63if one fourth of th
the field due to a sphere the size of the cavity with a 12.
uni-
angle
form
of deflection is described by
Figure 10: Problem
charge passes through the disk, t
E negative charge
to the left density
. !#.)
0
thin
heet,the
E cavity
and E is are
theagain
superposition
oppositelyofdirected
two and E 0 .
aqQ
uniform sphere of positive charge of radius
In the region between
. the sheets,
y the fields due to the individual sheets are oppositely
due to aand
directed sphere of negative
2 the net field is charge of radius a
0 dmv
avity. E 0 .
a
R
r r
m
In the
theso center
region ofright
Eto the a uniform
r of the pair sphere
of sheets, of positive
x both charge
are fields are directed toward the right
and the net field is3 0 3 0
2a
b
E to therright .
F so
e
E
0
3
b g
I r directed
1
r1
3
r1 .

GH 4 r 0a
3
a f
ltant field R
within JK 0 Figure P24.64
outward0
Figure 11: Problem 13.
the cavity is the superposition of two FIG. P24.64 Q

ne E due to a uniform sphere of positive charge of radius Figure P24.

3 0E due to a sphere of negative charge of radius a
he other
65. A uniformly charged spherical shell with surface charge
qwithine the
located
r
cavity. atr distance
a ra from the a center is then
69. A spherically symmetric charge
 b g 0 Fz G a r IJ dV . The element of volume is a cylindrical
r
this becomes E 2 r
0 0
H bK
r, length , and thickness dr so that dV 2 r dr .
r2 I FG a r IJ so inside the cylinder, E 0r FG a 2r IJ
0
0
JK H 2 3b K 2 0
H 3b K .

Gauss’s law becomes

Fz G a r IJ b2
R
g 0R
2
FG a 2R IJ
0
H bK r dr or outside the cylinder, E
2 0 rH 3b K .

lindrical shaped gaussian surface perpendicular y

e with one end in the yz plane and the other end A
e point x:

aw: z E dA
qin
0
y the gaussian surface. (b) De
at a distance
gaussian r from the cent
surfacethat the Earth’s ma
assuming
the electric field is zero in the yz plane and is
r to dA over the wall of the gaussian cylinder.
only contribution to the integral is over the end
g the point x : Answers tox Quick Quizzes
24.1 (e). The same number o
or EA
a Axf z
x
sphere of any size. Because
x sphere are closer to the cha
0 O
24.2 (d). All field lines that ente
x container so that the total
ance x from the mid-line ofdthe slab, E .
0
nature of the field or the co
24.3 (b) and (d). Statement (a)
E FG e
x FigureIJP24.71 Problems 71 and 72.
an equal number of positiv
FIG. P24.71
H
me 0 K Figure 12: Problem 15. be present inside the surfa
sarily true, as can be seen
72. A slab of insulating material has a nonuniform positive electric field exists everyw
2
charge density ! " Cx , where x is measured 2 from the e charge is not enclosed wit
on of the electron is of the form a x with
center of the slab as shown in Figure P24.71, and C is a
.
m e 0 flux is zero.
constant. The slab is infinite in the y and z directions.
24.4 (c). The charges q1 and q
Derive expressions for the electric field in (a) the exterior
1 e contribute zero net flux thr
regionsharmonic
ion is simple and (b)with thefrequency
interior region
f of the slab .
(#d/2 $ x $ d/2). 2 2 m e 0 24.5 (d). We don’t need the sur
point in space will experien
73. (a) Using the mathematical similarity between Coulomb’s
local source charges.
law and Newton’s law of universal gravitation, show that
Gauss’s law for gravitation can be written as 24.6 (a). Charges added to the m
will reside on the outer su