Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Ella Clay
Rachel Porter
English 1201.511
17 March 2019
Annotated Bibliography
Anderson, Monica, and Jingjing Jiang. “Teens’ Social Media Habits and Experiences.”
http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/11/28/teens-social-media-habits-and-
article titled, “Teens’ Social Media Habits and Experiences” which appeared in the Pew
Research Center. The main idea of the article is that surveys show many teens believe
social media builds stronger friendships and maintains connections, but there is concern
that it amplifies drama and increases social pressure. By analyzing surveys conducted
by Pew Research Center from March to April of 2018, the authors studied the social
The article begins by saying that social media presents both challenges and
benefits. A majority of teens think that social media presents negative challenges; four
in ten teens feel pressure to only post content that will make them look good or that will
be widely liked and commented on. Other statistics show that 44% of teens have
unfollowed people on social media: 78% did so because people created too much
drama while 52% did so because the person cyberbullied them or others.
Clay 2
However, teens also found some positive aspects of social media. For example,
social media has caused 81% of teens to feel more connected to their friends, 69% to
value interactions with a more diverse group of people, and 68% of teens to feel that
they have friends with people who would support them in difficult times. Overall, the
survey and analysis are very reliable. Pew is a nonprofit, nonpartisan and nonadvocacy
American think tank founded in 2004. For this reason, they are widely acknowledged to
be reliable and unbiased publishers. As for the authors themselves, both are credible
and authoritative on this subject. Monica Anderson has a master’s degree in media
Center. Jingjing Jiang is a graduate of Harvard University and has quality experience in
Due to the solid credentials of the authors, the currency of the information, and
the trustworthiness of the publisher, this source seems to be reliable. Unlike many of my
other sources, this source contains much information on the positive impacts of social
media. For example, one statistic showed that 69% of teenagers reported feeling
confident after using social media. I will use this information to show that social media
can have positive effects on mental health, especially in regard to self-image. This
information is also useful in the fact that it is a self-survey. Almost all of my other
Campbell, Denis. “Depression in Girls Linked to Higher Use of Social Media.” The
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/jan/04/depression-in-girls-linked-to-
The article “Depression in Girls Linked to Higher Use of Social Media” was
written by Denis Campbell and published by The Guardian in January of 2019. The
thesis is that social media is causing depression in teenagers, girls more so than boys.
Studies found that as many as three fourths of fourteen-year-old girls suffer from
depression and low self-esteem. Campbell cites Professor Yvonne Kelly to validate this
fact. Professor Kelly led researchers in the Millennium Cohort Study, which is analyzes
almost 11,000 interviews with 14-year-old teens. Other results from this evidence
include; girls spend far more time on social media than boys, and the greater hours of
The author then explores social media’s impact on sleep habits. Citing
EClinicalMedicine, a journal published by the Lancet, Campbell states that social media
use is associated with poor sleeping habits. One of the journal’s finding is that half of
depressed teen girls and a quarter of depressed teen boys said they suffer from
disrupted sleep most of the time. Professor Stephen Scott, a director at King’s College
in London, said that social media creates a vicious cycle. Teenagers are dissatisfied
with some aspect of their live; this leads them to excessive use of social media which
Psychiatrists, is less sure that evidence points to poor mental health, though he says
that, “the evidence is starting to point in that direction”. Dr Nihara Krause, a consultant
clinical psychologist, was also cautious of dumping too much blame on social media
Clay 4
companies. She believes the huge rise in mental health issues is caused by a complex
range of intricate factors. However, neither expert denies social media as being a
Key political figures in the UK have also joined the fight against social media.
Government ministers such as Simon Stevens, Anne Longfield, and Barbara Keeley
have called for increased accountability of social media companies. The article closes
experienced the harms of social media first-hand. Her testimony describes how social
media caused a decline in her mental health and worsened her anxiety and depression
The source was highly credible. The publisher, The Guardian, was established in
1822 and has a long history of accurate reporting. Journalists working for The Guardian
have won awards such as “Journalist of the Year,” “Technology Journalism prize,” and
“Investigation of the Year.” This specific article was written by Denis Campbell; he has
worked as a health correspondent for The Guardian since 1999 and has a college
degree from Methodist College in Belfast. Additionally, the evidence cited in the article
is also reliable. Professor Yvonne Kelly has a PhD in medicine and teaches college
source. Seniors editor Dr. Derek Anane has a PhD in science and editor-in-chief Dr.
Marta Koch also received a PhD and was awarded a prestigious fellowship. Professor
Stephen Scott works as a consultant child and adolescent psychiatrist and a professor
of child health and behavior at the Institute of Psychiatry in London. Finally, Dr. Nihara
Krause has multiple degrees, including a PhD; she is an award-winning phycologist with
Ehmke, Rachel. “How Using Social Media Affects Teenagers.” Child Mind Institute.
2019. https://childmind.org/article/how-using-social-media-affects-teenagers/.
The article “How Using Social Media Affects Teenagers” is written by Rachel
Ehmke and published by the Child Mind Institute in 2019. Ehmke’s thesis focuses on
how social media can present harms and parents need to monitor online activity as well
as establish offline relationships with their kids. The article opens with statistics from the
Royal Society for Public Health stating that use of Snapchat, Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram all led to loneliness, depression, anxiety, and poor body image. The author
goes on to state that online interactions are replacing in-person interactions. Quoting Dr.
Catherine Steiner-Adair, the author argues that kids using technology are missing out
on critical social skills. These social skills include non-verbal communication, creating
The author also introduces Dr. Donna Wick, a clinical and developmental
psychologist. Dr. Wick discusses other negative aspects of social media, such as
cyberbullying and poor self-image. She also discusses the reason why social media
harms teenagers more than any other age group. Labeling it “imposter syndrome,” it’s a
physiological phenomenon in which you learn of your strength and value as you grow
older. Adolescents, however, have less self-esteem to begin with and social media
amplifies their insecurity. Both doctors concur that social media fosters insecurity, which
breeds many types of unfavorable behaviors; girls are at a higher risk than boys.
Clay 6
The article goes on to explore the time demands of social media. Dr. Wick
believes that kids these days feel hyperconnected and seldom get a respite from the
constant time and attention demands. She believes that it is essential for teens to take a
break from all the social constraints and demands. The article ends with suggestions for
how parents should handle the new technology. The experts interviewed earlier
suggested that parents should first limit their own technology consumption. Then they
should focus on building with relationships with their kids and help build their children’s
self-confidence. This article focused on how parents can help their children and guide
them in a world with social media. I will use this information in my paper, along with the
reliable organization and has listed all of its partnerships and company affiliations on a
separate page. Rachel Ehmke, the author, received a B.A. in English Language and
Literature from the University of Chicago. This well-educated author cited credible
psychologist. Donna Wick received a doctoral degree from Harvard and now works as a
clinical and developmental psychologist. All of the permalinks in the source function
properly, the publisher is reliable, and the experts quoted are credible. This is a
trustworthy source.
George, Madeleine J., et al. “Concurrent and Subsequent Associations Between Daily
Child Development, vol. 89, no. 1, Jan. 2018, p. 78. EBSCOhost, (Permalink):
http://sinclair.ohionet.org:80/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.
Clay 7
2019.
Development health journal, this source evaluates the results of scientific experiments
conducted to research the effects of technology use. Overall, the results found that time
spent using digital technology was associated with increased health issues, such as
of time on social media. Evidence cited shows that adolescents spend nine hours a day
using mobile technology. The authors mention various, widespread concerns about
social media. These concerns include: online time replaces physical contact which
causes loneliness, technology use worsens mental health problems like ADHD, and
online activities reduce social skills. In this experiment, the authors follow a sample of
150 adolescents and test whether reported technology use is associated with behavior
The article addresses past research. One study showed that ninety-three families
who used the Internet when it first was created, predicted increases of depression
symptoms one to two years later. The article argues that conclusions cannot be drawn
from past research and commences with the present experiment. The study tracked the
behaviors, experiences, and emotions of 151 young adults who were considered “at-
risk” for mental health problems. The results showed that, over the 4,300 study days,
Clay 8
32% of adolescents reported at least one anxiety symptom one-third of days and at
least one depression symptom on 27% of study days. Behavioral disorders ADHD and
CD symptoms were recorded on 28% and 9% of study days. The results show these
health symptoms are associated with same-day technological use. This article differed
from my other sources in that it discussed mental health problems which led into
behavioral problems such as ADHD and CD. I will include this information in my final
essay.
about forty-eight citations; though I cannot go through and asses each of these, they are
all highly credible, such as the American Psychiatric Association source. The authors
are also credible; they are affiliated with Duke University and Pennsylvania State
Kross, Ethan, et al. “Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjective Well-Being in Young
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069841.
Adults” was published by the Public Library of Science in August 2013. It was written by
nine authors, including main author Ethan Kloss. The article conducts studies which
show that Facebook appears to fulfill the need for human connection, but it actually
general. It states that over 1 billion people own a Facebook account, and other
Clay 9
researchers have tried to study its effect on users. However, the research is
contradictory; some suggest Facebook is harmful, while other suggest it’s helpful. This
After developing a measuring system, the team moved into the procedure. Phase
one involved assessing the participant’s motive for using Facebook. Phase two
comprised of texting a survey link to participants at random times. The survey questions
were in a random order and assessed emotion, fear and loneliness, and Facebook use.
Phase three was similar to phase two; participants took the same type of survey at the
laboratory. The results overall showed that Facebook negatively effected well-being.
The authors show an alternative explanation of the results. For example, one
suggestion is that people use Facebook when they are feeling bad. Thus, Facebook use
doesn’t cause mental health decline, rather it is an insufficient solution to it. Overall, this
source is useful in that it addresses Facebook specifically. I will use this information in
my paper, and Facebook will be a perfect example. Also, the survey method was well-
This is a trustworthy source for multiple reasons. First, it was not funded or
supported by anyone. The authors explicitly state that they have no competing interest.
Institutional Review Board. At the end, the authors include a reference list of thirty-two
sources. Finally, the authors themselves are reliable. The lead author has a Ph.D. and
all of the authors are affiliated with credible institutions such as psychology
Salmela-Aro, Katariina, et al. “The Dark Side of Internet Use: Two Longitudinal Studies
Engagement among Finnish Early and Late Adolescents.” Journal of Youth &
http://sinclair.ohionet.org:80/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?d
The article “The Dark Side of Internet Use: Two Longitudinal Studies of
among Finnish Early and Late Adolescents” was published in February of 2017 by the
Journal of Youth and Adolescence. Led by main author Katariina Salmela-Aro, this
experiment found that internet use was related to school burnout and depressive
symptoms in Finnish students. The source opens by exploring research related to this
topic. For example, some evidence shows that social media use can quickly become an
addiction. Other evidence states that excessive internet use leads to depression,
To begin this experiment, the authors gathered a group of 2,109 students. Then
they established their measurement systems. These systems include the Schoolwork
specific GPA measure. After that, the authors conducted the study and analyzed the
results, which are displayed in seven tables. The results showed that excessive internet
use later caused school burnout, and school burnout predicted depressive symptoms.
Finally, the results showed that girls suffered from depression more than boys and boys
suffered from excessive internet use more than girls. This source is useful because it
Clay 11
was written outside of America. I will use this information in my paper to show that
results from outside of the U.S. concurs with American results. This source also
addresses social media in regard to schoolwork. This is different from my other sources,
This article is dependable. Affiliated with the Institute of Behavioral Sciences and
the Department of Teacher Education at the University of Helsinki, this source was peer
reviewed and can be accessed in the Sinclair library. The main author, Katariina
Salmela-Aro, obtained a Ph.D. and has been widely published. The source itself cites
over fifty sources and has been reviewed by peers. Clearly, it is highly credible.
Shensa, Ariel, et al. “Problematic Social Media Use and Depressive Symptoms Among
2019.
Last edited in April 2017, the article “Problematic Social Media Use and
was published by PubMed, and was authored by six experts: Ariel Shensa, César G.
Primack. This article describes a scientific experiment; the thesis is that social media is
the experiment was to asses the association between problematic social media use and
After selecting measurements such as the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale, the
study was conducted in October of 2014. The results showed that increased frequency
of social media use was associated with increased depressive symptoms. Various
graphs and charts demonstrate the teams’ findings. They concluded that in the sample
of young adults, problematic social media use was strongly and independently
connected with increased depressive symptoms. The authors noted that the depressive
symptoms were reliant upon the frequency of social media use rather than the time
spent on social media. This article focuses exclusively on how social media use affects
depression. Therefore, I plan to use this source in my paper to address depression side
Medicine, it was recently updated and has been peer-reviewed. It contains sixty-two
citations, from American Psychiatric Association to the World Health Organization. The
authors are also credible. They all have college degrees, and five out of the six authors
have a Ph.D. Many of them are affiliated with Pittsburg medicine schools.