TOURISM

“Tourist Motivation”

Group 1
GROUP 8
Zelia Vitalina P. Sarmento (1601542029)
Andi Yashinta (1601542032)
Gita Maharani (1601542036)

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
NON-REGULAR
FACULTY OF ARTS
UNIVERSITY OF UDAYANA
2019 – 2020
 SUMMARY (TOURIST MOTIVATION)

 Tourist motivation can be defined “as the global integrating network of biological and
cultural forces which gives value and direction to travel choices, behaviour and
experience.” (Pearce, Morrison & Rutledge, 1998). Put simply, motivation is a state of
arousal of a drive or need which impels people to activity in pursuit of goals. Once the
goals have been achieved the need subsides and the individual returns to the equilibrium-
but only briefly because new motives arise as the last one is satisfied. As cited in Seaton
(1997) motivation of the individual person to travel, to look outside for what he cannot
find inside have been largely created by society and shaped by everyday life. Gray’s
(1979) travel-motivation theory, poses only two main motives for travel. One is the desire
to go from a known to an unknown place, called in Gray’s theory “wanderlust”‘.

 Tourist motivations are important factors in understanding tourist behaviour in relation to

destination choice and motivation relates to the needs, goals and preference of the
tourists. In many tourism motivations are recognized as starting point in order to
understand tourist behaviours (Crompton, 1979). Motivations have also been seen as a
tool to segment tourism market. According to Backman (1995) motivations are associated
with individual basic needs for participating, for instance in activities. Today, motivation
tourism is the popular topic in research. The most one popular typology of tourist
motivation is Crompton’s (1979) push and pull model which emphasizes that tourist’s
choice of a travel destination is influenced by two forces. Push factors that push
individuals from home, and pull factors that pull individuals toward a destination. In
other words, people are traveling because they are pushed by their internal motives and
pulled by external forces of a travel destination (Lam and Hsu, 2006). It has been stated
that most push factors derive from individual’s intangible or intrinsic desires, such as
desire for escape, adventure seeking, dream fulfilment, novelty seeking, rest and
relaxation, health and fitness, prestige, and socialization (Chon, 1989).

 Maslow (1943) identified two motivational types: tension-reducing motives; arousal-

seeking motives. According to Maslow, there are five needs forming a hierarchy,
progressing from the lower to the higher needs. At the bottom are the basic needs for
food, water and air. Then, above them is the need for safety, security, and protection.
Maslow argued that if the lower needs are fulfilled the individual would be motivated by
needs of the next level of the hierarchy.

 Motivational factors
 There are a number of motivational factors according to Lickorish and Jenkins (which are
important as determinants of demand for travel. The factors will vary according to
countries but perhaps five are sufficiently important to be regarded as generally
applicable – education, urbanization, marketing, the travel trade, and destination
attractions.
1. Education
2. Urbanization
3. Marketing
4. The travel trade
5. Destination attractions

 Dann (1981) has identified seven elements of tourist motivations: travel as a response to
what is lacking yet desired; destination pull in response to motivational push; motivation
as fantasy(engage in behaviour and activities that are culturally unacceptable in their
home environment like prostitution and gambling); motivation as classified
purpose(VFRs); motivational typologies; motivation and tourist experiences; motivation
as auto-definition and meaning (the way in which tourist define their situations and
respond to them).[Page & Connell,2003].

 Travel Motives (Tourism Intelligence International, 2015: 37)

We have seen that travellers from traditional markets were predominantly driven by the
lust for sun, sand and sea. While they are not satisfied with pure sun, sand and sea
anymore, it still remains a major part of their trip and a overall motive for travel abroad.
However, the main motives of travel for emerging-market travellers are shopping, sight-
seeing and status-seeking. Visiting relatives and family as well as experiencing new
cultures are also important travel motives.

 Tourism Trends and Factors

CONTRIBUTING NOW THEN

FACTORS
- Global trade and - Interconnected of the - Economic growth
economic activities worlds through focused on the
- Personal attitude business ventures domestic needs
and preferences across international within a particular
towards leisure and boundaries country
life - Combining work and - Work and save for
- Travel and leisure in at a raining days
infrastructure younger age - Leisure pursuits in
options - Destinations are more retirement years
accessible due to - Travelling costs
 more cheaper modes were high
of transports (expensive) due to
limited travel
options

 Why do people travel?

Be it for official or personal reasons, more and more people are travelling thesedays.
Here are some reasons why do people travel:
 Business trips and work incentives
 Medical and healthcare
 Gastronomic and culinary experiences
 Education and cross cultural changes
 Leisure and lifestyle, mainly for shopping and entertainments

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Essays, UK. (November 2018). Tourist Motivation to Travel. Retrieved from

https://www.ukessays.com/essays/tourism/tourist-motivations-are-important-factors-tourism-
essay.php?vref=1 [Accessed on 4 March 2019]

Essays, UK. (November 2013). Motivational Theories for Travel and Tourism. Retrieved from
https://www.ukessays.com/dissertation/examples/leisure-management/travel-tourism-
destinations.php?vref=1 [Accessed on 4 March 2019]

Essays, UK. (November 2018). Tourist motivation. Retrieved from

https://www.ukessays.com/essays/tourism/tourist-motivation.php?vref=1 [Accessed on 4 March
2019]

Dann,, G. M. (1977) Anomie ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4 (4),
184-194. Dann,, G. M

Backman, K.F., Backman, S.J., Uysal, M., Sunshine, K.M., 1995. Event tourism: anexamination
of motivations and activities. Festival Management and Event Tourism 3 (1), 15-24.

Crompton, J.L., 1979. Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research 6 (4), 408-
424.

Crompton, J.L.1993 ” Economic impact analysis : Myths and misapplication” Trends 30 : P 9

Chon, K.S., 1989. Understanding recreational travelers’ motivation, attitudes, and satisfaction.
The Tourist Review 44 (1), 3-7.
 TOURISM
“Tourist Satisfaction”

Group 1
GROUP 8
Zelia Vitalina P. Sarmento (1601542029)
Andi Yashinta (1601542032)
Gita Maharani (1601542036)

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
NON-REGULAR
FACULTY OF ARTS
UNIVERSITY OF UDAYANA
2019 – 2020
 SUMMARY (TOURIST SATISFICATION)

 Traveler's expectation and satisfaction: Marketing implications

Once the antecedent conditions are met and the individual traveler participates in a travel
activity, will he/she be satisfied with his travel activity? It is thought that the answer
depends upon the goodness of fit between his/her expectation about the destination and
the perceived evaluative outcome of the experience at the destination area, which is
simply the result of a comparison between his/her previous images of the destination and
what he/she actually sees, feels and achieves at the destination. In this context, it is
thought that, during an individual traveler's recreational travel experience, there may exist
four different sets possible combination of the expectancy and evaluation of the
destination area.

 Understanding what drives satisfaction for a tourist is one of the most relevant areas of
research for the tourism industry (Petrick 2003; Prebensen, 2006), as satisfied tourists
tend to transmit their positive experience to others and to repeat their visit (Alén,
Rodríguez & Fraiz, 2007; Hallowell 1996; Kozak & Rimmington 2000; Pizam 1994;
Operman, 2000). The literature reveals that the level of tourist satisfaction with a
particular trip is the result of different factors (Peter & Olson, 1996) which are generally
assessed as a comparison between the tourist's perception of the products and services he
receives and the expectations generated before and during his trip (Barsky & Labagh,
1992; Bigné & Andreu, 2004; Chon & Olsen, 1991).

 In a highly competitive market, being able to offer an attractive tourist destination implies
having a deep understanding of the motives that lead tourists to make their choice among
the different alternatives available, as well as of the degree of satisfaction obtained with
the services provided (Jang & Feng, 2007). A review of the tourism literature reveals that
very few studies have analysed the causal relationship between these two variables –
tourist motivation and level of satisfaction – with the aim of guiding tourist resort
management (Prebensen, 2004; Yoon & Uysal, 2005). As mentioned above, these
variables form a part of the process that shapes the dynamic model of tourist behaviour.

 Satisfaction is one of the most relevant variables when analysing tourist behaviour, as it
influences the choice of destination, the consumption of products and services, and the
decision to return (Jang & Feng, 2007; Kozak & Rimmington, 2000). For this reason,
tourist’s satisfaction has been a priority subject of research in recent years (Kozak, Bigné
& Andreu, 2003; Tsiotsou & Vasioti, 2006).
  Giese & Cote (2000) emphasized the need to specify satisfaction levels on the basis of
the context in which it is evaluated. They identify three basic elements of context:
o response to an emotional judgement;
o a specific aspect of the service (a particular service encounter);
o a specific moment in time.

 According to Cronin and Brady (2000), customer satisfaction has attracted a lot of
attention in the literature dedicated to this area due to its potential influence over the
behavior of consumers and their retention. Consumer satisfaction has been defined in
several forms, from cognitive or affective approaches to other that indicate the specific or
accumulative charter of the transaction ( Hoest & Knie-Anderson, 2004). Satisfaction is
affected by three antecedents (Anderson, Fornell, & Lehmann, 1994). They are the
perceived quality, the price (perceived value) and expectation. Jin Huh (2002) noted the
importance of cultural factors and found that the characteristics of tourists are important
factors of tourists’ satisfaction with destinations. The study highlighted that
socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral indicators, such as age, gender,
income, marital status, occupations, education, or ethnic background must be taken
into account.

 Overall satisfaction needs to be conceptualised according to the approaches of both

expectancy and desires congruency. As mentioned by Bultena and Klessig (1969, p. 349),
the concept can be perceived as ‘‘a function of the degree of congruency
betweenaspirations and the perceived reality of experiences’’. Desires relate with
intrinsic motivations (Reiss, 2004) and expectations with destination attributes. Thus, it
seems logical that the factors utilized derive from push and pull model. Nevertheless, an
adaptation of the scale needs to be drawn, to respect the desire congruency principles and
expectancy confirmation approach. This follows the research conducted by Correia and
Pimpa˜o (2008) that evaluates satisfaction through push and pull motives. Furthermore,
these authors highlight how push and pull motives contribute to understand tourists’
satisfaction andbehavioural intentions.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Enrique Martín Armario. Unknown. TOURIST SATISFACTION: AN ANALYSIS OF ITS

ANTECEDENTS. P. 367-382

Anderson, E.W., Fornell, C., and Lehmann, D.R. (1994). Customer satisfaction, market share,
and profitability: finding from Sweden. Journal of Marketing, 58(3): 53-66.
Bettman, J.R. (1979). An Information Processing Theory of Consumer Behavior, Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley.

Cronin, J. and Brady, M.K. (2000). Assessing the effects of quality, value and customer
satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments. Journal of Retailing,
76(2): 193-218.

Danaher, P.J. and Arweiler, N. (1998). Customer satisfaction in the tourist industry: A case study
of visitor to New Zealand. Journal of Travel Research, 35(1): 89-93.

Rafat Beigpoor Shahrivar. (2012). Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, Special Issue
Destination Management: Factors That Influence Tourist Satisfaction. P 61-79.

Anto´nia Correia, M. K. a. J. F., 2013. International Journal of Culture Tourism and Hospitality
Research. [Online]
Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263553437_From_tourist_motivations_to_tourist_satis
faction
[Diakses 5 maret 2019].