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27-28: AGARWAL-GARDNER
27. Agarwal-Gardner: Rate (Normalized) • qD and tDA definitions are similar to well testing. 28. Agarwal-Gardner: Integral-Derivative
• qDd and tDd definitions are convenient for 29-30: NORMALIZED PRESSURE
production data analysis. 29. NPI: Pressure (Normalized) 30. NPI: Integral-Derivative
INTEGRAL (NPI)
• Convenient for boundary-dominated flow. • pD and tDA definitions are similar to well testing.
• Results in single boundary-dominated stem but • Normalized Pressure ( p/q or pp /q) is plotted
7. Empirical: Arps Depletion Stems multiple transient stems. 8. Empirical: Arps-Fetkovich Depletion Stems
rather than normalized rate (q/ p or q/ pp).
• Three sets of type curves:
1. pD vs. tDA (Figure 29).
2. Pressure integral (pDi) vs. tDA (has the same
shape as pD).
3. Pressure integral-derivative (pDid) vs. tDA (Figure
30).
33-40: FRACTURE
33. Rate TYPE CURVES 34. Integral-Derivative
Q
Q 35. Elliptical Flow: Integral-Derivative 36. Elliptical Flow: Integral-Derivative 37. Elliptical Flow: Integral-Derivative
Rate (Normalized)
• Combines rate with flowing pressure.
Integral (Normalized Rate)
• Smoothes noisy data but
attenuates the reservoir signal.
15-16: PSEUDO-PRESSURE
Gas properties vary with pressure:
• Z-factor (Pseudo-Pressure, Figures 15 & 16)
• Viscosity (Pseudo-Pressure & Pseudo-Time, Figures
15, 16 & 18)
• Compressibility (Pseudo-Time, Figures 17 & 18)
Reservoir
Gas
• M = 0 is equivalent to Radial Type Curves (Figures
25-32).
b
pss inverse of productivity index M mobility ratio re
Dd
B initial gas formation volume factor N p oil cumulative production rw wellbore radius constant
φ
gi
• Determines hydrocarbon-in-place, N or G. B oil formation volume factor p pressure r apparent wellbore radius porosity
μ
o wa
B p s viscosity
• Oil (N): Direct calculation. oi initial oil formation volume factor average reservoir pressure skin
μaq aquifer fluid viscosity
c gas compressibility p reference pressure S initial gas saturation
μg
g O gi
• Gas (G): Iterative calculation because of pseudo-time. c total compressibility p dimensionless pressure S initial oil saturation gas viscosity
μg
t D oi
c total compressibility at average reservoir pressure p dimensionless pressure derivative t flow time gas viscosity at average
• Simple yet powerful. t
• Data readily available (wellhead pressure can be D effective decline rate p dimensionless pressure integral-derivative t material balance time oil viscosity
μres
e Did c
D initial nominal decline rate p initial reservoir pressure t material balance pseudo-time reservoir fluid viscosity
converted to bottomhole pressure). i i ca
All analyses described can be performed using Fekete’s Rate Transient Analysis software