BEAM LEDGES and DAPPED ENDS

BEAM LEDGES d DAPPED ENDS

ดร. สุนิติ สุภาพ

Dr. Suniti Suparp
nisuparp@yahoo.com
i h

1
 Generally shear carrying mechanism is known variously as
(1) Aggregate interlocking  monotonic member/diagonal 
(1) Aggregate interlocking
Aggregate interlocking monotonic member/diagonal
tension failure.
Shear‐‐friction  concrete connection/direct shear failure.
(2) Shear
(2) Shear concrete connection/direct shear failure.
 Use of shear‐friction theory is recognized by the code, which 
states that shear friction “may be applied where it is
states that shear friction “may be applied where it is 
inappropriate to consider shear as measure of diagonal 
tension”
tension . (PCI)
(PCI)

2
 When the depth of member (h) is relatively large compared to 
shear span (a), the stress distribution may not uniform and 
the general theory of shear design is not appropriate to 
handle.  a/h < 1.0.
R
Required trial and error processes
i d i l d
 There are two theory to consider.

(1) Strut and tie model, and  more general
(2)
(2) Shear
Shear‐friction
friction theory.
theory.
Explain here!!

3
 To reduce superstructure height, PC girders are often
recessed (notched) at their ends and supported by a ledge
beam.
 Because of the reduced section at supports, special attention
must to paid to :
 (1) Ensuring sufficient shear resistance in that region, and
 (2) Detailing of the reinforcement to transfer the load
g it.
through

4
 The design of dapped end requires the investigation of 
p
several potential failure modes.
1.7ld
Avh
2
4 As + An
h d

(2/3)d
d
max.
1
Nu
3
Ash
Vu
40
max.

a ld
5
(1) Flexure (cantilever bending) and axial tension in the extended 
end. Provide flexural reinforcement, As plus axial tension 
reinforcement A
i f An.
(2) Direct shear at the junction of the dap and the main body of 
the member. Provide shear‐friction reinforcement composed 
of As and Avh, plus axial tension reinforcement, An.
(3) Diagonal tension emanating from the re‐entrant corner. 
Provide shear reinforcement, Ash.
(4) Diagonal tension in the extended end. Provide shear 
reinforcement composed of Avh.

6
 Each of these potential failure modes should be investigated 
separately.
 The reinforcement requirement area not cumulative, that is 
As is the greater of that required by 1, 2, or 5, not the sum.
 The following recommendations apply only to dapped 
connections with a/d <= 1.0 and Nu/Vu <= 1.0.

7
 The flexural and axial tension horizontal reinforcement can 
be determined by :

1 Vua  Nu (h  d ) 
As  An    Nu 
fy d 
 Where
  = 0.70 (PCI)
= 0 70 (PCI)
 a  = shear span
 h = depth of member above the dap
d h f b b h d
 d = effective depth at the dap.
 fy = yield strength
8
 The potential vertical crack is resisted by a combination of (As + 
An) and Avh. These reinforcements can be calculated by :

2Vu Nu Vu
As  , An  , Avh 
3fy  e fy 3fvy  e

 Where
  = 0.70 (PCI)
= 0 70 (PCI)
 fy = yield strength of As and An
 fvy = yield strength of A
i ld h f Avh
 e = 6.92bh/Vu   = 1.0 for normal concrete

9
 The recommended minimum reinforcement requirements are :
The recommended minimum reinforcement requirements are :

0.6bh 0.3bh
As ,min  , Avh ,min 
fy fvy

 Unless one‐third more than that required by the factored shear 
force is provided.
 Reinforcement Avh should be uniformly distributed within (2/3)d 
of reinforcement As+Ah.
 Furthermore, the maximum direct shear resistance is limited to :

Vu  0.2fcbh
10
 The reinforcement required to resist diagonal tension cracking 
The reinforcement required to resist diagonal tension cracking
starting from the re‐entrant corner can be calculated form :

Vu
Ash 
fsy

  = 0.7 (PCI) 
 Vu = factored shear force
 Ash = vertical bars across potential diagonal tension crack
p g
 fsy = yield strength of Ash

11
 The reinforcement required to resist diagonal tension at 
The reinforcement required to resist diagonal tension at
extended end can be calculated form :

As ,required
Avh 
required
2

 s,required = Max(As from flexure, As form direct shear)

12
13
 Find As, Ah, Ash and Av for dapped zone of I‐girder as shown. 

0.70

1.40

Vu = 1023 kN

0.70

14
 f’c = 35 MPa and fy = 400 MPa (for all)
b = 600 mm., h = 700 mm., L = 700 mm.,
and H = 1,400 mm.

Step 
Step 1 
St 1 1 : Assumed N
A d Nu = 0.20xV
0 20 Vu = 0.2x1023 = 205 kN
0 2 1023 205 kN

S
Step 2 
Step 2 : Assume 
2  A ““a” = 0.55 m. and “d” = 0.658 m.
” 0 55 d “d” 0 658
Therefore, a/d = 0.55/0.658 = 0.83 < 1.0 O.K.
Ch k
Check
Vu <= 0.2f’cbh
<= 0 7x0 2x35x600x700/1 000
<= 0.7x0.2x35x600x700/1,000
<= 2058 kN O.K.

15
Step 3 
Step 3  :     Direct shear
e = 6.9
6.92bh/Vu
= 6.9x12x600x700x1.4/(1023x103)
= 3.96

find   
As = (2/3)Vu/(fye)
= (2/3)x1023x103/(0.7x400x3.96)
= 615.07 mm.2

16
Step 3 
Step 3  :     Direct shear
As,min = 0.6bh/f 0 6x600x700/400 630 mm 2
0 6bh/fy = 0.6x600x700/400 = 630 mm.
Avh = Vu/(  vye)
/(3f
= (1023x103)/(3x0.7x400x3.96)
= 307.54 mm.2

Avh,min = 0.3bh/f
0 3bh/fy
= 0.3x600x700/400
= 315 mm.2 > 307.54 mm.2
17
Step 4 
Step 4  : Flexure and axial tension in extended end :
1 Vua  Nu (h  d ) 
As  An    Nu
fy d 
103  1023  550  205(700  658) 
  205
0.7  400  658 
 3,100.63  732.14  3832.772 mm.2

> 630 > 615.07 mm.2 use 3,100.63 mm.2

18
Step 4 
Step 4  : Flexure and axial tension in extended end :

As + An =  = 3,100.63 + 732.14  = 3,832.77 mm.2

Use 8DB25  (As + An)provided = 3,927 mm.2 > 3,832.77 mm.2 O.K.

19
Step 5 
Step 5  : Diagonal tension at extended end :
Avh = As,required/2   , when
/

As,resuired = Max{3100.63, 615.07, 630}
M {3100 63 615 07 630}

Th f
Therefore, = 0.5x3100.63 = 1550.32 mm.
0 5 3100 63 1550 32 2

> 307.54 mm.2
315 06 mm 2
>> 315.06 mm.
Use 1550.32 mm.2
if provide 3loops of DB20
if provide 3loops of DB20 = 1 884 96 mm 2
= 1,884.96 mm.
> 1550.32 O.K.
20
Step 6 
Step 6  : Diagonal tension at re‐entrant corner

Ash = Vu/(fy) 
(1023x103)/(0.7x400) 
== (1023x10 )/(0 7x400)
= 3656.57 mm.2
Use 4 loops of DB25
 Ash,provided
h 3,927 mm.2 >> 3,656.57 mm.
id d = 3,927 mm. 3,656.57 mm.2 O.K.

21
Detail of reinforcing bars
il f i f i b
3 20 (l
3DB20 (loops)
)

4BB25 (loops)

8DB25 
8DB25

22
COMPARE TO PCI-1980

23
COMPARE TO PCI-1980 - Alternative

24
COMPARE TO STRUT-and-tie25
 1. Flexure, shear, and horizontal forces at 
Flexure, shear, and horizontal forces at
Failure modes location of crack 1.
2. Tension force in the support element at 
pp
the location of crack 2.
3. Punching shear at points of loading at the 
location of crack 3.
4. Bearing force at the location of crack 4.

26
 Beam ledges may be designed in accordance with either the 
strut‐and‐tie model or the shear‐friction model.
 It shall be noted that dapped can be considered to be inverted 
beam ledges.

Bridge application
27
Negative moment  Hanger bar (A
( hr)
bar (Anem)

skin bar (Ak)
Primary ledge bar (As)
Vu
Nu auxiliary ledge bar (Ah)

Positive moment bar (Apom)
28
 Mpos

Mneg
Asm = M/(fyjd)
29
  The load on the bearing pad propagates along a truncated 
pyramid whose top has the area (A1) and whose base has the 
area (A2).
 A1 is load area = LxW
 A2 is the area of lowest rectangle contained wholly within the 
support.

Vu <= Vn
= 0.85f’cA1m

0.70 m = sqrt(A2/A1)<=2

30
 The design factored shear shall be than punching shear 
strength :
Vn = 0.328sqrt(f’c)(W+2L+2de)de
Vu <= Vn

0.90

31
 The width of the concrete face assumed to participate in 
resistance to shear :

bs = W+4a
= W+4av

 The primary tension 
reinforcement shall be spaced 
shall be spaced
uniformly within:

bm = W+5av

32
Shear strength is the minimum of

(1) Vn = 0.2f’cAcv
(2) = 5.5Acv

Acv = area of concrete
f t
engaged in shear
transfer (dexbs)
transfer (d

Vu <= Vn
<= V
0.90

33
 Vn = cAcv + [Avffy+Pc]

Acv = area of concrete engaged in shear transfer (dexbs)
Avf = area of shear reinforcement crossing the shear plane
area of shear reinforcement crossing the shear plane
c   = cohesion factor (= 1 monotonic element)
 = 1.4 (monotonic element)
( )
Pc = net compressive force normal to the shear plane

Vu <= Vn Vu/f ‐
/f cAcv = [A
[ vffy+Pc]

0.90 (Vu/ – cA
Acv)/
)/ – Pc = A
Avffy

Th s Avf = [(V
Thus, A [(Vu/–
/ cAcv)/
)/ – Pc]/fy
34
Minimum reinforcing for shear friction

Avf,min >= 0.35bsde/fy

The minimum reinforcement requirement of Avf may be waived if
Vn/Acv is less than 0.70 MPa

35
Factored moment  Mu = Vuaf + Nuc(h‐de)

Mn >= Mu

Mn = Affy(de – a/2) Solve for Af

Min
Min       Af,min = 0.04(f’
0 04(f’c/fy)bsde
36
Required reinforcement for axial tension

An = Nuc/(fy)

0.90

37
 All requirement shall be satisfied

1. As,provied >= Af,min
2. As,provied
s provied >= Af + An Primary ledge bar
a y edge ba
3. As,provied >= (2/3)Avf + An

4 Ah,provided >= 0.5(A
4. >= 0 5(As,required ‐ An) Auxiliary ledge bar
Auxiliary ledge bar

Where  As,required = Max{Af,min, Af+An, (2/3)Avf+An}

38
  Firstly, area of Ahr shall be assumed.
 The bars shall satisfy the minimum of :

 Ahr fy
0.165 fcb f d f  s (W  2d f )
Vn  
Ahr fy
 S
 s
SS = spacing of bearings
spacing of bearings
 = 0.9

39
40