MECH 2

DYNAMICS OF
RIGID BODIES
ENGR. PAOULO DE VEGA, ME
ME DEPARTMENT
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
INTRODUCTION

Dynamics is that branch of mechanics which deals

with the motion of bodies under the action of forces.
Dynamics has two distinct parts: kinematics and
kinetics. Kinematics is the study of motion without
reference to the forces which cause motion. Kinetics
relates the action of forces on bodies to their resulting
motions.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
INTRODUCTION

When machines and structures started to operate with

high speeds it became necessary to make calculations
based on the principles of dynamics rather than on the
principles of statics.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
BASIC CONCEPTS

The basic concepts in mechanics are space, time, mass

and force. Among these, space, time, mass are absolute
quantities, which mean that they are independent of
each other and cannot be expressed in terms of other
quantities or in simpler terms. Force, on the other hand,
is a derived quantity.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
BASIC CONCEPTS

Space is the geometric region occupied by bodies.

Position in space is specified by linear or angular
measurements with respect to a geometric reference
system. In Newtonian Mechanics the basic reference
system is named as the “primary inertal system” and it
is a virtual system assumed as neither rotating or
translating in space.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
BASIC CONCEPTS

For the examination of motion occurring on or near

Earth, it is suitable to use a reference system attached
to Earth as the primary inertial system.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
BASIC CONCEPTS

Time is a measure of the succession of events and is

considered an absolute quantity in Newtonian mechanics
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
BASIC CONCEPTS

Mass is the quantitative measure of the inertia or

resistance to change in motion of a body. Mass can also
be considered as the amount of matter within a body.
Although the mass of a body is an absolute quantity, its
weight can change depending on the gravitational force
(W=mg).
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
BASIC CONCEPTS

Force is the action of one body on another. A force

possesses both magnitude and direction, therefore it is
a vector quantity.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
DEFINITION OF TERMS

A particle is a body of negligible dimensions. Generally

a particle is thought to be an infinitesimally small
element which possesses all properties of a body. But
when the dimensions of a body are irrelevant to the
description of its motion or the action of forces on it, a
large body may also be treated as a particle.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
DEFINITION OF TERMS

A particle has mass but no

shape and dimensions. The body
is considered to be concentrated
at a single point which usually
will be its mass center. All the
forces acting on the body will
have to pass from this point, i.e.
the forces will be concurrent.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
DEFINITION OF TERMS

A rigid body is a body whose changes in shape are

negligible compared with the overall dimensions of the
body or with the changes in position of the body as a
whole. The shape and dimensions of a rigid body will
remain the same under all conditions of loading and at
all times.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Displacement- Time rate of change of position

coordinates. Displacement is a vector quantity.
Examination of displacement is carried out by means of
a suitable coordinate system. The selected coordinate
system can either be an absolute (fixed) or a moving
system.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Trajectory / Path - It is
a line or a curve
obtained when all the
points a body occupies
within a specific time
period are joined.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Kinematics - Observes motion without considering the

forces that cause the motion. In other words, it deals
with the geometry of motion. It constitutes relationships
between path, velocity, acceleration and time.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Kinetics - Observes motion by considering the forces

that cause the motion. In this field, in addition to the
quantities in kinematics, forces and / or moments,
together with mass also take part in relationships.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION

Law I. (Equation of Equilibrium) A particle remains at

rest or continues to move with uniform velocity (along
a straight line with a constant speed) if there is no
unbalanced force acting on it.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION

Law II. (Equation of Motion)The

acceleration of a particle is
proportional to the resultant force
acting on it and is in the direction
of this force.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION

Law III. (Principle of Action and Reaction) The forces

of action and reaction between interacting bodies are
equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and collinear.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION

GRAVITATION Newton’s
law of gravitation, which
governs the mutual
attraction between bodies,
is stated as G = a universal
constant called the constant
of gravitation
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

ENGLISH
SI UNIT CGS
UNIT
LENGTH Meter (m) Centimeter (cm) Foot (ft)
MASS Kilogram (kg) Gram (g) slug
TIME Second (s) Second (s) Second (s)
FORCE Newton (N) Dynes Pound Force (lbf)
KINEMATICS
ACCELERATION, VELOCITY AND DISPLACEMENT

Acceleration – measures the time rate of change of

velocity

Velocity - change of displacement per unit time

RECTILINEAR MOTION
DEFINITION

Motion is defined as continuous change of position of

a body. If the body moves so that every particle of
the body follows a straight-line path, then the motion
of the body is said to be rectilinear.
RECTILINEAR MOTION
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s2

for 32.8 s until is finally lifts off the ground.
Determine the distance traveled before takeoff.
With what speed in miles/hr must an object be
thrown to reach a height of 91.5 m (equivalent to one
football field)? Assume negligible air resistance.
vo=54 ft/secvo=54 ft/sec 

RECTILINEAR MOTION
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

A train moving with constant acceleration travels 24 ft/

s during the 10th sec of its motion and 18 ft/s during
the 12th sec of its motion. Find its initial velocity and
its constant acceleration.
A stone is dropped from a captive balloon at an
elevation of 304.8 m two seconds another stone is
thrown vertically upward from the ground with a
velocity of 75.6 m/s. If g= 9.75 m/s when and where
the stones pass each other.
RECTILINEAR MOTION
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s2

for 32.8 s until is finally lifts off the ground.
Determine the distance traveled before takeoff.
1721.34 m/s
With what speed in miles/hr must an object be
thrown to reach a height of 91.5 m (equivalent to one
football field)? Assume negligible air resistance.
vo=54 ft/secvo=54 ft/sec 

RECTILINEAR MOTION
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A train moving with constant acceleration travels 24 ft (7.32 m)
during the 10  sec of its motion and 18 ft (5.49 m) during the 12  sec
th th

of its motion. Find its initial velocity and its constant acceleration.
a= -3 ft/s v = 54 ft/sec
2 0

stone is dropped from a captive balloon at an elevation of 304.8 m

two seconds another stone is thrown vertically upward from the
ground with a velocity of 75.6 m/s. If g= 9.75 m/s when and where
the stones pass each other. H= 182.93 m
A ball is shot vertically into the air at a velocity of 193.2 ft per sec
(58.9 m per sec). After 4 sec, another ball is shot vertically into the
air. What initial velocity must the second ball have in order to meet
the first ball 386.4 ft (117.8 m) from the ground? V = 158.67 ft/s