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Unit-I
Building Utility & Services
Syllabus
• Fire Safety Installations:
• Causes of fire in buildings, Safety regulations, NBC- Planning
considerations in building, like non-combustible materials,
construction, staircases and lift lobbies, fire escapes, and A.C systems,
Heat & smoke detectors, Fire Alarm System, Snorkel systems. Heat &
smoke detectors, Fire alarm systems, snorkels, ladder, Fire fighting
pump and water storage, Dry & wet risers, Automatic Sprinklers, fire
chutes
Introduction
• Fire safety is a subject connected not only with human and
property safety but is related with design of buildings and their
services. Fire although a good friend of humanity, when it spreads un-
controlled, in buildings can be vicious enemy resulting in heavy loss
of property and lives.
• Therefore fire protection measures, both in residential buildings
and in commercial/ industrial complexes, have assumed a great
role in recent years in our country.
Introduction
NBC Regulations
NBC Regulations
NBC Regulations
NBC Regulations
Fire Science
• Fire is the process of burning. It is infact a chemical reaction
initiated by presence of heat energy in which a substance combines
with oxygen in the air and the process is accompanied by emission of
energy in the form of heat, light and sound. Therefore, three
elements are essential for combustion i.e.
• Acombustible matter i.e fuel
• Oxygen
• Source of heat, Spark flame etc.
Fire Science
Fire Science
Fuel Can Be
Heat
Oxygen
The energy necessary to
The air we breathe is
increase the temperature of
about 21% oxygen –
fuel to where sufficient
fire needs only
vapors are given off for
16% oxygen
ignition to occur
There are 4 classes of fire:
Class A
Ordinary combustibles or fibrous material, such as
wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and some plastics.
Class B
Flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline,
kerosene, paint, paint thinners and propane.
Class C
Energized electrical equipment, such as appliances,
switches, panel boxes and power tools.
Class D
Certain combustible metals, such as magnesium,
titanium, potassium, and sodium.
Fire Protection
• A method of fire protection involves the conveyance of water I
pipes to extinguish fire within a building falls into the field of
plumbing. Water may be supplied through riser pipes or
standpipes. A riser or standpipes with hose connections in a tall
buildings may be fed from storage tank, from pump or from a mobile
pumping engine in the street connected to a breaching or ‘Siamese
Post’
• Automatic sprinkler are the devices that discharge water
automatically when the temperature of air surrounding sprinkler
reaches a predetermined level.
Fire Protection
Components
• Fire protection in land-based buildings, offshore construction or onboard
ships is typically achieved via all of the following:
• Passive fire protection - the installation of firewalls and fire rated floor
assemblies to form fire compartments intended to limit the spread of fire, high
temperatures, and smoke.
• Active fire protection - manual and automatic detection and suppression of
fires, such as fire sprinkler systems and (fire alarm) systems.
• Education - the provision of information regarding passive and active fire
protection systems to building owners, operators, occupants, and emergency
personnel so that they have a working understanding of the intent of these systems
and how they perform in the fire safety plan.
Passive Fire Protection
Passive Fire Protection
• Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is an integral component of the
three components of structural fire protection and fire safety in a
building. PFP attempts to contain fires or slow the spread, through
use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors (amongst other
examples).
Passive fire protection
• The aim for Passive Fire Protection systems is typically demonstrated in fire
testing the ability to maintain the item or the side to be protected at or below either
140 °C (for walls, floors and electrical circuits required to have a fire-
resistance rating) or ca. 550 °C, which is considered the critical temperature for
structural steel, above which it is in jeopardy of losing its strength, leading to
collapse. Smaller components, such as fire dampers, fire doors, etc., follow suit in
the main intentions of the basic standard for walls and floors. Fire testing
involves live fire exposures upwards of 1100 °C, depending on the fire-
resistance rating and duration one is after. More items than just fire exposures are
typically required to be tested to ensure the survivability of the system under
realistic conditions.
• To accomplish these aims, many different types of materials are employed in
the design and construction of systems.
Passive fire protection
• fire-resistance rated walls
• firewalls not only have a rating, they are also designed to sub-divide buildings
such that if collapse occurs on one side, this will not affect the other side. They
can also be used to eliminate the need for sprinklers, as a trade-off.
• fire-resistant glass using multi-layer intumescent technology or wire mesh
embedded within the glass may be used in the fabrication of fire-resistance rated
windows in walls or fire doors.
• fire-resistance rated floors
Fire-resistance Rated Walls
Passive fire protection
• occupancy separations (barriers designated as occupancy separations are
intended to segregate parts of buildings, where different uses are on each side; for
instance, apartments on one side and stores on the other side of the occupancy
separation).
• closures (fire dampers) Sometimes firestops are treated in building codes
identically to closures. Canada de-rates closures, where, for instance a 2 hour
closure is acceptable for use in a 3 hour fire separation, so long as the fire
separation is not an occupancy separation or firewall. The lowered rating is then
referred to as a fire protection rating, both for firestops, unless they contain plastic
pipes and regular closures.
• firestops
Passive fire Protection
Passive fire protection
• grease ducts (These refer to ducts that lead from commercial cooking equipment such as ranges, deep fryers and
double-decker and conveyor-equipped pizza ovens to grease duct fans.)
• cable coating (application of fire-retardants, which are either endothermic or intumescent, to reduce flamespread
and smoke development of combustible cable-jacketing)
• spray fireproofing (application of intumescent or endothermic paints, or fibrous or cementitious plasters to keep
substrates such as structural steel, electrical or mechanical services, valves, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
vessels, vessel skirts, bulkheads or decks below either 140 °C for electrical items or ca. 500 °C for structural
steel elements to maintain operability of the item to be protected)
• fireproofing cladding (boards used for the same purpose and in the same applications as spray fireproofing)
Materials for such cladding include perlite, vermiculite, calcium silicate, gypsum, intumescent epoxy, Durasteel
(cellulose-fibre reinforced concrete and punched sheet-metal bonded composite panels), MicroTherm
• enclosures (boxes or wraps made of fireproofing materials, including fire-resistive wraps and tapes to protect
speciality valves and other items deemed to require protection against fire and heat—an analogy for this would
be a safe) or the provision of circuit integrity measures to keep electrical cables operational during an accidental
fire.
Passive fire protection
Active fire protection
Types;
Upright
Pendant
Sidewall
Recessed heads
Frangible Bulb Head
frangible bulb
fusible link
Chemical pellet
Sprinkler Heads
Storage Cabinet;
extra heads
sprinkler wrench
TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS:
TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS:
SIZES:
Minimum size is 2A:10BC. The number indicates the number of square feet & the
letter indicates the type of fire.
Alarm Gong
• The sounding of alarm should occur shortly after the opening of a
sprinkler head. An alarm valve which is a type of back pressure
valve, should be fitted on the main supply pipe immediately above
the main stop valve. The alarm gong should be close to the main stop
valve, but should be sited outside the building in a position where it
will readily be audible to the police and other petrol's. In order to
avoid false alarm caused by fluctuations in the pressure of supply,
a device is necessary in most types of alarm systems to permit of
such temporary fluctuations without lifting of the alarm.
Alarm Gong
Fire Alarm System
• It is an integral part of any fire protection system. It is said that
the first five minutes of fire are most important than the next five
hours. Fire can be extinguished when it is in an incipient stage.
Moreover people can be warned of fire hazards and evacuation of the
buildings become easy. The heat & smoke detectors detect fire and
actuate the alarm system. The system helps evacuation of the premises
and to bring fire fighting facilities into action as quickly as possible.
The Fire alarm systems are provided in the residential buildings
with heights above 15 m and industrial and commercial buildings
with height above 24 m. If the height of building is above 35 m. It
is necessary to have provision of heat & Smoke Detectors
Features Of Fire Protection
ALARMS
Other Features Of Fire Protection