If everyone reading this gave R$10, we could keep Wikipedia thriving for years to

come.
Donate now
Foreign interventions by the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Overseas interventions of the United States)
Jump to navigationJump to search
See also: United States involvement in regime change and Timeline of United States
military operations
History of U.S.
expansion and influence
American imperialism
Foreign policy
Military history
Military operations
List of wars
Military deployments
Military bases abroad
Territorial evolution
Territorial acquisitions
Manifest destiny
Non-interventionism
Foreign interventions
Pax Americana
American Century
America's Backyard
Monroe Doctrine
51st state
Involvement in regime changes
vte
Wiki letter w.svg
This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its
contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of
all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's
talk page. (November 2012)
The United States has been involved in a number of foreign interventions throughout
its history. There have been two dominant schools of thought in America about
foreign policy, namely interventionism and isolationism which either encourage or
discourage foreign intervention respectively.

Contents
1 Before the Cold War
1.1 World War 2
2 Cold War
3 After the Cold War
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Before the Cold War
[icon]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2012)
We ask you, humbly, to help.
Hi reader in Brazil, it seems you use Wikipedia a lot; that's great! It's a little
awkward to ask, but this Sunday we need your help. We�re not salespeople. We�re
librarians, archivists, and information junkies. We depend on donations averaging
R$25, but fewer than 1% of readers give. If you donate just R$10 this Sunday,
Wikipedia could keep thriving. Thank you.
Credit Card Bank Transfer
Boletos

CLOSE

Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders after capturing San Juan Hill
The First and Second Barbary Wars of the early 19th century were the first wars
waged by the United States outside its boundaries after the War of Independence.
Directed against the Barbary States of North Africa, it was fought to end piracy
against American-flagged ships in the Mediterranean.[1]

The founding of Liberia was privately sponsored by American groups, primarily the
American Colonization Society, but the country enjoyed the support and unofficial
cooperation of the United States government.[2]

Matthew Perry negotiated a treaty opening Japan to the West with the Convention of
Kanagawa in 1854.[3] The U.S. advanced the Open Door Policy that guaranteed equal
economic access to China and support of Chinese territorial and administrative
integrity.[4] The USA has also acquired small islands in the Pacific, mostly to be
used as coaling stations.[citation needed]

From 1846 to 1848, Mexico and the United States warred over Texas, California and
what today is the American Southwest but was then part of Mexico. During this war,
US. troops invaded and occupied parts of Mexico, including Veracruz and Mexico
City.

The early decades of the 20th century saw a number of interventions in Latin
America by the U.S. government often justified under the Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine.[5] President William Howard Taft viewed "Dollar Diplomacy" as a
way for American corporations to benefit while assisting in the national security
goal of preventing European powers from filling any possible financial or power
vacuum.[6]

A map of Middle America, showing the places affected by Theodore Roosevelt�s Big
Stick policy
1901: The Platt Amendment amended a treaty between the US and Cuba after the
Spanish�American War virtually made Cuba a U.S. protectorate. The amendment
outlined conditions for the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and permitted the
United States to lease or buy lands for the purpose of the establishing naval
bases, including Guant�namo Bay.[7]
1903: U.S. backed independence of Panama from Colombia in order to build the Panama
Canal; Hay�Bunau-Varilla Treaty[8]
1904: When European governments began to use force to pressure Latin American
countries to repay their debts, Theodore Roosevelt announced his "Corollary" to the
Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States would intervene in the Western
Hemisphere should Latin American governments prove incapable or unstable.[9]
1906 to 1909: U.S. governed Cuba under Governor Charles Magoon.[10]
1909: U.S.-backed rebels in Nicaragua depose President Jos� Santos Zelaya.[11]
1912 to 1933 United States occupation of Nicaragua: Marines occupied main cities.
Their purpose was to provide stabilization to the government. There was a period of
a few months between 1925 and 1926 when the Marines left but were back for the same
reason.[citation needed]
1914 to 1917: Mexico conflict and Pancho Villa Expedition, U.S. troops entering
northern portion of Mexico.[12]
1915 to 1934: United States occupation of Haiti[13]
1916 to 1924: U.S. occupation of the (former Spanish colony) Dominican Republic[14]
Repeated US interventions in Chile, starting in 1811, the year after its
independence from Spain
The U.S. intervened in Europe during World War I. US troops intervened in the
Russian Civil War against the Red Army with the Polar Bear Expedition.

World War 2
During the Second World War, the United States sent troops to fight in both Europe
and the Pacific. It was a key participant in many battles, including the Battle of
Midway, the Normandy landings, and the Battle of the Bulge. After the war, American
troops occupied both Germany and Japan.

The United States also gave economic support large number of countries and
movements who were opposed to the Axis powers. This included the Lend-Lease
program, which "lent" a wide array of resources and weapons to many countries,
especially Great Britain and the USSR, ostensibly to be repaid after the war. In
practice, the United States frequently either did not push for repayment, or "sold"
the goods for a nominal price, such as 10% of their value. Significant aid was also
sent to France and the Republic of China, and Resistance movements in countries
occupied by the Axis.[15]

Cold War
The US helped form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949 to resist
communist expansion. The United States supported resistance movements and
dissidents in the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe and the Soviet
Union during the Cold War. One example is the counterespionage operations following
the discovery of the Farewell Dossier which some argue contributed to the fall of
the Soviet regime.[16][17] After Joseph Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade,[18]
the United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several
other countries began the massive "Berlin airlift", supplying West Berlin with up
to 4,700 tons of daily necessities.[19] US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen created
"Operation Vittles", which supplied candy to German children.[20] In May 1949,
Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade.[21][22] The US spent billions
rebuilding Europe and aiding global development through programs such as the
Marshall Plan.

When democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo �rbenz attempted a modest

redistribution of land, he was overthrown in the 1954 CIA Guatemalan coup d'�tat
From 1950 to 1953, US and UN forces fought communist Chinese and North Korean
troops in the Korean War, which saw South Korea successfully defended from
invasion. US troops remain in South Korea to deter further conflict, as the war has
not officially ended. President Harry Truman was unable to roll back the North
Korean government due to Chinese intervention, but the goal of containment was
achieved.

During the Cold War, the US frequently used the CIA for covert operations against
governments considered unfriendly to US interests. In 1949 under US President Harry
Truman, a coup overthrew an elected parliamentary government in Syria, which had
delayed approving an oil pipeline requested by US international business interests
in that region. The exact role of the CIA in that coup is controversial, but it is
clear that US governmental officials, including at least one CIA officer,
communicated with the coup organizer, Za'im, before the March 30 coup and were at
least aware that it was being planned�and six weeks later on May 16, Za'im approved
the pipeline.

In 1953, under US President Dwight Eisenhower, the CIA helped Shah Mohammad Reza
Pahlavi of Iran remove the democratically elected Prime Minister, Mohammed
Mossadegh (although supporters of US policy claimed that Mossadegh had ended
democracy through a rigged referendum).[23] In 1954, the CIA launched Operation
PBSUCCESS, which deposed the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo
�rbenz and ended the Guatemalan Revolution. The coup installed the military
dictatorship of Carlos Castillo Armas, the first in a series of U.S.-backed
dictators who ruled Guatemala. Guatemala subsequently plunged into a civil war that
cost scores of thousands of lives and ended all democratic expression for decades.
[24][25][26] The CIA armed an indigenous insurgency in order to oppose the invasion
of Tibet by Chinese forces and the subsequent control of Tibet by China,[27] and
sponsored a failed revolt against Indonesian President Sukarno in 1958.[28] As part
of the Eisenhower Doctrine, the US also sent troops to Lebanon in Operation Blue
Bat.

Covert operations continued under President John F. Kennedy and his successors. In
1961, the CIA attempted to depose Cuban president Fidel Castro through the Bay of
Pigs Invasion. The CIA (with Cuban exiles and South African mercenaries) fought
Maoist "Simbas" and Afro-Cuban rebels (led by Che Guevara) during the Congo Crisis.
The CIA also considered assassinating Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba with
poisoned toothpaste (although this plan was aborted).[29][30][31] In 1961, the CIA
supported the overthrow of Rafael Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic.[32]
After a period of instability, US troops invaded the Dominican Republic in
Operation Power Pack, initially to evacuate US citizens on the island and
ultimately to broker a cease-fire in the civil war.

President John F. Kennedy meeting with Cheddi Jagan in October 1961. The trip was a
political disaster for Jagan, who failed to sooth the suspicions of Kennedy and
Congress by equivocating on Cold War issues.[33]
At the end of the Eisenhower administration, a campaign was initiated to deny
Cheddi Jagan power in an independent Guyana.[34] This campaign was intensified and
became something of an obsession of John F. Kennedy, because he feared a "second
Cuba".[35] By the time Kennedy took office, the United Kingdom was ready to
decolonize British Guiana and did not fear Jagan's political leanings, yet chose to
cooperate in the plot for the sake of good relations with the United States.[36]
The CIA cooperated with AFL-CIO, most notably in organizing an 80-day general
strike in 1963, backing it up with a strike fund estimated to be over $1 million.
[37] The Kennedy Administration put pressure on Harold Macmillan's government to
help in its effort, ultimately attaining a promise on July 18, 1963, that
Macmillan's government would unseat Jagan.[38] This was achieved through a plan
developed by Duncan Sandys whereby Sandy, after feigning impartiality in a Guyanese
dispute, would decide in favor of Forbes Burnham and Peter D'Aguiar, calling for
new elections based on proportional representation before independence would be
considered, under which Jagan's opposition would have better chances to win.[39]
The plan succeeded, and the Burnham-D'Aguiar coalition took power soon after
winning the election on December 7, 1964.[40] The Johnson administration later
helped Burnham fix the fraudulent election of 1968�the first election after
decolonization in 1966.[41] To guarantee Burnham's victory, Johnson also approved a
well-timed Food for Peace loan, announced some weeks before the election so as to
influence the election but not to appear to be doing so.[41] US�Guyanan relations
cooled in the Nixon administration. Henry Kissinger, in his memoirs, dismissed
Guyana as being "invariably on the side of radicals in Third World forums."[42]

From 1965 to 1973, US troops fought at the request of the governments of South
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia during the Vietnam War against the military of North
Vietnam and against Viet Cong, Pathet Lao, and Khmer Rouge insurgents. President
Lyndon Johnson escalated US involvement following the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.
North Vietnam invaded Laos in 1959, and used 30,000 men to build invasion routes
through Laos and Cambodia.[43] North Vietnam sent 10,000 troops to attack the south
in 1964, and this figure increased to 100,000 in 1965.[44] By early 1965, 7,559
South Vietnamese hamlets had been destroyed by the Viet Cong.[45] The CIA organized
Hmong tribes to fight against the Pathet Lao, and used Air America to "drop 46
million pounds of foodstuffs....transport tens of thousands of troops, conduct a
highly successful photoreconnaissance program, and engage in numerous clandestine
missions using night-vision glasses and state-of-the-art electronic equipment."[46]
After sponsoring a coup against Ng� ��nh Di?m, the CIA was asked "to coax a genuine
South Vietnamese government into being" by managing development and running the
Phoenix Program that killed thousands of insurgents.[47] North Vietnamese forces
attempted to overrun Cambodia in 1970,[48] to which the US and South Vietnam
responded with a limited incursion.[49][50][51] The US bombing of Cambodia, called
Operation Menu, proved controversial. Although David Chandler argued that the
bombing "had the effect the Americans wanted--it broke the communist encirclement
of Phnom Penh,"[52] others have claimed it boosted recruitment for the Khmer Rouge.
[53] North Vietnam violated the Paris Peace Accords after the US withdrew, and all
of Indochina had fallen to communist governments by late 1975.

Chilean General Augusto Pinochet with George H. W. Bush

In 1975 it was revealed by the Church Committee that the United States had covertly
intervened in Chile from as early as 1962, and that from 1963 to 1973, covert
involvement was "extensive and continuous".[54] In 1970, at the request of
President Richard Nixon, the CIA planned a "constitutional coup" to prevent the
election of Marxist leader Salvador Allende in Chile, while secretly encouraging
Chilean generals to act against him.[55] The CIA changed its approach after the
murder of Chilean general Ren� Schneider,[56] offering aid to democratic protestors
and other Chilean dissidents.[55] Allende was accused of supporting armed groups,
torturing detainees, conducting illegal arrests, and muzzling the press;[57]
historian Mark Falcoff therefore credits the CIA with preserving democratic
opposition to Allende and preventing the "consolidation" of his supposed
"totalitarian project".[55] However, Peter Kornbluh asserts that the CIA
destabilized Chile and helped create the conditions for the 1973 Chilean coup
d'�tat, which led to years of dictatorship under Augusto Pinochet.[58]

In 1973, Nixon authorized Operation Nickel Grass, an overt strategic airlift to

deliver weapons and supplies to Israel during the Yom Kippur War, after the Soviet
Union began sending arms to Syria and Egypt. From 1972�5, the CIA armed Kurdish
rebels fighting the Ba'athist government of Iraq.

The U.S.-supported Contra rebels marching through Jinotega in 1985

Months after the Saur Revolution brought a communist regime to power in
Afghanistan, the US began offering limited financial aid to Afghan dissidents
through Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence, although the Carter administration
rejected Pakistani requests to provide arms.[59] After the Iranian Revolution, the
United States sought rapprochement with the Afghan government�a prospect that the
USSR found unacceptable due to the weakening Soviet leverage over the regime.[60]
The Soviets invaded Afghanistan on December 24, 1979 to depose Hafizullah Amin, and
subsequently installed a puppet regime. Disgusted by the collapse of detente,
President Jimmy Carter began covertly arming Afghan mujahideen in a program called
Operation Cyclone.

This program was greatly expanded under President Ronald Reagan as part of the
Reagan Doctrine. As part of this doctrine, the CIA also supported the UNITA
movement in Angola,[61] the Solidarity movement in Poland,[62] the Contra revolt in
Nicaragua, and the Khmer People's National Liberation Front in Cambodia.[63][64] US
and UN forces later supervised free elections in Cambodia.[65] Under Reagan, the US
sent troops to Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War as part of a peace-keeping
mission. The US withdrew after 241 servicemen were killed in the Beirut barracks
bombing. In Operation Earnest Will, US warships escorted reflagged Kuwaiti oil
tankers to protect them from Iranian attacks during the Iran�Iraq War. The United
States Navy launched Operation Praying Mantis in retaliation for the Iranian mining
of the Persian Gulf during the war and the subsequent damage to an American
warship. The attack helped pressure Iran to agree to a ceasefire with Iraq later
that summer, ending the eight-year war.[66] Under Carter and Reagan, the CIA
repeatedly intervened to prevent right-wing coups in El Salvador and the US
frequently threatened aid suspensions to curtail government atrocities in the
Salvadoran Civil War. As a result, the death squads made plans to kill the US
Ambassador.[67] In 1983, after an internal power struggle ended with the deposition
and murder of revolutionary Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, the US invaded Grenada
in Operation Urgent Fury and held free elections. In 1986, the US bombed Libya in
response to Libyan involvement in international terrorism. President George H. W.
Bush ordered the invasion of Panama (Operation Just Cause) in 1989 and deposed
dictator Manuel Noriega.[68]

After the Cold War

The US intervened in Kuwait after a series of failed diplomatic negotiations, led a
coalition to remove the Iraqi invader forces, in what became known as the Gulf War.
On 26 February 1991, the coalition succeeded in driving out the Iraqi forces. As
they retreated, Iraqi forces carried out a scorched earth policy by setting oil
wells on fire. During the Iraqi occupation, about 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were
killed and more than 300,000 residents fled the country.

Oil fires in Kuwait in 1990, which were a result of the scorched earth policy of
Iraqi military forces retreating from Kuwait.
In the 1990s, the US intervened in Somalia as part of UNOSOM I, a United Nations
humanitarian relief operation.[69] The mission saved hundreds of thousands of
lives.[70] During the Battle of Mogadishu, two U.S. helicopters were shot down by
rocket-propelled grenade attacks to their tail rotors, trapping soldiers behind
enemy lines. This resulted in an urban battle that killed 18 American soldiers,
wounded 73 others, and one was taken prisoner. There were many more Somali
casualties. Some of the American bodies were dragged through the streets � a
spectacle broadcast on television news programs. In response, U.S. forces were
withdrawn from Somalia and later conflicts were approached with fewer soldiers on
the ground.

Under President Bill Clinton, the US participated in Operation Uphold Democracy, a

UN mission to reinstate the elected president of Haiti, Jean-Bertrand Aristide,
after a military coup.[71] In 1995, Clinton ordered US and NATO aircraft to attack
Bosnian Serb targets to halt attacks on UN safe zones and to pressure them into a
peace accord. Clinton deployed U.S. peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995, to uphold
the subsequent Dayton Agreement. In response to the 1998 al-Qaeda bombings of U.S.
embassies in East Africa that killed a dozen Americans and hundreds of Africans,
Clinton ordered cruise missile strikes on targets in Afghanistan and Sudan. First
was the Sudanese Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory, suspected of assisting Osama Bin
Laden in making chemical weapons. The second was Bin Laden's terrorist training
camps in Afghanistan.[72]

Also, To stop the ethnic cleansing and genocide[73][74] of Albanians by nationalist

Serbians in the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's province of Kosovo, Clinton
authorized the use of American troops in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia
in 1999, named Operation Allied Force.

The CIA was involved in the failed 1996 coup attempt against Saddam Hussein.
[citation needed]

After the September 11, 2001 attacks, under President George W. Bush, the US and
NATO intervened to depose the Taliban government in the Afghan war. In 2003, the US
and a multi-national coalition invaded Iraq to depose Saddam. Afghanistan remains
under military occupation, while the Iraq War officially ended on December 15,
2011. The US has launched drone attacks in Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia against
suspected terrorist targets.[75][76] The US has used large amounts of aid and
counter-insurgency training to enhance stability and reduce violence in war-ravaged
Colombia, in what has been called "the most successful nation-building exercise by
the United States in this century".[77]

The US intervened in the 2011 Libyan civil war by providing air power. There was
also speculation in The Washington Post that President Barack Obama issued a covert
action finding in March 2011 that authorized the CIA to carry out a clandestine
effort to provide arms and support to the Libyan opposition.[78] Muammar Gaddafi
was ultimately overthrown and killed.

U.S. Navy has actively participated in the Saudi Arabian-led naval blockade of
Yemen.[79]

U.S. Marines in Al-Tanf, Syria, 2018

Under the aegis of operation Timber Sycamore and other clandestine activities, CIA
operatives and U.S. special operations troops trained and armed nearly 10,000
Syrian rebel fighters since 2012[80] at a cost of $1 billion a year,[citation
needed] phased out in 2017.[81][82][83]

In August 2014, the US began airstrikes against ISIS in Iraq in response to recent
gains by the terrorist group that threatened American assets and Iraqi government
forces. This was followed by more airstrikes on the 23rd of September in Syria,[84]
where the US-led coalition group targeted ISIS positions throughout the war-ravaged
nation. Airstrikes involved fighters, bombers, and launching Tomahawk cruise
missiles.

In March 2015, President Barack Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces
to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military
intervention in Yemen, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.[85]

A 2016 study published in the Journal of Conflict Resolution (published by the

University of Maryland) analyzing US military interventions in the period 1981�2005
found that the US "is likely to engage in military campaigns for humanitarian
reasons that focus on human rights protection rather than for its own security
interests such as democracy promotion or terrorism reduction."[86]

A 2016 study by Carnegie Mellon University professor Dov Levin found that the
United States intervened in 81 foreign elections between 1946 and 2000, with the
majority of those being through covert, rather than overt, actions.[87][88]

See also
List of wars involving Russia
Foreign interventions by China
United States involvement in regime change
History of United States continental expansion
Historic regions of the United States
Manifest Destiny including the Louisiana Purchase
American Exceptionalism
American imperialism, including the Spanish�American War, the Philippine�American
War, and the Puerto Rican Campaign
Foreign electoral intervention
New Imperialism and the emerging empires
References
John Pike. "Barbary Wars". globalsecurity.org.
Flint, John E. The Cambridge History of Africa: from c.1790 to c.1870 Cambridge
University Press (1976) pg 184-199
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-08-05. Retrieved 2011-08-04.
 "Open Door policy". Encyclop�dia Britannica.
"Home - Theodore Roosevelt Association". theodoreroosevelt.org.
"Dollar Diplomacy". americanforeignrelations.com.
"Our Documents - Platt Amendment (1903)". ourdocuments.gov.
"Panama declares independence". HISTORY.com.
"Our Documents - Theodore Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1905)".
ourdocuments.gov.
Lockmiller, David A. (1 January 1937). "Agriculture in Cuba during the Second
United States Intervention, 1906-1909". Agricultural History. 11 (3): 181�188.
JSTOR 3739793.
"Nicaragua timeline". BBC News. 9 November 2011.
"United States Interventions in Mexico, 1914-1917". Archived from the original on
March 27, 2004.
U.S. Invasion and Occupation of Haiti, 1915-34 at the Wayback Machine (archived
February 28, 2010)
"Presidential Key Events". millercenter.org.
Ebbert, Jean, Marie-Beth Hall & Beach, Edward Latimer (1999). Crossed Currents. p.
28. ISBN 9781574881936.
"CIA slipped bugs to Soviets". Washington Post. NBC. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
"The Farewell Dossier". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
Gaddis 2005, p. 33
Nash, Gary B. "The Next Steps: The Marshall Plan, NATO, and NSC-68." The American
People: Creating a Nation and a Society. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008. P 828.
Miller 2000, p. 26
Gaddis 2005, p. 34
Miller 2000, pp. 180�81
"New York Times Special Report: The C.I.A. in Iran". The New York Times.
Briggs, Billy (2 February 2007). "Billy Briggs on the atrocities of Guatemala's
civil war". The Guardian. London.
"Timeline: Guatemala". BBC News. 9 November 2011.
CDI: The Center for Defense Information, The Defense Monitor, "The World At War:
January 1, 1998".
Conboy, Kenneth and Morrison, James, The CIA's Secret War in Tibet (2002).
Road night, Andrew (2002). United States Policy towards Indonesia in the Truman
and Eisenhower Years. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-79315-3.
"ASSASSINATION PLANNING AND THE PLOTS A. CONGO" (PDF).
M. Crawford Young. "Post-Independence Politics in the Congo": 34�41. JSTOR
2934325.
Gott 2004 p. 219.
Blanton, William (editor), ed. (8 May 1973), Memorandum for the Executive
Secretary, CIA Management Committee. Subject: Potentially Embarrassing Agency
Activities, George Washington University National Security Archives Electronic
Briefing Book No. 222, The CIA's Family Jewels
Rabe, Stephen G. (1999). The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy
Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North
Carolina press. pp. 86�88. ISBN 080784764X.
Rabe, Stephen G. (2005). U.S. intervention in British Guiana: a Cold War story.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 72�73. ISBN 0-8078-5639-8.
Rabe, Stephen G. (2005). U.S. intervention in British Guiana: a Cold War story.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 8, 123. ISBN 0-8078-5639-8.
Rabe, Stephen G. (2005). U.S. intervention in British Guiana: a Cold War story.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 177. ISBN 0-8078-5639-8.
Rabe, Stephen G. (2005). U.S. intervention in British Guiana: a Cold War story.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 110�112. ISBN 0-8078-5639-8.
Rabe, Stephen G. (2005). U.S. intervention in British Guiana: a Cold War story.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-8078-5639-8.
Rabe, Stephen G. (2005). U.S. intervention in British Guiana: a Cold War story.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 106, 119�122. ISBN 0-8078-
5639-8.
 Rabe, Stephen G. (2005). U.S. intervention in British Guiana: a Cold War story.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-8078-5639-8.
Rabe, Stephen G. (2005). U.S. intervention in British Guiana: a Cold War story.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 157�160. ISBN 0-8078-5639-8.
Rabe, Stephen G. (2005). U.S. intervention in British Guiana: a Cold War story.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 168�169. ISBN 0-8078-5639-8.
The Economist, February 26, 1983.
Washington Post, April 23, 1985.
Readers Digest, "The Blood-Red Hands of Ho Chi Minh", November 1968.
Leary, William M. "CIA Air Operations in Laos, 1955-1974." CIA. June 27, 2008.
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-
publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art7.html
Powers, The Man who kept the Secrets (1979) at 198-201, 203, 204-206, 209-212.
Dmitry Mosyakov, "The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of
Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives," in Susan E. Cook, ed., Genocide in
Cambodia and Rwanda (Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1, 2004),
p54ff. "In April�May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in
response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his
deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: "Nuon Chea has asked for help and we
have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days."
The Economist, February 26, 1983.
Washington Post, April 23, 1985.
Rodman, Peter, Returning to Cambodia, Brookings Institution, August 23, 2007.
Chandler, David 2000, Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot,
Revised Edition, Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 96-7.
Shawcross, William (1979). Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of
Cambodia. University of Michigan. ISBN 0-671-23070-0.
Church Committee (1975). "Covert Action in Chile: 1963-1973". pp. 14�15, 1.
Falcoff, Mark, Kissinger and Chile, Commentary, 2003.
Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders (1975), Church Committee,
pages 246�247 and 250�254.
"Declaration on the Breakdown of Chile's Democracy," Resolution of the Chamber of
Deputies, Chile, August 22, 1973. See also The Wall Street Journal's "What Really
Happened in Chile": "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-01-16.
Retrieved 2012-07-14.
Kornbluh, Peter (2003). The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and
Accountability. New York: The New Press. ISBN 1-56584-936-1.
Robert M. Gates (2007). From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five
Presidents and How They Won the Cold War. Simon Schuster. p. 146. Retrieved July
28, 2011.
Rubin, Michael, "Who is Responsible for the Taliban?", Middle East Review of
International Affairs, Vol. 6, No. 1 (March 2002).
John Pike. "UNITA Uniao Nacional para a Independecia Total de Angola".
globalsecurity.org.
MacEachin, Douglas J. "US Intelligence and the Polish Crisis 1980-1981." CIA. June
28, 2008.
"Cambodia at a Crossroads", by Michael Johns, The World and I magazine, February
1988
Far Eastern Economic Review, December 22, 1988, details the extensive fighting
between the U.S.-backed forces and the Khmer Rouge.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 745. S/RES/745(1992) 28 February 1992.
Retrieved 2008-04-09.
Peniston, Bradley (2006). No Higher Honor: Saving the USS Samuel B. Roberts in the
Persian Gulf. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-661-5., p. 217.
Washington Post, February 24, July 13, 1980 (Carter); New York Times, November 20,
26, December 12, 1983 (Reagan); New York Times, June 24, 1984, Washington Post,
June 27, 1984 (Ambassador)
"Noriega extradited to France". CNN. 26 April 2010.
"UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN SOMALIA I - (UNOSOM I)". United Nations.
 "The United States Army in Somalia, 1992-1994". U.S. Army.
John R. Ballard, Upholding Democracy: The United States Military Campaign in
Haiti, 1994�1997 (1998)
Pike, John. "BGM-109 Tomahawk � Smart Weapons". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved
August 17, 2011.
Cohen, William (April 7, 1999). "Secretary Cohen's Press Conference at NATO
Headquarters Archived May 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine". Retrieved August 30,
2011.
Clinton, Bill (June 25, 1999). "Press Conference by the President Archived 2007-
06-29 at WebCite". Retrieved August 30, 2011.
Currier, Cora (5 February 2013). "Everything We Know So Far About Drone Strikes".
ProPublica. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
"The Drone Papers". The Intercept. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
Boot, Max; Richard Bennet (December 14, 2009). "The Colombian Miracle". The Weekly
Standard. 15 (13).
Jaffe, Greg (March 30, 2011). "In Libya, CIA is gathering intelligence on rebels".
The Washington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
"U.S. carrier moving off coast of Yemen to block Iranian arms shipments". USA
Today. 20 April 2015.
"U.S. has secretly provided arms training to Syria rebels from 2012". Los Angeles
Times. 21 June 2013.
Jaffe, Greg; Entous, Adam (19 July 2017). "Trump ends covert CIA program to arm
anti-Assad rebels in Syria, a move sought by Moscow". The Washington Post.
Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Ignatius, David (2017-07-20). "What the demise of the CIA's anti-Assad program
means". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
Ali Watkins (21 July 2017). "Top general confirms end to secret U.S. program in
Syria". Politico. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Julian E. Barnes and Dion Nissenbaum (7 August 2014). "U.S., Arab Allies Launch
Airstrikes Against Islamic State Targets in Syria". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved
25 September 2014.
"Saudi Arabia launces air attacks in Yemen". The Washington Post. 25 March 2015.
Choi, Seung-Whan; James, Patrick (2016-08-01). "Why Does the United States
Intervene Abroad? Democracy, Human Rights Violations, and Terrorism". Journal of
Conflict Resolution. 60 (5): 899�926. doi:10.1177/0022002714560350. ISSN 0022-0027.
Levin, Dov H. (June 2016). "When the Great Power Gets a Vote: The Effects of Great
Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results". International Studies
Quarterly. 60 (2): 189�202.
The U.S. is no stranger to interfering in the elections of other countries, Los
Angeles Times, (December 21, 2016).
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: American benevolence
Judis, John B. "Imperial Amnesia". Foreign Policy: 50. doi:10.2307/4152911.
(Alternate link)
The Truth About U.S. Middle East Policy, from The Middle East Review of
International Affairs
�When the Great Power Gets A Vote: The Effects of Great Power Electoral
Interventions on Election Results� by Dov H. Levin

vte
Empires
vte
Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces
Categories: EmpiresHistory of the foreign relations of the United StatesHistory of
United States expansionismForeign intervention
Navigation menu
Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView
historySearch
Search Wikipedia
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
??????????
Deutsch
Fran�ais
Italiano
Nederlands
Portugu�s
???????
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 March 2019, at 10:40 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie
statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki