Sei sulla pagina 1di 12

Clay 1

Ella Clay

Rachel Porter

English 1201.511

17 March 2019

Annotated Bibliography

Anderson, Monica, and Jingjing Jiang. “Teens’ Social Media Habits and Experiences.”

Pew Research Center: Internet and Technology. 28 November 2018.

http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/11/28/teens-social-media-habits-and-

experiences/. Accessed 17 March 2019.

In November 2018 authors Monica Anderson and Jingjing Jiang published an

article titled, “Teens’ Social Media Habits and Experiences” which appeared in the Pew

Research Center. The main idea of the article is that surveys show many teens believe

social media builds stronger friendships and maintains connections, but there is concern

that it amplifies drama and increases social pressure. By analyzing surveys conducted

by Pew Research Center from March to April of 2018, the authors studied the social

media habits of 743 teenagers ages thirteen to seventeen.

The article begins by saying that social media presents both challenges and

benefits. A majority of teens think that social media presents negative challenges; four

in ten teens feel pressure to only post content that will make them look good or that will

be widely liked and commented on. Other statistics show that 44% of teens have

unfollowed people on social media: 78% did so because people created too much

drama while 52% did so because the person cyberbullied them or others.
Clay 2

However, teens also found some positive aspects of social media. For example,

social media has caused 81% of teens to feel more connected to their friends, 69% to

value interactions with a more diverse group of people, and 68% of teens to feel that

they have friends with people who would support them in difficult times. Overall, the

survey and analysis are very reliable. Pew is a nonprofit, nonpartisan and nonadvocacy

American think tank founded in 2004. For this reason, they are widely acknowledged to

be reliable and unbiased publishers. As for the authors themselves, both are credible

and authoritative on this subject. Monica Anderson has a master’s degree in media

studies from Georgetown University and is a senior researcher at Pew Research

Center. Jingjing Jiang is a graduate of Harvard University and has quality experience in

public opinion research and analyzation.

Due to the solid credentials of the authors, the currency of the information, and

the trustworthiness of the publisher, this source seems to be reliable. Unlike many of my

other sources, this source contains much information on the positive impacts of social

media. For example, one statistic showed that 69% of teenagers reported feeling

confident after using social media. I will use this information to show that social media

can have positive effects on mental health, especially in regard to self-image. This

information is also useful in the fact that it is a self-survey. Almost all of my other

information is research conducted by experts studying young adults.

Campbell, Denis. “Depression in Girls Linked to Higher Use of Social Media.” The

Guardian. 3 January 2019.


Clay 3

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/jan/04/depression-in-girls-linked-to-

higher-use-of-social-media. Accessed 17 March 2019.

The article “Depression in Girls Linked to Higher Use of Social Media” was

written by Denis Campbell and published by The Guardian in January of 2019. The

thesis is that social media is causing depression in teenagers, girls more so than boys.

Studies found that as many as three fourths of fourteen-year-old girls suffer from

depression and low self-esteem. Campbell cites Professor Yvonne Kelly to validate this

fact. Professor Kelly led researchers in the Millennium Cohort Study, which is analyzes

almost 11,000 interviews with 14-year-old teens. Other results from this evidence

include; girls spend far more time on social media than boys, and the greater hours of

social media use linked to increased depression.

The author then explores social media’s impact on sleep habits. Citing

EClinicalMedicine, a journal published by the Lancet, Campbell states that social media

use is associated with poor sleeping habits. One of the journal’s finding is that half of

depressed teen girls and a quarter of depressed teen boys said they suffer from

disrupted sleep most of the time. Professor Stephen Scott, a director at King’s College

in London, said that social media creates a vicious cycle. Teenagers are dissatisfied

with some aspect of their live; this leads them to excessive use of social media which

causes lesser confidence and poorer mental health.

Professor Sir Simon Wessely, an ex-president of the Royal College of

Psychiatrists, is less sure that evidence points to poor mental health, though he says

that, “the evidence is starting to point in that direction”. Dr Nihara Krause, a consultant

clinical psychologist, was also cautious of dumping too much blame on social media
Clay 4

companies. She believes the huge rise in mental health issues is caused by a complex

range of intricate factors. However, neither expert denies social media as being a

possible factor in mental health decline.

Key political figures in the UK have also joined the fight against social media.

Government ministers such as Simon Stevens, Anne Longfield, and Barbara Keeley

have called for increased accountability of social media companies. The article closes

with a personal testimony of Shannon McLaughlin, an eighteen-year-old who

experienced the harms of social media first-hand. Her testimony describes how social

media caused a decline in her mental health and worsened her anxiety and depression

The source was highly credible. The publisher, The Guardian, was established in

1822 and has a long history of accurate reporting. Journalists working for The Guardian

have won awards such as “Journalist of the Year,” “Technology Journalism prize,” and

“Investigation of the Year.” This specific article was written by Denis Campbell; he has

worked as a health correspondent for The Guardian since 1999 and has a college

degree from Methodist College in Belfast. Additionally, the evidence cited in the article

is also reliable. Professor Yvonne Kelly has a PhD in medicine and teaches college

classes in London. EClinicalMedicine, though recently founded, is also a reliable

source. Seniors editor Dr. Derek Anane has a PhD in science and editor-in-chief Dr.

Marta Koch also received a PhD and was awarded a prestigious fellowship. Professor

Stephen Scott works as a consultant child and adolescent psychiatrist and a professor

of child health and behavior at the Institute of Psychiatry in London. Finally, Dr. Nihara

Krause has multiple degrees, including a PhD; she is an award-winning phycologist with

over 24 years of experience.


Clay 5

Ehmke, Rachel. “How Using Social Media Affects Teenagers.” Child Mind Institute.

2019. https://childmind.org/article/how-using-social-media-affects-teenagers/.

Accessed 17 March 2019.

The article “How Using Social Media Affects Teenagers” is written by Rachel

Ehmke and published by the Child Mind Institute in 2019. Ehmke’s thesis focuses on

how social media can present harms and parents need to monitor online activity as well

as establish offline relationships with their kids. The article opens with statistics from the

Royal Society for Public Health stating that use of Snapchat, Facebook, Twitter, and

Instagram all led to loneliness, depression, anxiety, and poor body image. The author

goes on to state that online interactions are replacing in-person interactions. Quoting Dr.

Catherine Steiner-Adair, the author argues that kids using technology are missing out

on critical social skills. These social skills include non-verbal communication, creating

friendships, and maintaining relationships.

The author also introduces Dr. Donna Wick, a clinical and developmental

psychologist. Dr. Wick discusses other negative aspects of social media, such as

cyberbullying and poor self-image. She also discusses the reason why social media

harms teenagers more than any other age group. Labeling it “imposter syndrome,” it’s a

physiological phenomenon in which you learn of your strength and value as you grow

older. Adolescents, however, have less self-esteem to begin with and social media

amplifies their insecurity. Both doctors concur that social media fosters insecurity, which

breeds many types of unfavorable behaviors; girls are at a higher risk than boys.
Clay 6

The article goes on to explore the time demands of social media. Dr. Wick

believes that kids these days feel hyperconnected and seldom get a respite from the

constant time and attention demands. She believes that it is essential for teens to take a

break from all the social constraints and demands. The article ends with suggestions for

how parents should handle the new technology. The experts interviewed earlier

suggested that parents should first limit their own technology consumption. Then they

should focus on building with relationships with their kids and help build their children’s

self-confidence. This article focused on how parents can help their children and guide

them in a world with social media. I will use this information in my paper, along with the

information regarding the harms of social media.

The Child Mind Institute, a non-profit organization, published this article. It is a

reliable organization and has listed all of its partnerships and company affiliations on a

separate page. Rachel Ehmke, the author, received a B.A. in English Language and

Literature from the University of Chicago. This well-educated author cited credible

experts. Ed.D. Steiner-Adair Catherine published a book and works as a clinical

psychologist. Donna Wick received a doctoral degree from Harvard and now works as a

clinical and developmental psychologist. All of the permalinks in the source function

properly, the publisher is reliable, and the experts quoted are credible. This is a

trustworthy source.

George, Madeleine J., et al. “Concurrent and Subsequent Associations Between Daily

Digital Technology Use and High-Risk Adolescents’ Mental Health Symptoms.”

Child Development, vol. 89, no. 1, Jan. 2018, p. 78. EBSCOhost, (Permalink):

http://sinclair.ohionet.org:80/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.
Clay 7

aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=127335226&site=eds-live. Accessed 17 March

2019.

The article, “Concurrent and Subsequent Associations Between Daily Digital

Technology Use and High-Risk Adolescents’ Mental Health Symptoms” is written by

several authors, including Madeleine George. Published in January 2018 by Child

Development health journal, this source evaluates the results of scientific experiments

conducted to research the effects of technology use. Overall, the results found that time

spent using digital technology was associated with increased health issues, such as

ADHD and CD.

The article begins by saying teenagers are spending an unprecedented amount

of time on social media. Evidence cited shows that adolescents spend nine hours a day

using mobile technology. The authors mention various, widespread concerns about

social media. These concerns include: online time replaces physical contact which

causes loneliness, technology use worsens mental health problems like ADHD, and

online activities reduce social skills. In this experiment, the authors follow a sample of

150 adolescents and test whether reported technology use is associated with behavior

problems and mental health symptoms.

The article addresses past research. One study showed that ninety-three families

who used the Internet when it first was created, predicted increases of depression

symptoms one to two years later. The article argues that conclusions cannot be drawn

from past research and commences with the present experiment. The study tracked the

behaviors, experiences, and emotions of 151 young adults who were considered “at-

risk” for mental health problems. The results showed that, over the 4,300 study days,
Clay 8

32% of adolescents reported at least one anxiety symptom one-third of days and at

least one depression symptom on 27% of study days. Behavioral disorders ADHD and

CD symptoms were recorded on 28% and 9% of study days. The results show these

health symptoms are associated with same-day technological use. This article differed

from my other sources in that it discussed mental health problems which led into

behavioral problems such as ADHD and CD. I will include this information in my final

essay.

This is a highly credible source. Published by Sinclair University online library

database, this article is peer-reviewed and considered a scholarly source. It contains

about forty-eight citations; though I cannot go through and asses each of these, they are

all highly credible, such as the American Psychiatric Association source. The authors

are also credible; they are affiliated with Duke University and Pennsylvania State

University, both reputable colleges.

Kross, Ethan, et al. “Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjective Well-Being in Young

Adults.” PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science. 14 Aug. 2013.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069841.

Accessed 17 March 2019.

The source “Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjective Well-Being in Young

Adults” was published by the Public Library of Science in August 2013. It was written by

nine authors, including main author Ethan Kloss. The article conducts studies which

show that Facebook appears to fulfill the need for human connection, but it actually

undermines human well-being. The article begins by addressing social media in

general. It states that over 1 billion people own a Facebook account, and other
Clay 9

researchers have tried to study its effect on users. However, the research is

contradictory; some suggest Facebook is harmful, while other suggest it’s helpful. This

study approaches the situation with its own methods.

After developing a measuring system, the team moved into the procedure. Phase

one involved assessing the participant’s motive for using Facebook. Phase two

comprised of texting a survey link to participants at random times. The survey questions

were in a random order and assessed emotion, fear and loneliness, and Facebook use.

Phase three was similar to phase two; participants took the same type of survey at the

laboratory. The results overall showed that Facebook negatively effected well-being.

The authors show an alternative explanation of the results. For example, one

suggestion is that people use Facebook when they are feeling bad. Thus, Facebook use

doesn’t cause mental health decline, rather it is an insufficient solution to it. Overall, this

source is useful in that it addresses Facebook specifically. I will use this information in

my paper, and Facebook will be a perfect example. Also, the survey method was well-

thought-out and I will explore this in my paper as well.

This is a trustworthy source for multiple reasons. First, it was not funded or

supported by anyone. The authors explicitly state that they have no competing interest.

The information itself is peer-reviewed and approved by the University of Michigan

Institutional Review Board. At the end, the authors include a reference list of thirty-two

sources. Finally, the authors themselves are reliable. The lead author has a Ph.D. and

all of the authors are affiliated with credible institutions such as psychology

departments, University of Leuven, and University of Michigan.


Clay 10

Salmela-Aro, Katariina, et al. “The Dark Side of Internet Use: Two Longitudinal Studies

of Excessive Internet Use, Depressive Symptoms, School Burnout and

Engagement among Finnish Early and Late Adolescents.” Journal of Youth &

Adolescence, vol. 46, no. 2, Feb. 2017, pp. 343–357. EBSCOhost,

http://sinclair.ohionet.org:80/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?d

irect=true&db=ccm&AN=120771113&site=eds-live. Accessed 17 March 2019.

The article “The Dark Side of Internet Use: Two Longitudinal Studies of

Excessive Internet Use, Depressive Symptoms, School Burnout and Engagement

among Finnish Early and Late Adolescents” was published in February of 2017 by the

Journal of Youth and Adolescence. Led by main author Katariina Salmela-Aro, this

experiment found that internet use was related to school burnout and depressive

symptoms in Finnish students. The source opens by exploring research related to this

topic. For example, some evidence shows that social media use can quickly become an

addiction. Other evidence states that excessive internet use leads to depression,

anxiety, loneliness and low self-esteem.

To begin this experiment, the authors gathered a group of 2,109 students. Then

they established their measurement systems. These systems include the Schoolwork

Engagement Inventory, School Burnout Inventory, DEPS Depression Scale, and a

specific GPA measure. After that, the authors conducted the study and analyzed the

results, which are displayed in seven tables. The results showed that excessive internet

use later caused school burnout, and school burnout predicted depressive symptoms.

Finally, the results showed that girls suffered from depression more than boys and boys

suffered from excessive internet use more than girls. This source is useful because it
Clay 11

was written outside of America. I will use this information in my paper to show that

results from outside of the U.S. concurs with American results. This source also

addresses social media in regard to schoolwork. This is different from my other sources,

and I will be including this in my final paper as well.

This article is dependable. Affiliated with the Institute of Behavioral Sciences and

the Department of Teacher Education at the University of Helsinki, this source was peer

reviewed and can be accessed in the Sinclair library. The main author, Katariina

Salmela-Aro, obtained a Ph.D. and has been widely published. The source itself cites

over fifty sources and has been reviewed by peers. Clearly, it is highly credible.

Shensa, Ariel, et al. “Problematic Social Media Use and Depressive Symptoms Among

U.S. Young Adults: A Nationally-Representative Study.” PubMed (1982), U.S.

National Library of Medicine, last edited 24 Apr. 2017,

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476225/. Accessed 17 March

2019.

Last edited in April 2017, the article “Problematic Social Media Use and

Depressive Symptoms Among U.S. Young Adults: A Nationally-Representative Study,”

was published by PubMed, and was authored by six experts: Ariel Shensa, César G.

Escobar-Viera, Jaime E. Sidani, Nicholas D. Bowman, Michael P. Marshal, and Brian A.

Primack. This article describes a scientific experiment; the thesis is that social media is

characterized by addictive components which is causing depression. The objective of

the experiment was to asses the association between problematic social media use and

depressive symptoms in a sample of U.S. young adults.


Clay 12

After selecting measurements such as the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale, the

study was conducted in October of 2014. The results showed that increased frequency

of social media use was associated with increased depressive symptoms. Various

graphs and charts demonstrate the teams’ findings. They concluded that in the sample

of young adults, problematic social media use was strongly and independently

connected with increased depressive symptoms. The authors noted that the depressive

symptoms were reliant upon the frequency of social media use rather than the time

spent on social media. This article focuses exclusively on how social media use affects

depression. Therefore, I plan to use this source in my paper to address depression side

effects of social media.

This source is extremely reputable. Published by the U.S. National Library of

Medicine, it was recently updated and has been peer-reviewed. It contains sixty-two

citations, from American Psychiatric Association to the World Health Organization. The

authors are also credible. They all have college degrees, and five out of the six authors

have a Ph.D. Many of them are affiliated with Pittsburg medicine schools.

Potrebbero piacerti anche