ELEMENTS CHAPTER 3

1. It refers to the means of controlling an engine’s power by regulating the amount of fuel or
air entering the engine.
A: Throttle
2. The thermodynamic process during combustion.
A: Isometric combustion
3. The thermodynamic process during the power stroke of an engine.
A: Isentropic expansion
4. It is a result of the gas elements escaping the exhaust valve having low opening.
A: Choked flow
5. It is an engine that utilizes only one crankshaft revolution per cycle.
A: Two-Stroke Engines
6. _________ Efficiency is more in two-stroke engines
A: Mechanical
7. It is the process in which air pushes out remaining exhaust gas
A: Scavenging
8. A greater ____________ ratio is found in two-stroke engines.
A: Power-to-weight
9. It refers to the ratio of work input by the piston and the work output of the shaft
A: Mechanical Efficiency
10. It refers to how well an engine converts the internal energy of the fuel into mechanical
energy
A: Thermal Efficiency
11. It refers to the amount of fuel burned in an engine over the amount of fuel entering the
engine
A: Fuel Efficiency
12. Nowadays, this is the more commonly found type of two-stroke engine.
A: Two Stroke CI Engine
13. The Stirling Cycle has very high efficiency, like the _________.
A: Carnot Cycle
14. It is a cycle that utilizes a closed-cycle regenerative heat engine
A: Stirling Cycle
15. It is the type of vehicle that is commonly propelled by Stirling engines.
A: Submarine
16. It refers to a device that pressurizes air, which is powered mechanically by belt or chain-
drive from the engine’s crank shaft.
A: Supercharger
17. It refers to the audible sound that occurs when the air-fuel mixture pre-ignites before the
piston reaches the scheduled spark ignition.
A: Engine knock
18. It refers to the measure of the fuel’s resistance to knocking.
A: Octane number or octane rating
19. It refers to a device that pressurizes air, which is powered by the mass flow of exhaust
driving a turbine.
A: Turbocharger
20. A type of throttle where maximum intake of air and fuel occurs.
A: Wide open throttle (WOT)
21. It refers to the phenomenon of combustion gases escaping through the valve during
power stroke or before reaching the bottom-dead center.
A: Blowdown
22. It refers to the ratio between the volumes of the piston as it travels to the bottom-dead
center and as it travels back to the top-dead center.
A: Compression ratio
23. It refers to any position other than the full throttle.
A: Part open throttle (POT)
24. The thermodynamic system in which the real engine cycle operates.
A: Open system
25. It refers to the gas mixture after the combustion stage.
A: Combustion gases
26. It refers to the analysis where air is approximated to be an ideal gas.
A: Air-standard analysis
27. Another term referring to diesel engine.
A: Compression-ignition engine
28. Another term referring to gasoline engine.
A: Spark-ignition engine
29. It refers to a device which ignites the air-fuel mixture in a gasoline engine.
A: Spark plug
30. A heat transfer process associated as heat loss during combustion.
 A: Convection
31. The thermodynamic process during compression.
A: Isentropic compression
32. It is the year that the Stirling Cycle was made
A: 1816
33. It is the type of piston that is operated in a Stirling Engine
A: Double-acting piston
34. The working fluid in a Stirling Engine is in a permanently ________ form
A: Gaseous
35. This is the name of the inventor of the Stirling Cycle
A: Robert Stirling
36. A Stirling Cycle uses _______ to transfer heat
A: Heat Exchangers
37. It refers to the cycle that models pulse jet engines
A: Lenoir Cycle
38. It is the first successful internal combustion engine developed
A: Lenoir Gas Engine
39. It is the number of strokes that a Lenoir Cycle operates in.
A: Two Stroke
40. This process is not present in a Lenoir Engine
A: Compression
41. Ideal Air-Standard Cycle - An engine cycle which uses cold air, as an ideal gas, as the
working fluid.
42. Closed Cycle - A thermodynamic cycle wherein the input is equal (or same) to the
output.
43. Adiabatic process - A thermodynamic process where no heat is added or removed
between its surroundings, and energy is only transferred as work.
44. Intake Temperature – also known as the ambient temperature
45. Indicated net work – the work done by the engine cycle
46. Indicated Thermal efficiency – indicates the extent to which the energy added by heat is
converted to net work output.
47. Indicated mean effective pressure – the average pressure produced in the combustion
chamber during the operating cycle.
48. Specific Output – is an index quantifying the amount of power produced per unit of
piston displacement.
49. Efficiency – the ratio of the useful work performed by a machine or in a process to the
total energy expended or heat taken in.
50. 5th stroke – the result of the prolonged intake valve closing
51. Supercharged – effect of using supercharger
52. Turbocharged – effect of using turbocharger
53. Intake valve – the passage way to the cylinder of the internal combustion engine
54. Fuel injector. The device which sprays the fuel into the cylinder.
55. Mechanical efficiency. The ratio of brake horsepower to indicated horsepower.
56. Piston. A cylindrical part which reciprocates in the cylinder bore of an engine and
transmits the force of the gas pressure through the connecting rod to tine crankshaft.
57. Thermal efficiency. The percentage of the total chemical energy in the fuel consumed
that is converted into useful work.
58. Thrust. An axial force acting on a shaft.
59. Absolute temperature. The temperature above absolute zero.
60. Air filter. A device for filtering the air, before it goes into the engine, to prevent particles
of dust from entering the engine.
61. Compression ignition. Ignition of a fuel charge by the heat of the air in a cylinder,
generated by compression of the air, as in the diesel engine.
62. Crankshaft. That part of the engine which transmits the reciprocating motion of the
pistons to the driven unit in the form of rotary motion
63. Delivery stroke. The stroke of a pump during which the fluid in the pump is forced out of
the cylinder.
64. Diesel engine. A compression-ignition combustion engine first developed by Rudolf
Diesel.
65. Engine. A machine which produces power to do work
66. Compression ratio. The ratio of the volume of the charge in the engine cylinder at the
beginning of the compression stroke to that at the end of the stroke.
67. Constant-pressure combustion. Combustion of fuel in a cylinder at so slow a rate that
there is no rise in cylinder pressure.
68. Stroke. The distance a piston travels up or down inside the cylinder.
69. Bore. The interior diameter of an engine or compressor cylinder.
70. Cetane number. A percentage indicating the ignition quality of diesel fuels.
71. Exhaust. The act of discharging gases from an engine after they have done work.
72. Power. Rate at which work is performed.
73. Thermal efficiency. The percentage of the total chemical energy in the fuel consumed
that is converted into useful work.
74. Reversible process - A thermodynamic process where the direction can be reversed by
inducing changes on properties of the system without changing its entropy.
75. Ideal process – A thermodynamic process where the working fluid is an ideal gas that
follows the universal ideal gas laws.
76. Isentropic process - An idealized thermodynamic process that is both reversible and
adiabatic where there is no friction and transfer of heat and matter.
77. Quasi-static process - A thermodynamic process that happens slow enough for the
system to maintain in internal equilibrium, this is applicable for any frictionless, reversible
processes.
78. Otto Cycle – An ideal air-standard, four-stroke engine cycle with 2 isometric, 2 isobaric
and 2 isentropic processes, used in most automobile engines and 4-stroke engines.
79. Naturally aspirated engine – An internal combustion engine wherein the air intake
depends solely on atmospheric pressure and does not rely on turbochargers or
superchargers.
80. Isobaric process - A thermodynamic process where the pressure is constant, heat
transferred to system does work and also changes the internal energy of the system.
81. Isometric process - A thermodynamic process where the volume is constant, no work is
done, but heat is still transferred at a constant volume.
82. Intake stroke - Part of the Otto engine cycle where the air is taken into the combustion
chamber at constant pressure.
83. Compression stroke (Otto) - Part of the Otto engine cycle where the air is compressed
from the top dead center to the bottom dead center at constant entropy.
84. Heat-input process - Part of the Otto engine cycle where the air is combusted with the
aid of a spark plug, at constant volume.
85. Power stroke - Part of the Otto engine cycle where the high pressure on the piston
pushes it down to the bottom dead center and produces the power output for the engine,
at constant entropy.
86. Exhaust blowdown stroke - Part of the Otto engine cycle where the heat in the
combustion chamber is removed, at constant volume.
87. Exhaust process - Part of the Otto engine cycle where the piston travels back to the top
dead center to remove any remaining exhaust gases, at constant pressure.
88. Compression ratio - Is the ratio of the maximum volume to the minimum volume of the
combustion chamber.
89. Thermal efficiency - Efficiency of the heat engine measured by the ratio of the work done
to it by the heat supplied.
90. Indicated thermal efficiency - Thermal efficiency inside the combustion chambers of the
internal combustion engine.
91. Compression Ratio – the ratio of the maximum to minimum volume in the cylinder of an
internal combustion engine
92. Expansion Ratio – the ratio of the volume of a gas or vapor after expansion to the
volume and before expansion began
93. Unthrottled – the air intake suction of a miller engine cycle is done by the pressure
differences between the cylinder and the environment
94. Cylinder Pressure – the pressure inside the cylinder
95. Miller Engine Cycle – an Engine cycle that prolongs the opening of the intake valve to
increase the expansion ratio and decrease the compression ratio
96. Ralph Miller – he patented the Miller Engine Cycle
97. Intake valve closing timing – a timing system adapted in Miller Engine cycle
98. Early Intake Valve Closing – an Intake Valve closing that closes before it reaches BDC
99. Late Intake Valve Closing – an Intake valve closing that remains open until it reaches
BDC and closes at the start of compression stroke
100. Exhaust temperature – the temperature of exhaust gas