Kappes 1

David Kappes

Professor Cassel

English 1201

17 March 2019

Annotated Bibliography

De Bolle, Marleen, et al. “Affective Determinants of Anxiety and Depression Development in

Children and Adolescents: An Individual Growth Curve Analysis.” Child Psychiatry &

Human Development, vol. 42, no. 6, Dec. 2011, pp. 694–711. EBSCOhost,

doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0241-6. Accessed 26 February 2019.

This first researched source is titled “Affective Determinants of Anxiety and Depression

Development in Children and Adolescents: An Individual Growth Curve Analysis” and was

written by Marleen De Bolle and Mieke Decuyper. It first appeared online in June 2011. The

main idea behind this article is exactly what the title of it implies. It’s to determine if anxiety and

depression could negatively affect a child’s development. To help explain their findings they

used a tripartite (consisting of three components) model. The three components were Negative

Affect (NA), Positive Affect (PA), and Physiological Hyperarousal (PH). The study went over

that all three of these affects have an impact on anxiety and depression on adolescents, “The

current study examined the tripartite model’s assumptions that (a) NA interacts with PA to

predict subsequent depressive (but not anxiety) symptom developments and (b) NA interacts

with PH to predict subsequent anxiety (but not depressive) symptom developments in a sample

of 243 community and referred children and adolescents,” (De Bolle 694). This is a popular
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factor to be discussed about for this disorder, there is so much that goes into the root causes

behind anxiety and depression.

The writer’s main purpose of this article was to figure out what causes anxiety and

depression in today’s youth. The intended audience is anyone who is facing anxiety or

depression and they may want to learn the root causes behind it. This source is also reliable,

because it can be found on the Sinclair database. I will implement the information from this

article into my paper by going over the different causes of anxiety and depression in adolescents.

This article does help answer one of the questions that I asked in my proposal. (What are the root

causes behind anxiety and depression?)

Derdikman-Eiron, Ruth, et al. “Gender Differences in Psychosocial Functioning of Adolescents

with Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression: Longitudinal Findings from the Nord-

Trøndelag Health Study.” Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, vol. 47, no. 11,

Nov. 2012, pp. 1855–1863. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0492-y. Accessed 26

February 2019.

The second researched source was written by Ruth Derdikman-Eiron, Marit S.

Indredavik, Inger Johanne Bakken, Grete H. Bratberg, Odin Hjemdal, and Matthew Colton. The

article is titled “Gender Differences in Psychosocial Functioning of Adolescents with Symptoms

of Anxiety and Depression: Longitudinal Findings from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study”. This

study took place in Norway and it was published online in March 2012. The thesis of this source

is that gender and an individual’s environment both play major roles when it comes to having

anxiety and depression. The conclusions of their findings are that there are many different

variables that go with anxiety/depression and that boys in this study were more negatively
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affected by it than the girls. “Gender was a moderator variable in the associations between

symptoms of anxiety and depression and impairment, meaning that boys functioning was

impaired to a larger extent than girls functioning. A statistically significant interaction effect

between gender and symptoms of anxiety and depression was found at follow-up in terms of

subjective well-being, self-esteem, academic problems, behavior problems, and frequency of

meeting friends,” (Derdikman-Eiron 1855). While in most instances girls are more negatively

affected by anxiety than boys, that is not always the case. Both genders are still impacted on

different levels.

The author’s purpose of this article is to inform people of what factors can come into play

when it comes to anxiety and depression. The audience of this piece could be scholars wanting to

learn more information about how adolescents are being negatively impacted by this. This article

is considered credible, because it is posted in Sinclair’s database. The information that was

provided in this source will be useful for my paper, because it goes over different factors like

gender, and psychosocial functioning when it comes to anxiety and depression.

Katelyn John. “Anxious Time for Teens Australian Teens Are a Stressed-out Lot as Adolescent

Anxiety and Depression Increase. Some Experts Believe the Current Generation Is

Uniquely Vulnerable, Partly Because for the First Time Physical Development Is

Outstripping Emotional and Psychological Maturity.” Townsville Bulletin. EBSCOhost,

sinclair.ohionet.org:80/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d

b=nfh&AN=200807191044805012&site=ehost-live. Accessed 26 Feb. 2019.

This third source comes from an Australian newspaper. It was written by Katelyn John

and the article is titled, “Anxious Time for Teens Australian Teens Are a Stressed-out Lot as
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Adolescent Anxiety and Depression Increase. Some Experts Believe the Current Generation Is

Uniquely Vulnerable, Partly Because for the First Time Physical Development Is Outstripping

Emotional and Psychological Maturity.” It was published on July 19th, 2008. Throughout the

article different psychologists explain that they are seeing more and more accounts of

adolescents having anxiety and depression than ever before, “Leading adolescent psychologist

Dr Michael Carr-Greg believes adolescent anxiety is on an uphill curve. ‘In my opinion anxiety

now ranks up there with depression as the most common presentation that I get clinically as an

adolescent psychologist here in Melbourne’, says Carr-Greg who works at the Albert Road

Centre for Health in Melbourne,” (John 44). Carr-Greg also gives his take on why this is a

growing issue for teens, “He believes the current generation is uniquely vulnerable to developing

anxiety disorders, partly because for the first time their physical development is outstripping

their emotional and psychological maturity,” (John 44). This idea not only applies just to

Australians, but to teenagers all around the world.

The purpose of this source is to create awareness of this growing issue. The intended

audience for this article would be parents of teenagers. This is a good way to inform them that

their child may need help from a professional. This source is credible, because several highly

qualified psychologists were interviewed and gave their take on this matter. This article will be

helpful when writing my paper, because it provides a professional’s opinion.

Miles, Helen, et al. “Retrospective and Prospective Cognitions in Adolescents: Anxiety,

Depression, and Positive and Negative Affect.” Journal of Adolescence, vol. 27, no. 6,

Dec. 2004, pp. 691–701. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.04.001. Accessed

26 February 2019.
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The fourth source is titled, “Retrospective and Prospective Cognitions in Adolescents:

Anxiety, Depression, and Positive and Negative Affect,” and was written by Helen Miles,

Andrew MacLeod, and Helen Pote. This source was published in 2004. This article’s main

appeal is that past memories can impact anxiety and depression in adolescents as they grow into

adulthood, “Research with anxious and depressed adults has suggested that anxiety is related to

an increased anticipation of both negative memories and negative expectancies whereas

depression is related to a reduction in positive memories and expectancies,” (Miles 691). This is

something that I did not take into consideration when first researching about this topic, but it

does make perfect sense considering anxiety/depression could stem out of past events.

The reason why this topic was researched is because it looks into another factor as to why

so many teenagers are facing this issue. The majority of people reading this would be

psychologists or scholars wanting to learn more about this subject. This source is reliable,

because the research was done by academic professionals at Royal Holloway University in

London. This source will be useful for me in my paper, because it provides a unique point of

view of what causes anxiety and depression.

Moriarity, Daniel P., et al. “Immunocognitive Model of Depression Secondary to Anxiety in

Adolescents.” Journal of Youth & Adolescence, vol. 47, no. 12, Dec. 2018, pp. 2625–

2636. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0905-7. Accessed 26 February 2019.

The fifth source was written by Daniel Moriarity, Brae Anne McArthur, Lauren Ellman,

Christopher Coe, Lyn Abramson, and Lauren Alloy. The article is titled, “Immunocognitive

Model of Depression Secondary to Anxiety in Adolescents,” and was officially published online

on August 7th, 2018. The main idea behind this source is that anxiety comes before depression,
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and if left untreated it can negatively affect their well-being. The authors go into further detail

about this in the article, “There is evidence that anxiety precedes the onset of depression and that

rumination contributes to this risk pathway in adolescence. This study examined inflammatory

biomarkers as mediators in a risk model of depressive symptoms secondary to anxiety symptoms

among adolescents who ruminate,” (Moriarity 2625). This not only helps explain which

symptom comes first, but also that anxiety and depression are typically seen together.

The reason why behind this research was done was to inform people that anxiety and

depression really do go hand in hand together. The audience that reads this article is most likely

young people wanting to learn more about the symptoms and treatments that go along with this

disorder. This article is credible because the research was supported by a grant from the National

Institute of Mental Health. This article will be beneficial for me throughout my research, because

it helps answer my question that I brought up in my research proposal if anxiety and depression

do go together.

Nutt, Amy. Why Kids and Teens May Face Far More Anxiety These Days. The Washington

Post, 10 May 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-

health/wp/2018/05/10/why-kids-and-teens-may-face-far-more-anxiety-these-

days/?utm_term=.58927bf99189. Accessed 27 February 2019.

Written by Amy Nutt, the sixth article came from the Washington Post, and is titled

“Why Kids and Teens May Face Far More Anxiety These Days. It was published on May 10th,

2018. The ideas gone over in this source mainly apply to the effect of social media, growing

statistics of anxiety/depression, and opinions from mental health professionals. They first start

comparing past data to current numbers regarding this disorder, “One of the oldest surveys in
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assessing personality traits and psychopathology is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

Inventory, which dates to the Great Depression and remains in use today. When Jean Twenge, a

professor of psychology at San Diego State University, looked at the MMPI responses from

more than 77,500 high school and college students over the decades, she found that five times as

many students in 2007 ‘surpassed thresholds’ in more than one mental health category than they

did in 1938. Anxiety and depression were six times more common,” (Nutt). These numbers have

done nothing but grown since this survey was last conducted.

This article was written, because it informs the general public that this is an increasing

issue that should be taken seriously. The intended audience for this piece could be someone

wanting to learn more information about this growing problem. This source is reliable, because

the author interviewed several mental health professionals to get their take on this matter. This is

a great resource for my research, because it’s more realistic in the sense that this wasn’t a

methodical “experiment” compared to some of my other sources.

Smith, Jeffery. The Real Reason Behind Teen Anxiety and Depression. Psychology Today, 16

October 2017. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/healing-and-

growing/201710/the-real-reason-behind-teen-anxiety-and-depression. Accessed 27

February 2019.

This source was published on Psychology Today and was written by Jeffery S.

Smith M.D. His article is titled “The Real Reason Behind Teen Anxiety and Depression,”

and was uploaded on October 16th, 2017. Smith’s main reason as to why so many teens

are facing anxiety/depression is due a lack of balance between happiness and adapting to

their environments, “It's about the balance between seeking happiness by changing the
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self and environment versus adapting to what is. Sometimes it is great to shape our

environment and choices for our comfort and happiness, but there needs to be an equal

measure of accepting the cards we are dealt. The problem is that young people are

taught to seek the perfect situation and not nearly enough to accept and adapt. That kind

of adapting is called ‘resilience.’ It is the habit and skill of being willing and able to live

with conditions that can't or shouldn't be changed,” (Smith). Smith explains himself well

regarding what he thinks may cause anxiety and depression for young people.

The reason why Smith wrote this article was to let people know the general

consensus as to why adolescents suffer from anxiety and depression. The audience that

the author is trying to appeal to could be parents that are concerned that their child may

possess this disorder. This source is credible because the author is a qualified doctor. This

article will be useful throughout my research, because Smith provides an opinion I had

not heard until I read his writings.