P ictical Electronic .

WKM
 OUAUITY
.MT 1000 or TO TAPE RECORDER
801. Fully TtimaisloriiMs), Complete abtelded Cable, Swivel Mounting,
Sclf-conUhieil, Koononilciil, Louilspeuker, NEW LOWER PRICES S2/8.
DM.14.S. Miniature Dynamic mic. with
1
J'loybuck, Krasnr.c(c. £8.19.6. Stand, Craekl. Chromemlc.
Firdah,
PROFESSIONAL RECORDER EAGLE PRODUCTS DM, U. Dynamic with62;6.Base, 360*
Tl' 7<W. Six TrHMisior. Gipatan Prive, Two Swivel, 60-12,000 C.P.3., Superb Mist
Speeds. Dunl Track, I'ush-buttnn Controls, COMPLETE WITH INSTRUCTIONS WHERE NECESSARY Blue Finish,
DM.lli.HL. S BuinoM.
Dual Im pedance Dynamic
Tape, Id en I Speech and Music, Many Kcfine- SEND S.A.E, FOR FURTHER DETAILS OF ANY ITEM Siriklog Design, Outstanding Perlormanee,
mcnts. £16,16.0. TO TECHNICAL TRADING CO., BRIGHTON BeW-Adjualing Swivel Action, 40-15,000
INTERCOM OB BABY ALARM C.PA. 50ohnu Low, 60K High, £4.9.8.
Fully TrnnalsUirieed. Low Running Cost, D51,17.71Chrome
L. As Slick, DH.ie.HI-.
On/Oilbut Directional
Super
£3.19.6.
I'erfarmance, absolntely
.
complete,
■( Sensitivity 100 inV Slereo-Mono-Tuner- lit" Ultra Linear Speaker, Peak 25. Watte, Heavy Adaptor, 84.2.6.
Switch, Stand
Phono, completely enclosed Gold/Black 86 ohms. Total FJtx 800,000, Unbelievable
TELEPHONE AMPLIFIER Quality Cose. 89.10,0, ■ pcrfonniHoe. 12 Gnloeu. MICROPHONE STANDS
TA790. Loudspeaker Speeeh by Transistor AUDIO PANEL601 SPEAKER M9.100 Desk Stand. Grey Base 8/--
with Short
Amplifier with Magnetic Pick-up, only 69/6 30-WATT STEREO AMPLIFIER
8A. 300. Superb Reproduction, Gold enclosed SLIM SYSTEM Chrome
D8.2-HeavyStick, DutyStandard
Desk Fitting,
Stand, 29/8.
MULTIWAY INTERCOM SYSTEM finish. Many features Including Hum A Built-in Crossover Network.
Filler, Kealistic. Performance, Superbly Finished P8-3. Atnaringly Floor Stand, Heavy Duty Variable
IP-". Completely Transistorised Master Unit Balance, IntegratedSpeaker Phasing, Burobte
Tone Controls, Five Inputs. Cabinet 21]' x 17 J" x 41", Re- Height, Cast£2.17.6. lion Boae, Takes Standard
with Extrusion Indicator^. Selector Switches, Selector
Volume Control. Completely Sell-contained, 16 ohm Outputs, Switch, Function Switch, 4, 8 and Walnut sponse 60-18.000 C.P.B. lO-Watts, 16 ohms, Microphoces,
Takes up to Six Extension Units, 11 Gnlneu, Fantastic Value, £20,10,0. 16 Guineas (+60/6 P.T.l. PICK-UP ARMSArm Rest, Mono/Stereo
EXTENSION UNITS 40-WATT TRANSISTOR STEREO C.PB-, AP.SUl.'As above, hut ZO-WatU, 40-20,000 PP. 190. Adjusted
2 Ontneai each- AMPLIFIER Siie as" X 21" X 4i*. 21 Qoinsas Quality Turnover Cartridge, Magnetio Stylus
TSA, 218. Five Separate Inputs, Rumble (+70/9P.T.).. . Pressure, Professional Finish, 80/9.
COMMUNICATION RECEIVER Filler Scrntcti Filter, IS Transistors, U5-240 HORN TWEETER CTI0
VAC, Loudness Switch, Jlode Switch. Input 10-Watts.
KX. 60. 10-550 m. Continuous In Four Selector. Bass-Treble Balance Volume
Hands. S Dieter. Noise Llmller, Band Controls, Superb Quality, Years of Trouble- Benaltivily. Amazing Value 27/6. 18-18,001) C.P.B,, 16 ohms, High MULTI-METERS
Spread. B.F.O.,giving
5* Speaker, etc.. Three free Use, £49.10.0. TK.20.A. 8 Ringes AC/DC/Current/Realst-
Aerials HT.20.1620-WallB, Rectangular Heavy Cost ance O-100K, Moving Coll,High49/6, Quality, 15
Qualitysupplied
Phiisb,£24.15.0, profcseiunnl
... reception.
H1FI FM TUNER
Finish,
HM-4 FOUR
ohms, 69/6.
CHANNEL
KP.10.K. 10,001) OPV.
Ranges AC/DC/Carrent/Eeslelaoce, Accuracy
PMT.8-vulve
640. ifatches + or—r 3%,£3.19.6.
PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICA- tive
TION RECEIVER Cirrult,above
SuperbAmplifiers, Sensi- MICROPHO/dE MIXER
Styling. A.F.C. Ultra Compact, Fully Tmnsistorlsed, Gain EP.20.K. version of EP.10.K.,20,000 £4a9.e.
OPV, mare sensitive
RX 80. Double Superhet. Five Wave Band, aligned, BuBl-in 19power Pack, Individually
Gnineos (+64/- P.T.). factory 0 lib. Gold Finish, Four Volume Controls, EP.30.K. 30,000 OPV, 18 Ranges Including
Calibrated Klectrieal Band Spread on 80m, Uses 'J-V Battery, 49/6. Resistance to 10 meg., £6,18.6,
40m, 20in, 15m, 10m Bands, 8 Meter,
Q Amplifier, Aerial Trimmer, etc., £45.0.0, DUAL CONE 8" LOUDSPEAKERS MICROPHONES EP.5Q-K, Professional Quality, 22 Ranges,
>151-71.
lead, JockCrystal.
plug, 12/6.Compact Finish, screened AC / DC / Volts / Current / Response I Deci-
12 VOLT 20 WATT P.A. AMPLIFIER 6-Watt, 50-16.000 C.PB., 16 ohms. Total 100 C. Three-Way Crystal "Stick" 'mlc.. bels/Capacitance, 89,19.6.
CA512. Ideal Street Broadcasting. Sports Flux 53,000.67/3,
CR.12,AE. 12* Power SO-Watts, 16 ohms. Professional Plnlab, Built .In/Oft Switch, TEST EQUIPMENT
Rvents, Small Size, TettiSc Performance, Twin Cone Peak Detachable Shielded Cable, Seek Cord, 1T1-1 Transistorised Signal Injector, Com-
40. 8fi. 16n, Output. $ Inputs. £22. 7 Guinear. Chrome Finish, 32/6. MS 100 Desk Stand to plete with Transistor Oscillator with Indi-
10 WATT
Compact P.A.
Horn, High SPEAKERS CR.30.AE.t2"
Etttcicncy, ideal for Three-way . Range
„ match. SI'. cator Lamp, Detachable lest Probe and
CA512 Amplifier, £5.5.0. Speaker. Woofer made DM.614.
Stand andMiniature
Neck Coid, Stick32/8.
Dynamlu Mike with Instructions. 35/-.
Radiator and Tweeter all within elngle BP Field
in FiveIndicator RP.40.BandsTuneswith. 1-250
8-WATT STEREO AMPLIFIER speaker system, Phenomenal Realism, SJC. 70, Sensitive
includes Studio Cryatal
Variablemic.,"D" Pick-up Mc/S
SOO"Cartridge, Calibrated
scopic, Aerial Earphone and UA Meter, 66/9.
Tele-
8A.80. Frettucnoy Response 60-10,000 ± Idb, 16 ohms, 9 QuinelU.
HIGHEST QUALITY—COMPARE OUR PRICES VALUE in VALVES BY EETURN OP POST—
GUARANTEED NEW TYPES Satisfaction or Money Back Guarantee on goods if returned GUARANTEED 3 MONTHS
Tubes S Mouths 12 Months unused within 14 dsyi.
MW 31/74 ALL VALVES ARE NEW UNLESS OTHERWISE INFORMED.
Catr. & Ins. 12,'8. 84-0-0 FREE TRANSIT INSURANCE. POSTAGE 1 valve 6d., 8-111!-, FREE OVER 12.
12 in. £1.15.0 £3.10.0
MOST MDLLARD, . 4/66K80T
EMXTRON, E MI- 14 in. £2.0.0 £4.0.0
NW 36/24
£5-0-0
024
1A70T .. 7/8 9/6 6K25 .. 8/3' 14S7 .. 14/6
6/919AQ5 BBC41 .. 6/3'EZ41
7/8 EBC81 5/9EZ80 . 5/9
. R19
5/98F41 .. 2/3
9/6
1C5GT 6LI 9/620D1 8/9EBF80
7/820F2 . 8/6 EBF89 . 7/9 FC4 . 7/8EZ81 . 9/-8P61 2/-
IH50T . 8/9 6L6
SCOPE. BRMAR, 15/17 in. £2.15,0 ,£4.15.0 CRM 173 1NSGT. .. 8/9:61607/6 6L18 .. 12/8 8/920L1 . 16/-EBL21
9/9 EBL31 ..19/6HVR2 9/90232 . 1 8/-T41 7/6TDD4 . . 8/9
MAZDA, GOSSOR. MW 43/64 1S4
2D21 . 8/88L19
7/920P1
20P3 . 11/-EC52 . 4.' 9 KT33C .. 9/-U14 :. 71- 7/9
3/9 U18 ' .. 7/9
FEEEANTI TYPES 21 in. £3.15.0 £5.15.0 £6-0-0 SA4 . 4/-!8U)20 . 7/9/20P4 . 17/-ECC32 . 4/-iKT38 . 14/-
3A3 . 9/-:8P25 .• ■ 8/6 26 660 . S/-ECC34 . 9/-KT44 . 6/-U24 . 12/fl U22 6/9
Top 3D6 . 4;-em . . B/9.25L60T 7/9 ECC40 . 6,'9ET4S 8/6 028
U25 . 9/3
too RESISTORS s-sw. 6/6 TRANSISTORS 3Q4 . S/-:8Q7G . 4/- 25240 7/-:ECC81
Quelity 5R4GY . 8/-,8Q7GT . 8/-30F6 . 61- ECC82 . 4/9 KT73 . 5/9 035 .. 18/9 . 4/9 KT91 . 8/8 7/-
Hugo typereductions. Red1/6:SpotWhiteetandnrd 5D40 .. 4/-6SA7
Spot 5T30
. 5/9 30FL1 . 9/6ECCa3 . 6/9KT69 , . 12/-UM . 4/9
100 CONDENSERS 10/- L.F. now only
5Y30T . 4/-6SK7
4/86507 . 4/930L15 . 8;9ECC94
. 8/-30P4 . 9/6 ECC85 . e/-:KT88 . 17/8 U191 . 7i 9KT76 . 8,'90107 .12/8
Miniatuce Ceramic and Silver Mica. R.P. (OCSID
2/-. Mallard Matched Output Kits 6Z4
and0045(2),
2-OC8r«), 12/8. Receiver 5240 .. 7/-:6SN7<JT 9/-6SL7QT B/e30P12 . 7/-.E0C88 . 6/6KTW91 6/9 U281 . 91- 8/9
Ruts, OC44, OC81D. 24/- 5Z40T . 9/6 BSQ7 . 6/9 3505 . 8/6 ECFS2 . 8/SKTZ63 - 5/-.U282
4/6 30PL1 . 9/3 EOFBO 6/-;KTW93
SPECIAL TEMPORARY OFFER OC81(2), eli trnnsletore. 6;ML2 . 9/-:8U4GT . 8/-ECH21 . 11/6 MD14 . 71- 0301 .16/-
7/-0329 .12/8
AF16Z 15/- OC26 0081 5/8
12/8 OC81D 6/6 eA80 . 7/9 6V6G . 4/B35W4 . fl/-ECH35 . 7/6 N37 SZ-iSSLGOT . 8/6
Due 10/6 OBOl .19/-
we areto oflcring
huge Bulk MWSpecial
31/74 Purchase,
Tubes at AF114 61- OC44
AF115 7/6
OC36 14/-
6/6 0082 7/8 6A07 . 7/6 flVSGT . 6/-35Z4QT 6/6 ECH42 . 8/91(78
8/6ECH81 . 7/-|K108 . 13/-I0AF42 . 7/9 13/-0ABC8O 7/-
the unrepeatable price of 29/-, MW
36/24 ditto. 39/-. P.P. 12/6. The above AFH6 7/6 0045 61- 0C17D 8/8 6AK5
9AQ5 .- 4'3 6X4 . 5/-80
5/-:6X5a 4/8 50L90X 6/-ECH83 . 6;3PC88 . 1O/-!0B41 . 8/8
are guaranleed for 6 months. API 17 7/- 0071 61- 00171 8/6 SATS . 6/-'6XSaT . 5/618SBT . 19/8 ECL80 . 6/6 FC97 7/6 OBC41 . 7/6
AP127 9/6 0072 5/6 XB104 5/6 BAU6 . 7/-)788 9/-18SBTA
CO-AX standard and low loss. 23 yds. 8AV9 . 6/-7H7 6/8.807(A) . 19/6ECL826/-:ECl83 .. 10/6 8/-'PCC84PCC85 .. 6/6UBF80
6/608081 . 61-
6BA6 .. 5/8706 7/S807E . .49/-EF39 4/9 ECL86 .. 16/3 P0C88 Xl/9 UBP89 .. 7/9
SILICON RECTIFIERS 12/6;
Co-ax. B0Plugsyds.,
1/3. 22/6{ 100 yds..
WaU pullet boxes 42/6.
3/6, 68E8 5/8706 7/6813 3/-:PCC89 8/6 0BL21 . 7/6 9/9
Guaranteed performance. Top Make. CONDENSERS. 25 Mixed, Electrolytic- 63080 . 15/-, 7H7 5/-886A
8/9954 . 12/8 EF39
3/8EP40 . 4/6PCC189
.11/-TCF80
.
. 13/600085
fl/9,UCF80 . 7/3
Tested 250V working. 6BH6 - 5.' - .7S7 . 8/9
100mA m 500mA m id Manypricepopular eizes. List value £5. 6636 .. s;-:7« 4/6 955 2/3EF41
l
EF54 .. 8/-PCF82 . 6/-0CH81 .. 9/S
(3 lot 9/8) w/3 (3 tor 19/6) '1° Our 10/-. 6BB7 .. 8/61001 6/910C2 .. 14;6.9001 9/-|956 . 2i- 3;6EF80 3/3PCF84 , 12/-IOCH42 7/3
CONDENSERS. Electrolytic, 25 popular 0BW7
sizes. List value £5. Our Price 10/-.
8BW8 . 5.'-'lOFl . 4/99002 4/9EF85 . 9/- PCLS2 . 7/6
. 3.'aPCF89
: . 0CH81 . 7/9
7/90CL82 ■ 8/-
604 .. 2/810LDU. 14/6:9003 6/6EF8B , 7/8 PCL83 . 9/-0CL83 .10/-
4 watt AMPLIFIER 25 TAG STRIPS, 2,4.6,10-way, etc. 4/- 606 6CB , 5/610P13 . 8/8 ATP4 . 2/6 EFSS .. 6/9 3/-PCL85PCLB4 .. 7/30r41
7/80F42 .. 6/9
excellent amplifier .. 5/610P14 . 9/6AZ31 6/-EF91 4/9
preomp ilage,
output itege, 10 F3with"
ooroplete
high 10gain
driving
with Sin. P14 12 POTS. Popular values. OK to 2 Meg. 609
Urn wed, mixed, pre-aet. ecoea
.. 11/-,12AH7 . 7/-B36
. i7/—12AH8 . 9/-CBL31 .
4/6 EF92 . S/-FCL89 . 10/8 OF80 . 6/8
19/- EP183 . 9/9PEN26 . S/9 0F85 . 7/6
eveaker. In attractive B-toue ease. long ap., switch, etc. 4/6 6D6 .- 3/- 12AT6 . 6/6DL33 . 9/-EF184 . 9/9PEN45 . 8/«trF89 . 5/9
6F1 .... 4/912AT7 4/9CY31 7/0EL32 , 3/9PEK48 .
Tone eontrol, negative feedkaci.
ready for immediele use, Indivi- P.M. SPEAKERS. Sfl Top Makes,
CJin. m, Sin. 6F9(l 3/612AD8 .. 9/-DAF91 . . 4/6EL33 . 6/BPL33 . 4,'e0L4X 8/0 0044 ..14/- 7/6
dually tested. Amazing voluioe and Bin. «/D R 7x 41a. OjQ 6F13 .. 4/312AU7 . 4/9DAF8e". 7/3EL34 , 11/6 PL38 .
. 6/-PL38 . .17/90084 ■ 71-9/BUL46 . 8/3
clarity, ideal for guitars, rccotd 6F14 .... 9/612AX7fi/SlSAVB . 6/3DF91 .. 3/-SL35
8/-DF92 . 3/-EL38
players, p.a. Easily
in small 6F15 .. 6/612BA6 .. 7/-DF99 7/3EL41 .. 12/8 PLSl . 7/9 0B1C . 7/9
alarms, eto. worthhalls,
£5. babyOur MAINS TRANSFORMERS em
Excellent Quality. Guaranteed Upright 6350 . 3/- 12BB8 . 6/6DK91 . 5 '6 EL42 8/-PL82 . 8/9OM80 . 9/8
price while stocks last. ir 3A «w/w 83801 .. 4/312BH7 .. 17/6 8/9DK92 . 7;-EL84 . 6/6PLa4 .. 8/9008 . 7/9PL83
7/8000
, 8/9
Cart.. Packing, etc. 4/- wf/Q mounting 2SI1-0-260VB/0.
Ditto semishrouded 60mA,Ditto
G.3Vup- 636 .... 2/612E1 4/9 12J70T .
DK96 . 7/3 EM34 . 8/9PY31
8/-DL92 . 5/-EM80 , 7/9PT32 . 8/-0Y2I •. 11/-
10/-,UY41 9/6
right«« mA 12,6 6370
83707 .. 7/812K70T. 4/-DL94 . 6/6 EM 91 . 6/9PS80 . 6/6UY8S
:
.
. th
61-
GERMANIUM DIODES 100 HI STABS 9/6 BESOT .. 6/- 13S6 B/8DL98 . 7/3EM84 . 8/9PY81 . 6/9 5/9 VR150 8/8
VH10S .
Oeneral Purpose miniature n j 1% to 6% lOOlito 5MQ. 8K7 .. 6/9 12K8GT. . 8/8EABC80 S.'-'EAFia . 8/9 3/3EY51EM85 .. 8/6 7/8 PY82 PY83 ., 5/9X99 .. 61-
6E70 .... 1/-12Q7GT 7/9
detector
Gold Bonded highest
(or6i'6doz.)
quality . >
EKCO L.OJ.T. unused replacements
Perspex cosed 1054/7 models com-—0 , 8KS for 6K70T ..
4/612SA7 . 6/3EB41 . 5/-EY86 . 7.'3PY88 - 9.H
8/612SK7 - 2/9 EBSl . if- EY 88 ,. 8/8 PY8Q0 . 8/3,2886 ■. 8/6
61-
All tested. (or9/6 doz.) '/" nlete with E.H.T. rect. unrcpcatablew"/ " 6K80 .. 5/+12SQ7 . 7/8 EBC33 . 4/9 EZ40 . 6;«PZ30 8/6]
Post: 8 lbs. 2/-, 4 lbs. 2/6. 7 Jbs. 3/6, 15 its. 4/-, eto. (C.O.D. 2/- extra), ALL ITEMS LESS 5% AND POST FREE IN DOZENS.
350.952 FrattonSHOPS Road,RETAIL Portsmouth OSI.Y (Tot, 22034)
72 CastStraot, Southampton (T«l. 25951)
TECHNICAL TRADING CO. 11-12 ALL MAIL ORDER, RETAIL SHOP AND HI-FI ROOM
NORTH ROAD, BRIGHTON. T«I.479J?
PE.-A 81

'JtCi
Amplifier

by

Be first to own the onfy

10 WAT
amplifier of its kind
0UTPU1

in the world
GIVES FANTASTICALLY GOOD
THE SINCLAIR X-IO is a high fidelity inte-
grated power amplifier and pre-amp using 11
transistors and having a transformerless output
of 10 watts for feeding into a !5 ohm loud-
speaker system. It requires only the addition
of tone and volume controls plus a twelve
volt D.C. power supply to make it a complete
mono high fidelity assembly of exceptional
quality. Stereo is achieved by using two X-IO
amplifiers and ganged or separate controls.
Input sensitivity is sufficient for all crystal or
magnetic pick-ups and the manual supplied with
the X-IO gives detailed instructions for connect-
ing the controls and for using the amplifier in
a wide variety of applications.
NO
REPRODUCTION HEAT SINK
This radically new transistor amplifier (patents
applied for) is the first to be marketed any-
where in the world using the Pulse Width
Modulation principle (P.W.M.).
1 ImV INPUT 1
This technique permits an enormous reduction | SENSITIVITY |
in the power dissipation in the output transis-
tors of an amplifier: and in the case of the
Sinclair X-10. the output efficiency is about 95%
as compared with about 60% for conventional
class B output stages. Thus the dissipation is
only ith or less of that occurring in all other
amplifiers. That is why no heat sink is used
and why the X-IO will operate from two 4/-
batteries with normal use for about 3 months.

DES/GN «
PRINCIPLES f
■ UNIQUE
PERFORMANCE m 4 TRANSISTOR
NEW OUTPUT STAGE
•k Number of transistors 11 Frequency response
k Overall size 6'x 3'x }' 5-20.000 c/s 0-5dB Another Sinclair special feature—these 4
k Input Sensitivity ImV Speaker impedance 150 transistors do not get hot even at full out-
k Total harmonic distortion Damping factor Greater than 100 put because the circuit converts atmosi
< 0-1% Quiescent consumption TSmA 100% of the power from battery or mains
Output power 10 watts Supply voltage 12 to 15 volts unit into audio power for the loudspeaker,

COMBINED 10 WATT

SINCLAIR X-IO AMPLIFIER & PRE-AMP

Guarantee Build it for READY BUILT

If you are not completely satisfied teith AND TESTED
your purchase (tre are confident yoa
will be delighted) your full purchase £5-19-6
price will be refunded instantly and £6-19-6
without question. inclusive of all parts and
FULL SERVICE FACILITIES ALWAYS including instructions
AVAILABLE TO SINCLAIR CUSTOMERS instructions manual manual

ANOTHER WINNING DESIGN FROM SINCLAIR RADIONIC

^ .
 Breakthrough

SINCLAIR

100% BRITISH
ELEVEN
DESIGN 1
TRANSISTORS

FOR 12 VOLT
OPERATION
♦
TRANSFORMER-
LESS 15-OHM
OUTPUT |

m
CHOOSE YOUR
TONE CONTROL
BUILT-IN
WILL RUN SYSTEM
PRE-
FROM TWO
AMPLIFIER 4/- BATTERIES

SIZE
6" x 3 '

P WIVI is the answer!

THE SINCLAIR 5C*I0 is the only amplifier irt response is much clearer, there is no falling off
the world to give you the unique benefits of in the higher audio-frequencies, no intermodula-
Pulse Width Modulation. Briefly, with this tion distortion and the response curve so flat you
system, the audio signal from pick-up, radio, could draw it with a ruler! A new type of out-
microphone or tape head modulates a high- put stage and P.W.M. plus many other circuit
frequency square wave "carrier" by varying the refinements result in an amplifier which is
mark-space ratio. These variations are con-
verted to energy in the output stage. Being compact, rugged, stable and does not require a
heat sink—and it costs so little. The X-10 may
independent of the transfer characteristics of be used with low-input pick-ups such as Decca Order form,
the output transistors, the output is an exact Deram, Ortofon,
replica of the input signal. The improvement back heads. Usedetc., in
as well as with tape play-
pairs the X-IO brings new
in the quality of reproduction from the loud-
speaker is instantly apparent. Transient depths to stereo listening and there are no
channel matching problems. and

SINCLAIR X-10 MANUAL -further Sincdur

MAINS POWER supplied with every every X-tO, built or in parts, this 12 page
SUPPLY UNIT manual explains how the amplifier functions and how you can add designs on
(A.C. 200/240V) the correct tone and volume control system to suit your require-
ments exactly. A variety of systems is shown for mono and stereo Tieoct
S2-14-0 use, none of which will add more than a few shillings to the original
cost of your Sinclair X-10 amplifiers.
FREE WITH AMPLIFIER. AVAILABLE SEPARATELY, PRICE I/-. pages

LTD. COMBERTON, CAMBRIDGE. Telephone COMBERTON 682

 1 ■
■
II II 1
Mli c ro-
'
1

GUARANTEED DESIGNS FOR THE CONSTRUCTOR

It's easy to build the

SMALLEST RADIO mm*

IN THE WORLD
THE SINCLAIR MICRO-6 is an entirely British
design which remains unchallenged as the most re- n
markable receiver of its kind ever made available
to the public anywhere in the world. It has special
6-stage circuitry and is, at the same time, the
smallest set on earth. Everything except the light-
weight earpiece is contained in the smart, minute
white, gold and black case which is appreciably
smaller than a matchbox, as the illustration shows. poi
With vernier-type tuning control, bandspread over
the higher frequency end of the medium waveband
and powerful A.G.C. to ensure fade-free reception
of the most distant stations, the Micro-6 provides
remarkable standards of performance. Quality of
reproduction is outstandingly good and, again
and again, the set is reported to give excellent
results where other sets cannot be used at all.
The Micro-6 cannot be too highly recommended,
both as an intriguing design to build, and a most
practical radio to use. 0ver;9,000 have been built
and are in daily use throughout the world. SINCLAIR
A.G.C.
MICRO-6
1st R.F. 2nd R.F. Detector
Amp. Amp.
SIX-STAGE POCKET RECEIVER
Build it in an evening!
c 1st A.F. 2nd A.F. 3rd A.F. Building is simple and straightforward
Amp. Amp. Amp. when the meticulously detailed instruc-
tions are followed. All parts including 59/6
MAT transistors, diodes, printed circuit
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SINCLAIR MICRO-6 board, lightweight earpiece, case and dial,
and 8-page instruction manual come to
'TRANSmSTA' black nylon wrist strap for wearing /A
SIX-STAGE POWER AND SELECTIVITY the Micro-6 like a wrist watch (see i/lustrotion opposite) /
MALLORY MERCURY CELL. ZM312 | ^ | | Special pack
of 6 10/6
The Micro-6 uses special Sinclair Micro-Alloy {two required) each
Transistors in a completely new circuit. Two stages SIZE li" X HV x l~ Plays in car, train, bus,
of R.F. amplification are followed by an efficient WEIGHT Less than I ox. plane, etc.
double diode detector which drives a high-gain 3- (with batteries)
stage A.F. amplifier. Powerful A.G.C. applied to the Tunes over medium Brings in Continental as
first R.F. stage ensures fade-free reception from the wave band well as B.B.C. stations
most distant stations tuned in. Everything including Bandspread over higher
micro-components never before made available to Can be used as a radio-
frequency and brings in jack for tape-recorders
home constructors, special ferrite-rod aerial and 2 Luxembourg like a local
batteries each smaller than an aspirin tablet and station Wonderful quality, tone
giving about 70 hours working life is contained i Vernier-type tuning and volume
within the elegant tiny ease.
full service facilities available to all Sinclair customers

SINCLAIR RADIONICS LTD., COMBERTON, CAMBRIDGE

m Telephone: COMBERTON 682
 masterpieces

FROM BRITAIN'S LEADING TRANSISTOR SPECIALISTS

SINCLAIR TR750 POWER AMPLIFIER

Designed specially for use with the Micro-B and Slimline Receivers
MAKES A CAR RADIO, Measures only 2in. x 2in. yet includes Its
DOMESTIC RADIO, PORTABLE, own volume control and switch. It will
provide powerful loudspeaker reproduc-
INTERCOM, Etc. tion from the Micro-£ or Slimline which
can then be used as a car radio, or
domestic or portable loudspeaker set.
MEASURES A plug is supplied for connecting to
either Sinclair set. The TR7S0 alto has
many other applications such as record
reproducer, intercom or baby alarm. An
output of 750 milliwatts for feeding into a
standard 2S-30Q loudspeaker requires
only a IflmV input into 2Kn. Frequency
WEAR IT LIKE response 30-20,000 c,'» i; IdB. Power re-
quired 9 to 12 volts. Assembling and
A WRIST WATCH installing is very easy.
A novel onrf convenient way to
use the Micro-6 h to fix It on ANOTHER OUTSTANDINGLY
to the 'Trannrhto' Vrrist Strap WITH
and wear It like a watch. BUILT-IN SUCCESSFUL SINCLAIR DESIGN.
Portfcu/oWy useful for sports- All ports with HEADY BUILT
men, trayellert, etc. VOLUME CONTROL Instructions AND TESTED 45/-
AND SWITCH come to with Instructions
UNIQUE SINCLAIR
SINCLAIR SLIMLINE
SPORTS (guarantee The exlra-easy-
EVENTS
Tht following unconditional guarantee to-huild 4-stage
applies to everything you buy from
Sinclair Radionics Lid.
pocket receiver
If you are not completely satisfied Particularly recommended
with your purchase immediately for newcomers to transistor
on arrival (we are confident you set building. Measures 2[[*
will be delighted) your full pur- xcontained
I * J".within Everything
the gold-is
chase price wilt be refunded trimmed roya! blue case, in- k>R
instantly and without question. cluding standard PP.5
• FULL SERVICE FACILITIES battery and ferrite-rod
aerial. Uses vernier-type CT
MOTORING AVAILABLE TO ALL. SINCLAIR tuning to cover the medium
CUSTOMERS waveband with reception of
ii many British and Continen-
tal stations. Listening is by
means of thewhich
earpiece featherweight
switches mm
1, the set on when plugged
in. The building
, seruccions make success in-
assured, built ayour
set life. Oper-
ates fromeven if you have
a'stan'dard Pp's battery, obtainable anywhere.
Tins.,
fX>z. All parts inc. case, transistors, earpiece and instructions 4Q /A
TRAVELIING
L'/ TRAVEI come to /
If you do not wish to cut the coupon from this page, please mention "fVoctical Electronics," December, when ordering
To SINCLAIR RADIONICS LTD., COMBERTON, CAMBRIDGE
Please send items detailed below:— £ s. d. 1
NAME. I
ADDRESS. I
I I
| TOTAL £ I
| for which I enclose CASH/CHEQUElMONEY ORDER Pre. n
J
85
 NOT BUILD ONE OFOUR
PORTABLE TRANSISTOR
RADIOS...

BACKED BY OUR SUPER AFTER SALES SERVICE

ROAMER SEVEN 1111

5 WAVEBAND PORTABLE OR CAR RADIO
Amazing performance and $f>ec!/5cat)0n it Now with PHILCO 4 9MICRO-ALLOY R.F. TRANSISTORS
stages—7 transistors and 2 diodes
Covers Medium and Long Waves, Trawler Band and two Short Waves to aoprox. 15 metres.
Push-pull output for room filling volume from rich toned heavy duty 5in. speaker. _ Air spacea
ganged tuning condenser, Ferrite rod aerial for M & L Waves and telescopic aerial for
S Waves. Real leather-look case with gilt trim and shoulder and hand straps. Size J x ' ^
approx. Tha perfect Total
portable
costand the ideal
of parts nowcaronlyradio.
£C (Uses
I Q APP7 P- &battery
p
- available anywhere).
Parts Price List and easy build plans 3/- " 5;6
.. amazed al volume and performance,
TRANSON* MELODY has really come up to my expectations .
S.G., Slocklon-on-Tccs.
|-|\/C Nome, Uglily A.F.N.,Liix. SIX 0 8 stages—6 transistors and 2 diodes
lIVIl all al good volume. G. P. Durham Our latest completely portable transistor
Q7 stages—5 transistors and 2 diodes radio covering Medium and Long Waves.
Fully tunable over Medium and Long Incorporates pre-tagged circuit board, din-
Waves and Trawler Band. Incorporates heavy duty speaker, top grade transistors,
Ferrite rod aerial, tuning condenser, volume control, tuning condenser, wave
volume control, new type fine tone IIM change slide switch, sensitive 6in. Ferrite
super dynamic 2Jin. speaker, etc. rod aerial. Push-pull output. Wonderful
Attractive case. Size 6^ X 41 X 1 iin. reception of B.B.C. Home and Light,
(Uses 1289 battery available
with red speaker grille. P. & P. Ports Price List and easy build anywhere.) 208 and many Continental stations.
Total cost of all 42/6 3.'6 plans 2,'- Handsome leather-look pocket size case,
parts now only ^•*7 ——^ only 6i x 3i X IJin. approx. with gill
speaker grille and supplied with hand and shoulder straps.
COMPONENT BARGAINS ALL POST FREE Parts Price List and Total cost of all £3.9.6 P' & P"
BELLPHONES easy build plans 2/- parts now only
TRANSISTORS Ex-GP.O. Suitable as sound
PHILCO MADT Type 2N1727 powered telephones, Resistance
Maximum frequency of oscilla- of coil 60 ohms approx. Sin. TRANSONA SIX
tion 150 Mc/s .. ..8/6; U-shaped magnet .. S/9
PHILCO M ADT Type 2N1728 HEADPHONES 08 stages—6 transistors and 2 diodes
Maximum frequency of oscilla- High fidelity miniature magnetic This is a top performance receiver cover-
tion 150 Mc/s ... . - - 9/6. earpieces (2) on slim band with ing full Medium and Long Waves and
PHILCO MADT (Micro Alloy lead and plug. Easily converted Trawler Band. High-grade approx. 3m.
Diffused) Type 2N503 Maxi- to stereo, American manu- speaker makes listening a pleasure.
mum frequency of oscillation facture 13/6 Push-pull transformers for ample power.
over 500 Mc/s .. ■ • 15/; Miniature crystal earpiece with Ferrite rod aerial. Many stations
Diodes .. .- • ■ 1'" lead plug and socket 6/6 listed in one evening including Luxem-
Standard interleaved output DIALS AND KNOBS bourg loud and clear. Attractive case
transformers for valve output Sin. dial with polished brass in grey with red grille. Size 6i x 4f x
stages 3/6 insert and M/L calibrated disc 6/6 Uin. (Uses PP4 battery available any-
SWITCHES where.) _ , . •ij-
Slide, single pole, heavy springs Hn. cream knobs with polished
brass insert and rim 1/3 each Total cost of all CO If. P.&P. Parts Price List and easy build
CASES parts now only 3,5 plans2)-
Yaxley 6-way, 2 pole .. 4/9 Real leather-look cases in chest-
TUNING CONDENSERS nut shade with holes punched ROAMER SIX new;.'
Air spaced fine quality German for tuning, volume control and NOW WITH PHILCO MICRO-ALLOY R.F. TRANSISTORS
manufacture with slow motion switch. Also holes punched for
0 b WAVEBAND!!
drive. 0-0005 with oscillator car aerial socket and tone
control. 9-i x 3-i- x 7-i-ln. approx.
section ... •• ?/6 Complete with carrying slnms 0 8 stages—6 transistors
Subminiature similar 00 with and 2 diodes
tuning and oscillator sections 7/6 Plastic cases in grey polystyrene
Subminiature mica dielectric with red ornamental grille, Listen to stations half a world away
with trimmers. Tuning 200 pi. 6i X 4) X liin. approx. 6/9 with this 6 waveband portable. Tuneable
Oscillator 50 pf • • 5/6 on Medium and Long Waves.-Trawler
Mica dielectric Q-0003 mfd. Telescopic socket
aerials with fixing
6/6 band and three Short Waves. Sensitive
Ferrite rod aerial and telescopic aerial
for short waves. Top grade transistors,
3-inch speaker, handsome case with
SUPER SEVE gilt fittings. Size 74 X 5i X liin.
0 9 stages—7 transistors and 2 diodes ★ Extra band for easier tuning of
Covers Medium and Long Waves and LUX., etc.
Trawler Band. The ideal radio for home, Parts Price List and Total cost of all JfllOA P-8"/-
car. or can be fitted with carrying strap easy build plans 2/- parts now only .3,6
for outdoor use. Completely portable- (Carrying Strap 2,6 extra.)
has built-in Ferrite rod aerial for wonderful
reception. Special circuit incorporating All components used in our receivers may be purchased
2 RF Stages, push-pull output, 3in. speaker separately if desired. Parts price lists and easy build plans
(will drive large speaker), Size 7i x 5) x 1 Jin. (Uses 9v battery. supplied free with sets of parts or available separately at
available anywhere.) fixed prices stated.
Total cost of all XO 10 6 P. 3/6 & P. Ports Price List and easy build
parts now only iz plans 2/-
Callers side entrance
RADIO EXCHANGE Ltd Barratts Shoe Shop
Open 9—S.p.m.
Sats. 10—12.30 p.m.
6ta,HIGH STREET, BEDFORD. Phone:2367 ]

86
GLOSED-GIRGUIT TV. CAMERAS

UNREPEATABLE OPPORTUNITY
FOR THE ENTHUSIAST!
/dm The Components alone are worth Double
fcf mm Manufacturers
A Discontinued
Line—
BRAND NEW
AND READY
ASSEMBLED
(But not Tested)
2-WAY VISUAL PHONE LINK

Excellent for Information Booths

Buyers' Offices, Hotel Reception
Raging, Holiday Camps, Hospitals
Night Clubs, Personnel Officers
etc-

£ /
i
s?
S—

STUDIO DESK FOR MASS INSTRUCTION

Your own private C.C.T.V. FuIIy Transistorised 100% Reliable
System for Overflow 405 LINE R.F. Band I. Channels t to 5
Audiences, Dramatic Groups, Plugs in aerial socket of any size Domestic T.V. Set
Film Societies, Exhibitions, Mains operated, 210/250 v. A.C. 50/60 cycle
Demonstrations, Meetings, C type 16 mm. cine lens mount (excluding lens)
and a MUST for Technical S Horizontal Resolution 2/1-3 M/cs.
I 4 to 6 T.V. Sets can be used off one Camera
Colleges, etc. Weighs only 4Ibs. Truly Miniature

TRAFFIC CONTROL
m Security, Time and Post &
Study, Building Sites, Ins • IV
Gate Control, Bus/ 28/-
Railway Terminals, LESS VIOICON TUBE AND LENS
Sales Promotion, etc. E.M.I. VIDICON TUBES and 1" CO 1Q A
fl-9 LENSES lor above (Each) E7.1/.0
ftlflDNTHNC C| COTI } jIPC LOMBARD HOUSE, 6T. CHARLES STREET (Next to Pan
Al^ ITI" I V CLt ^ I nUlt lUO American Airways)
AirwavsT RIRMlMRHflM Phnnf Cen
BIRMINGHAM 3. Phone: fen 6283 or MID 0972

87
 sounut with
xevA
PRIMAX and PRIMAXA
SUPER EFFICIENT SPOTLIGHT BRAND
SOLDERING GUNS HAND AND FOOT-OPERATED SEALING TOOLS
FOR ALL KINDS OF PLASTICS

The "PACKFIX" for

cellophane and. poly-
thene bags. Hand or
foot-operated, all
voltages. From £10.

• FLT cellophane and polythene

bag sealer. Foot operated or
magneto electrically driven.
Seals bags up to 15^-" width.
From £42.
Hot plates thermostatically
PRIMAX controlled. Small and large
ww SfOTUdHT Ba| sizes for cellophane,
| 86,8 polythene and shrinking foils.
From £12.
IM SrOTGGHT
1t2 .< ■ Vfl LET US SOLVE YOUR SEALING PROBLEMS.
WRITE FOR COMPLETE ILLUSTRATED LISTS
DlMributors: S. KLMI'NLK LTD., LONDON, W.x TO DISTRIBUTORS:
29 PADDINGTON STREET, Tel.: HL Nter 0755 S. KEMPNER LTD., 29 PADDINGTON ST., LONDON, W.l
TEL.: HUNTER 0755

YOURS FREEM*7dws

The New Picture-Book way of learning

n A ELECTRICITY(5VOLS.)
D/\OlW ELECTRON ICS (6vols)
Yow'll find it easy to learn with this outstand- The books are based on the latest research into
ingly successful new pictorial 'method—the simplified learning techniques. This has proved
essential facts are explained in the simplest that the Pictorial Approach to learning is the
language, one at a time; and eachis Jllustratcd quickest and soundest way of gaining mastery
by an accurate, cartoon-type drawing. over these subjects.

To Selray Book Co.

The series will be o£ 60 Hayes Hill, Hayes, Bromley, Kent
exceptional value in _ Please send me Without Obligation to Purchase, Basic Electricity/Basic
training mechanics and I Electronics on 7 Days' Free Trial. I will either return set, carnage paid,
technicians in Electricity, g in good condition within 8 days or send down payment ol 15i- (Basic
Radio and Electronics. ^ Electricityl followed by 6 fortnightly payments of 10,-. Down payment
of 15,'- (Basic Electronics) followed by 6 fort nightly payments ol 12,6.
Alternatively, 1 will send 68/- (Basic Electricity—5 parts). 81/- (Basic
WHAT READERS SAY ■ Electronics—6 parts) post free. This offer applies to United Kingdom
T?ck against set required {only one set «//o»W o/i /fre rWn/).
"After reading section on Filter Circuits once, I understood BASIC ELECTRICITY O BASIC ELECTRONICS O
more about them than in a whole year from the obscurities of
other nuinuids." L.G. West Wickbam. "I must say they are Signature^
the best books on the subject as they explain in simple language {if under 21, signature of parent or guardian)
what other books make hard going of." C.B. Hartlepools. "They
hare a wonderful svstcm of imparting the subject to the
beginner." H.C.L. Leicester. " H'hal n'contrast to the many
text hooks I hare niicmpied to struggle through." J.O. Rugby. Name —.—
A TECH-PRESS PUBLICATION. BLOCK LETTERS BELOW
Ft! LI, POSTAL
Address
88
 SURBITON PARK RADIO LTD.

ALL ORDERS DESPATCHED SAME DAY % WE PAY POSTAGE AND INSURANCE

SATISFACTION OR MONEY REFUND GUARANTEE
LEADING STOCKISTS OF MARTIN RECORDAKITS AND AUDIOKITS
MARTIN RECORDAKITS Mthly. MARTIN AUDIOKITS Mthly.
MAUF TRACK
Dep. & pmts.
of The new Martin All Transistor Ten Watt Amplifier ^ Dep. Si pmtt. of
TAPE AMPLIFIER FOR STUDIO DECK, with kits represent excellent value for money. Each unit is"
ready wired orintcd circuit, conrrol and input panels, complete,
We showrequiring
only theonlypopular
to be connected to theOthers
units here. next.
mains
EF86. and
ECC83.output transformers,
6Z80, EM85 and knobs,
2 ELS-I.plans, screws
3 watts etc.:
output. available including stereo. The following would make up
Magic eye. Radio & Mic. inputs, ext. speaker socket, cone a TRANSISTORISED AMPLIFIER 15ohm* MODEL
and monitor controls. Can be used as an amplifier UNIT I—FIVE INPUT SELECTOR. Size 3J x 3in.
£11.11.0 47;- 8 25/6 Mag.
UNITPU,4—PRE-AMPLIFIER
Crystal PU, Radio. Mic.,
AND TapeCONTROL.
Head £2.7.6 Size
COLLARO STUDIO DECK, very latest model, 3 44/- 8 24/6 6i x i^in. Volume on/off, bass and treble control.
speeds. 3 motors, 7in, spools
CASE for above with 8 X Sin, speaker, two tone £10.19.6
grey
£5,5.0 UNIT 7—MAIN AMPLIFIER, 10 watts 6 transistor,
COMPLETE KIT with cape and microphoni: £29.19.5 120;- 12 44/- transformerless Push Pull output. Mounted on heat sink.
L.S.
UNIT imp.8—POWER
IS ohms SUPPLY, Gives IB & 40£6.11.6 volts.
QUARTER TRACK Heavy duty transformer,
TAPE AMPLIFIER FOR STUDIO DECK, as£12.12.0 above. 52/- 8 27,6 CONTROL PANEL forrectifier
Units Iand
andsmoothing
4 £2.15.0
10.6
COLLARO
Series heads STUDIO DECK, fitted Marriott • X"
£13.19,6 56/- 12 20/6 . ALL ABOVE FOUR U NITS WITH PANEL. ISohms
CASE as above, two tone grey £5.5.0 £15.8.0 62, 12 2l;6
COMPLETE KIT withPRE-AMPLIFIERS
cape and microphone... £33.19.6 136/- 12 49; 10 TRANSISTORISED AMPLIFIER 3 ohms MODEL
TAPE 34/- £ 25/8 UNIT 5 MAIN AMPLIFIER, as Unit 7 but 3 ohms
£5.12.6
HALF TRACK for STUDIO deck. lOOm/V out, £6.8.0 UNIT 6 POWER SUPPLY, at Unit 8 but 18-24£2.12.6 Volts
QUARTER TRACK, as above SELF POWERED £9.9.0 39/- 6 28/4
TAPE HEADS, Bradmatic Half-Track Record/Replay ALL FOUR UNITS WITH PANEL 3 ohms £14.5.0 57/ 12 20/10
and Erase on plate ............ £1.19.6 — — — SEND FOR LEAFLET OF COMPLETE RANGE

ARMSTRONG AMPLIFIERS AND TUNERS Hi Fi LOUDSPEAKERS

W.B. HF8I2,Axiette,
Goodmans Bin., 3.75,
6 in7.5 and IS ohms . £3-16.6
£5.5.7
Goodmans Axi om, (0 in. - £6.5.11
Goodmans 5K/20/XL, Tweeter and Crossover £7.7.0
Goodmans 201, I2in. unit Full range 15 watt.... £10.17.6 43/6 B 24/3
W.B. HF10I2,
Goodmans I2in-, £2.0.11.,
X05000. 3.75, 7.S andX0950
15 ohms... £5.10,11
£4.11.0 —
Wharfedale Super
Wharfedale Super 5, 3, Tweeter
Tweeter ........ £5.16.8 —
Wharfedale Super B RS'DD, Full range unit... £5.19.7
£6.14.2 —
—
Wharfedale Super 10 RS/DD.Full range 10 unit £10.18.0 44/- 12B 25,8
24/3
Wharfedale Super 11 RS DD £17.10.0
Wharfedale RS/ll/DD, I2in.unit Full range... £11.10.0 70'- 8 25/6
46/-
MODEL 222 MODEL 223 Goodmans 301, 12in. unit Full range 20 watt... £15.4.6 61/- 12 22/4
£27.10.0 110/- LEAFLETS AVAILABLE ON REQUEST
222
223 Integrated Stereo Amplifier 10 + 10 watt.. 15/- 1212
£28.15.0 1 90/-
40/4
42/2
224 A.M.-F.M.
F.H. TunerToner £22,10.0 12 32/2
127/M MonoTuner/Amplifier
127 Stereo Swatt ... £26.10.0
Tuner/Amplifier5 5+watt 106/- 1112
£37.10.0 150/- 38/10
55/- GRAMOPHONE UNITS
B.S.R. UA15, Very latest model £6,6.0 —• —
227M Mono Tuner/Amplifier 10 watt £36,15.0
£52.15,0 211/- 1212
147/- 53/- B.S.B. UAI4 with TCB Mono cartridge ......... £6.19.6 28/- 6 22/-
227 77/4
226 Stereo
StereoTuner/Amplifier
Tuner/Amplifier10as+22710 watt
but with Mag,£61.0.0
P.U, Garrard SRPIO Single player, Mono cartridge £5.10.0 —
Carrard Autoslim, 4 Speed Autoslim,Stereo
changer Mono ... £7.17.0
— 24/.
Shelf mounting Teak Case for any of abo ve £3.10.0 260/-
12 88/- Garrard AT 5 P Improved £9.0.0 33/-
36'- 66 27,4
25/3
Garrard A.T.6 Autoslim de Luxe, mono ... £11.9.0 47/- B
Garrard AT S 3000LM as AT6, but with slim arm.£(stereo
1.12.0 46 6 8 25 9
MONO AMPLIFIERS Garrard 4H/F, Transcription unit Mono ...... £17.0,01 68/- 12 24/11
Linear L 45,'A. 3 valve. 53 watts £6.6.0
watt ECL66 ..... .... £13.2.6 Garrard "Deccadek" Single Player with Decca "Deram" 63 - 12 23/1
Dulci GA5, Integrated, 52/6
64,9 12 19/3 cartridge LAB. "A". Transcription changer£15-15.0
Garrard Mono 79/-
Triplecone Hi Ft Major, 10 watts 2 EL84 ... £15.13.9£20.0.0
12
12
23/1
29/4 £19.14.9 12 28/1 i
Leak
Leak TUI2, 10 watt
Varistope MainPre-amplificr
Mono, Amplifier only
..... .... £15.15.0 63/- 12 23/1 Garrard 301 Strobe, Transcription unit.. £22.0.0 88/- 12 32/3
Dulci DPAIS, IS watt with 2 valve ore-amplifier Philips
records AG 1016, Stereo cartridge, will change 7in. IS/6
Goldringwith adaptor 10/-extra
GL58,with arm but less cartridge... £12.12.0
£17.1.0 50/6
69/- 24/11
40/1
Goldring CL70,with arm butletscartridge £17.9-4 111/4 27/8
STEREO AMPLIFIERS Goldring "88", Transcription lest arm £18.18.5 76/5
Leak Stereo 20, Pre-amplifier and Main ampiificr LEAFLETS ON REQUEST
compiete £55.9.0
valves 219/-
Rogers Cadet Mkl with Pre-amplifier 4 ECL8$£26.15.0 12 80/8
107/- 12 39,'2 GUITAR SPEAKERS
Leak Transistor Stereo 30, Pre-amplifier and
amplifier main 198/- 12 . 72/7
£49,10.0 Fans, I2in. Heavy
Goodmans Audiomduty51,unit 20 15watt
I2in. watt Bass £5.5.0 36/8
£9.2.8 6 27/8
Goodmans Audiom 61, I2in. 20 watt Bass or£14.7.8 Lead 57/8 12 2./.
F.M. TUNERS Goodmans Audiom 81, I5in. 100 -
£25.0.0 119/- 12 36 8
Goodmans 128 43/7
Tripletone, P.M. Tuner Less power
Tripletono,
£13.19.6 56/- 12 2Qi'6 WharfedaleAudiom
W tl/EG,91,(2m.
I8in.1550watt
wattLead
Bass... £29.15.0
£10,10.0 42/- 12 23/6
25/8
lason JTV/2, F.M. andWith
F.M, Tuner T.V.power £15.14.6
sound. Switched, self 63/- 12 23/1 Wharfedale
WRITE FOR W GOODMANS
15/EG, ISin. 15 watt Bass ... £17.10.0 70/-
LEAFLET
powered £22.5.0 89,'- 12 32/7
GUITAR AMPLIFIERS
Linear Diatonic 1230watt
Linear Conchord watc22inpuw
inputs with Cover £13.2.6
£19.4.6 52/6
77/- t2
12 19/3
26/1
SURBITON PARK RADIO LTD.
Leak TL-15 25 watts amp and pre-amp £42.5.0 169/- 12 SJ'''
48A SURBITON ROAD. KINGSTON-UPON-THAMES Leak TL 50 50 watts amp and prc-amp £51.5.0 1 205/- 12 75/2
SURREY
Phone: KIN SS49 MICROPHONES AND FLOOR STANDS
• ORDERS FOR CASH, C O D OR TERMS Reslo £11,2.6 44/6 24/9
Reslo RSH/T,
RBH/TS,Ribbon
RibbonHigh
withImpedance
on.off switch ... £13.10.0 54/- 19/9
0 HOURS 9 o.m, to 6 p.m. (I p.m. Wednesday) Reslo Heavy Duty Floor Stand £7.0.0
Teisco DM304. Dual Impedance with switch... £4.10.0
0 Easily reached by frequent trains Waterloo to Surbiton PiexoFloor
J*p, 8M3.Stand
Crystal with switch, desk stand ... £2.10.0
£1.3,0
89
V*- THE WORLD-FAMOUS KIT — SETS ANYONE CAN BUILD WITHOUT PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE
THE PRACTICAL WAY to
ENJOY ELECTRONICS
A WIDE RANGE OF WELL DESIGNED KIT-SETS TO CHOOSE FROM
YOU' CAN SAVE £££$ BY BUILDING ANY HEATHKIT MODEL
5 Jn. FLAT-FACE GENERAL PURPOSE
OSCILLOSCOPE. Model IO-I2U. An out-
standing 'scope. "Y" sensitivity, 10 mV cms per
cm at I ke/s: Bandwidth 3 c/s to 4.S Mc/s. T/B
10 c/s to S00 kc/s in S steps. Kit £32.12,6. Assembled yi -■
i-9 t '* S £41.10.0.
2} SERVICE 'SCOPE, Model OS-I Light (wt. 10}
ml.9 lb.), compact. 5" KitX 8"£22.18.0.
X 14}'. The ideal portable
for servicemen. Assembled £30.8.0. HFW-I
ELECTRONIC SWITCH, Model S-3U. Convert IM-13U
10-f2-U S-3U
your 'scope to dual trace- Kit £12.18,0, Assembled
£18.10.0, 6 in. DE LUXE VALVE VOLTMETER, Model
"HALVERN" HI-FI EQUIPMENT CABINET. IM-I3U. Measures ac and dc volts 0-1.5 to 1,500V in
Will house all your Hi-fi equipment. Left "in tha 7 ranges. Res. to 1,000 M£i in 7 ranges. Modern
white." Size: m X 32 X 21^ in. Kit £18.1.0 styling, with glmbal mount. Kit £18.18.0. Assambled
A wide range of other cabinets. £26.18.0.
"COTSWOLD" HI-FI SPEAKER SYSTEMS, aj.-p" VALVE VOLTMETER, Model V-7A. DC volts
Acoustically designed enclosures, complete with to 1,500, AC to 1,500 rms and 4,000 V pk. to pk.
12 in. bass speaker, elliptical mid-range speaker, Res. 0.1-1,000 Ma Kic £13.18.6. Assembled
and tweeter to cover full frequency range of 30- £19.18.6. RF Probe 309-CU £1.13.6 kit. HT Probe
20,000 c/s. Cross-over unit, level control, etc. MALVERN COTSWOLD
Left "in the white." Standard "Cotswold", Size: HV.336 £2.19.6 kit. Will extend range of models
26 x 23 x 14 in. Kit £23.4,0 V-7A or IM-13U.
MF5 "Cotswold" for the smaller room. Size; able HI-FI FM TUNER. Range 88-108 Mc/s. Avail- TV ALIGNMENT GENERATOR. Model
36 x 16} x 14 in. Kit £23.4.0 4U) 10.7 in two units, sold separately. TUNER (FMT- HFW-l. 3.6 to 220 Mc/s oq fundamentals. Unique
SSU-I SPEAKER SYSTEM. A practical solution (FMA-4U)Me/s IF £2.15.0 (inc. P.T,). IF AMPLIFIER
power supply and valves £13.3.0. Total electronic sweep oscillator. Built-in fixed and
to the problem of a low-price speaker system. Two Kit £15.18.0. variable marker generators (5 Mc/» crystal). Kit
speakers. Without legs £IO,t7,6
With legs Kit
£i 1.12.0 Kit £34.18.0. Assembled £44.10.0.
9 4. 9W HI-FI STEREO AMPLIFIER, Model
A wide range of speakers available. Send for details. S-99. Ganged controls. Stereo/Mono Gram.,
Radio. Tape inputs. P.C. board construction.
Attractive presentation. Kit £27.19.6. Assembled
£37.19.6.
"OXFORD" LUXURY TRANSISTOR PORT-
ABLE Model UXR-2. Beautiful solid leather ease.
Kit £14.18.0
GENERAL COVERAGE RECEIVER, Modal
RG-I, Freq. coverage 600 kc/j-1,5 Mc/s. 1.7-32
Me/s in 6 switched bands. Many features inel.
FM TUNER S-99 } lattice crystal filter. Kit £39.16.0 Assembled UXR-2 RG-I
£53.0.0.
Send for FREE British Catalogue of Heathkit Rangea. 1 of H Models
Prices quoted include postage IU.K.
I If
Deferred Terms over £10 in U.K. SOW PUBLIC ADDRESS AMPLIFIER, Model
AM/FM TUNER Covers FM 88-100 Mc/s, AM PA-1, A multi-purpose unit, suitable for vocal
16-50, 200-550, 900-2,000 M. Tuning heart (£4.13.6 and Instrumental groups. 4 inputs for guitars,
inc. PT) and IF Amp. Case, Total £26.10.0 Kit mics, etc. 2 heavy duty speakers, vol. indicator,
6W STEREO AMPLIFIER. Model S-33H. An variable tremolo, modern cabinet. Kit £54.15.0,
inexpensive stereo/mono amplifier. Ideal for use Assembled £74.0.0.
with the Decca Deram lightweight pickup. Modern SOW POWER AMPLIFIER, Model MA-50.
attractive styling. Kit £15.17.6 ideal for sound reinforcing systems, etc. Kit
Assembled £21.7.6 £19.18.0. Assembled £27.18.0.
"GARRARO" AUTO RECORD PLAYER. PA-1 AT-6 "MOHICAN" TRANSISTOR GENERAL
Model AT.6. A four-speed stereo/mono unit with COVERAGE RECEIVER, Model GC-IU. Freq.
auto, record selection. Fitted with R,105 crystal R.F. SIGNAL GENERATOR, Model RF-IU. coverage 580 kc/s to 30 Mc/s in 5 bands. Electrical
pickup £13,12.1. With Decca Deram pickup Freq. coverage from 100 kc/s-lOO Mc/s or six bands, band spread on 5 additional bands covers "amateur '
freq. from 80-10 M. B.F.O. Tuning and Zenar
£14.6.1. on fundamentals and up to 200 Mc/s on calibrated diode. Send for details. Kit £37.17.6, Assembled
5W MONO AMPLIFIER. Model MA-S. A harmonics. Kit £13.8.0. Assembled £19.18.0. £45.17.6.
general purpose amplifier based on model S-33. DECADE RESISTANCE. Model DR-1U. Range 8(M0m AMATEUR TRANSMITTER, Model
Separate bass and treble controls, gram and radio 1-99,999(2 in 1(2 steps. Kit £10.8.0. Assembled DX-40U. Crystal controlled. Power input 7Sw, e.w.
inputs. Printed circuit. Kit £10.19.6. Assembled £14.8,0, 60w. peak controlled carrier phone. Output 40w.
£15.10.0. DECADE CAPACITOR. Model DC-IU range. Kit £33,19.0, Assembled £45.17.6.
JUNIOR ELECTRONIC WORKSHOP. Model lOOjijaF to 0.111 ftF in lOOwaF steps. Kit £7.5.0. TRANSISTOR INTERCOM, Models Xl-tU and
EW-I. 20 exciting experiments can be made. Assembled £10.8.0. XIR-IU. Ideal for homo or business. Each master
Special solderiess connections. K't only £7.13.6. [ INT^BNA'TUDNAU MAIL ORDER (Xl-lU) will operate up to S remote stations.
MULTIMETER. Model MM-IU. Ranges 0-i.5v to f(models.covering Illustrated
the American Heathk:t rar-„ 9v. battery operation. Xl-tU (Master) kit £10.19-6.
American catalogue
I.SOOv A.C, and D.C. 150(tA to ISA D.C.j 0.2 to ) details can be obtained Assembled £16.19.6. X1R-1U (Remote) kic £4.7.6.
20 Ma 4}" SOfrA meter. Kit £12.18.0. Assembled from us for I' — Assembled £5.16.0,
£18.11.6.
Please tend me FREE BRITISH CATALOGUE (Yes/No)
Full details of modc!{s)
DAYSTROM LTD.
NAME
Dept. P.M. 12, GLOUCESTER, ENGLAND (BLOCK CAPITALS)
ADDRESS PM-12
WORLD'S LARGEST SELLING ELECTRONIC KITSETS

90
FRANCIS

OF STREATHAM Ik

include among their customers many who call

personally from all over the country, because m looovnooov
/ 2soy • » 250V
of the stocks and service in TAPE AND HI-FI v
EQUIPMENT to be found there. With so many iP ioov with the' ioov y
Q v. ' o
shops to choose from, there must be excellent
reasons why people prefer to buy from Francis. 25V 25V
Perhaps you would care to find out by calling D
or writing to us about your requirements. ov rov
★ VERY LARGE STOCKS OF TAPE AND HI-FI
EQUIPMENT c
2-5V
★ NO EXTRA FOR CREDIT UP TO 18 MONTHS
★ OWN SERVICE DEPARTMENT XI pepformance
q 10 mA
★ FREE SERVICE DURING GUARANTEE PERIOD *y. XlOO
$ I mA 1 mA O
P'
FRANCIS OF STREATHAM
169-173 STREATHAM HIGH ROAD, LONDON, S.W.16
Between St. Leonards Open all day Phone STR
Church and Strealham Sin. Saturday 0I92'0466

E RS1N SAVBIT ALLOY

ViJtitM S3 yes wear on
ER soldering iron bits

The worid-famous copper SAVBIT SIZE 1 CARTON

loaded alloy containing 5 Contains approximately 30
cores of non-corrosive feet of 18 s.w.g. SAVBtT.
flux, that saves the solder- It is also sup- MULTXMINORi/
ing iron bit. Ersin Multicore plied In 14 s.w.g.
Solder is also available in and 16 s.w.g. Ob- The newly improved model of this famous .AVO
hightin quality alloys.60/40 tain able from ra- Left pocket size multi-range instrument has been enthusiastic-
dioand electrical ally acclaimed in all parts of the world for its high
in 22 s.w.g. for printed stores.
circuits, transistors, etc. standards of accuracy and dependability as well as for its
5/- each modern styling, its highly efficient internal assemblies and
its resistance to extremes of climatic conditions.
THE HANDY DISPENSER It is simple to use, one rotary switch for instant range selection,
Easy to find in the BIB WIRE STRIPPER only one pair of sockets for all measurements, and a 2}-mch ciearly
tool box—simple to AND CUTTER marked scale-plate. It is supplied in an
use. Virtually a third attractive black carrying case complete with
hand for tricky sold- , Strips Insulation interchangeable test prods and clips, and a
without nicking multi-lingual instruction booklet.
ering Jobs. feet wire, cuts wire
5 core 18 s.w.g. cleanly, adjust-
ERSiN MULTICORE able to most RESlSiahCE: 0-2M& in 2 ranges, using l.SV cell
SAVBIT alloy in a thicknesses.
continuous coil used SWsmvirV; (O.OOOfl/V on d.c. voltage ranges to send you a full
direct from free- Splits extruded l,000fi,/V on a.c. voltage ranges specification of Ms
standing dispenser. plastic twin flex. great little instru-
3/6 each ment. It measures only
2/6 each 7} x 4 x li ins. and
j/syoD XTTO weighs only 24 ozs.
MULTICORE SOLDERS LTD. AV0CET HOUSE ■ 92-96 VAUXHALL BRIDGE ROAD LONDON S.W.I
MULTICORE WORKS • HEMEL HEMPSTEflO - HERTS. (BOXMOOR 3636) Telephone: Victoria 3404 (12 lines)
MM 19
91
 BASS-MAJOR 30 WATT GUITAR AMPLIFIER

Eminently suitable for bass, lead or rhythm guitar and all other musical
instruments
* tprrstir eD«SKt-
★
•4- D«|
P
HeavilyConmade
e in second
cabinetspeaker reproduces
of convenient frequenciyuptol^^^
sue 24 xjl X lOin. Itas an exceptional r attraetive cov.rinR in two
contrasting tones of Vynair.
-4- For 100-250 V,, SO c.p.s., A.C. mains operation.
$ four
Four instrument
jack socket inputs and or two independent volume controls for Simultaneous connection of up to
Separate bass andpick-ups microphones.
treble controls providing more than adequate Boost or tut.«JQ£^
LEVEL frequency response throughout the audible range. J 7-y VJ I I 3 •
-*■ SUPERIOR TO UNITS AT TWICE THE COST. Carr I7;6.
■fe Send S.A.E. for leaflet O R DEPOSIT of £4.3.0 and 12 monthly payments of Carr. 17,e.
R.S.C. SENIOR 15 WATT LEAD op R.S.C. B20 BASS GUITAR
R.S.C. G5 GUITAR AMPLIFIER RHYTHM GUITAR AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER
i-n-ntl WrU quality oiil|MH. liunrpuratins Well llnx AI Siu.
hiiriilv
12iii, in wait 12,(1(10 line Uul.latiiak.-r, Snwilmty "iinu.v.
Ilich
Uigh-lld.lilv
Si'iuir.ii. 1 iitLsli-iiitll imi(«lt;
Ins- .it"I (rrlili* "mil" Itiichrlliclriit "nil IniMWIMiiatiiiR
tinsheaviest
luudriiieiker
loadSpeelidly
a massive
lailldil i'Uismsl nirl.sl
luiiinellliniialiinee
(Kite 14 xJack
14 x liil>ii(. Han-baimu
"In. at>)inis.) Ilnirbnlstrongly iiukIc
in tamiplr- and "leHixt" ml nils.
KOimrulely nmlndhul lii|>uti* w>
Twin 1.1 wilhKlaud
25 watts, Indlvlihtal Iwss and 1 rchle "mlnils
ir. naltiii!
innilarv alludes niOrItrSilli'lTrifuii.
Ill-U'OSIT 22gii(i-2'
3 and>ii .^.C.
11 iiiahis.
niniiHiIy (hut Itvi. iiiutrunmlil* ur "tulkr" aivo ample "iMH.nt" ami "ml".
llitpedaitee Jack rocket inpiilx are Mcparalr Twt. hultiy
£9.19.6 liuyiuenK .if 22 3. flirt, "/li. and iiluk-lilM tain ho tired «!_ eiuil rolled. All coiitrols lire (iniivciiieiiliy
aurne time, lanulrjieukir Is a posit liiliod ill it rreerx nil top "f tile eatiiliet.
heavy duty Ilich II"" I-'"-
LINEAR TREMOLO,'PRE AMP. UNIT
Itcsiemsl Which
for intrndmlllR (he aTreiuutn
2(1
Obiuulwatt InniiMlrl with curt
well made chassis.
mrl linirhed atISihUict Is tlnlrheil
Inii'tiv.dy of Mil asin(a ntwo
I i«Icsililras'iuR
etilismielom lonei.mid
of
auilililler Is lit led" with nwctve effect
iwwer I"aopldy nny as1S xJunior Slmtcl.
IM X bin. blue n|i|irux. Kexiiu-
lain, 0(M-rall<iii from ■JUO-iall r. 5" • e.p.s,
and Vyimir. Si/.e uppms. 24 21
IHiiiit fur smoothed J(,T. and li.S v. A.li. L.T. Thia 0cl A.t '. Iiiidur.
ipplles to practically idi iim|ililicrs of mir
and to those of sevciwt oilier miumfmdiirors. Tim null nluullfaetlire, >' 19 Gns.
pltiga Intu jmwer
.-illipillKr. supply
Controls iinint mid
lire tipeisl any Inimtof tuicket
(fmiueney inlvinip-or Scud
unrnthly S.A.K. for leath-l.
ol 33."-I.Or DBl'OStT 39/11 and ♦inr
A 7ij '/"
1 r
' r' Or"luporlI
linS. incuts of 518.£3.2.0
Carr.and17,'14ti. inonthly pay-
tluns), ili'ldh (for heuvy or light i-IT.
Switch. Three suckelx
two iupiUtnml Foot Swlleh. lire for OMA ^ sl"a» d
HIGH FIDELITY 12-14 WATT AMPLIFIER TYPE AJ I
R.S.C. 30-WATT ULTRA LINEAR PUSH-PULL ULTRA LINEAR
HIGH FiDELITY AMPLIFIER AIO OUTPUT "BUILT-IN" TONE
CONTROL PRE-AMP STAGES
Aeanlnineil
highly mnisUIvc !'iwh-PnllTope high (intpnt unit with relf- Two input soeket.s with assodated conln.lr allow ■ulxng-d
performiinccI're-amp. llonlrol
tlgnres cmuparoe'Hiitlly StoKer.
with iVrtHosI
innst expl osive and strain.,BIA4.
Eclwl nsiuELM,
Aid. ItiKh
KZSl.wmsilivlty. Inelndesswtionstlly
HiRh Qnidily 5 vidtrs. woiu
nmpllllers available.
qoenov rcoiiotire A 3 Hnni(Hi level 7" C/». dlt down,
A sluciullyhrc- output t mnsfotmer specially designed (or
designed
former 1" seelionally
ttstal with Kf>~wound nltni
nnlpiil linearAlloutput
valves. Iraux-
componeidH irte'
arc chosen for rcHabillly. Six valves arc.ieasl BEWi. JIS la SiHS
EFSfi. Controls
Treble BC.CS3. are8117,proviilcil.
«ll~. (!Z:i4. Heparnlc
Minlmnm InputIt." ami
reiinired
for (id! output isORonlyPICK-DP
MICROPHONE 14 millivolts so that AN"?The
IS SUITABLE. KIND mdlOFIs
designed RADIO Kit
FEEDER UNIT.to Ia»l
HALLS
Bleclrunia or(orORGAN,
CLUBS, SCHOOLS,
OUTDOOR FUNCTIONS,
GUITAR.
THEATRES,
STRINGetc.BASS useDAhCE
For cte. with
lo.r
OUTPUT SOCKET With l1'"C.Vrovi;'e\;!ill'.]lVv "ooVpul'fdr k and" 13 uhllis speakrr. Is euwplvte
stamtitr*! or loiwpiuyhiif OLTPDT SOCKET 8 Cns.^.
PROVIDES L.T. and H.T. for RADIO FEEDER UNIT.
An extm input with nmociatcil vuL eolltml is ptxiviiled
so that, two separate ili|Hitr sneh as fivam and "-Mike D^OSr^S^S^u^^'^uontld'y^P^F^Md's Of 'bc^ld^.A-'B-^o^d'hrnt'l^teine^dlcl dtda^lf^Cihiiu'trfnii^d^rs^^huo-
can
A.C. bemains
mixed. Aniplitier operates on 2"ll-25(l v.speakers,
fill c/s. lihoiier, etc., with earli and credit lurins.
Coniplelu Kitandofhaslairls
milpntwithforfully
K and 15 nhmchassis
ptnieheil
puint-to-poliit wiring cliagrama and 12tn 10-WATT HIGH QUALITYwahllll LOUDSPEAKER.
veneered caWnet. In
nfUtlS. and i nsl mcl ions. with
If carrylne
mpiireil R.S.C. CORNER CONSOLE CABINETS t-ansal2,<HHilines. Speech
perfomleil over coll 8 ohms or 15 ohm*.
Can. 10,'- handles can be om
The iiiuplillcr supplied for 19,9.
he supplied, Polished walnut veneer Only £4,19.6. Carr. 5.'-.
finish, rieaning doslyn. Terms; llupnsit 11/3 and
factory hnlltforwith l?I/.t4Send
mttput
S.A.E,valves and 12 monlhs' II monthly pnymcnls nt
1" <■:
gtinralltee. 14 gns. for ieidlct. JUNIOR 11/3, 12in. 20 WATT
TERMS: DEPOSIT a.'t/il and SUinndhly puymenis of .l.t/H.
S ni table mlkcs A" spkrs. uvnlLible nt eumpetitive prlees. 11 x bin. MODKL.
for X :< ShuSlsie
or "ill HI-FI LOUDSPEAKERS
IS CABINETS. »!««
iiiu> speakers, £2.9.9. 1HX13:: mill. F'mwh n*
STANDARD MODEL. Sire above. Terms; Deposit
FANE HEAVY DUTY HI-FI SPEAKERS 27 18 I'lin. for 8 or KIlU. 17 S andofII n/S.
ineuta monthly Only
pay-
12in. 15 ohms. spenkcrs. £4.11.9.
diaui.
122/10Voice Boil Cast chassis. Exoeplionally robtisi 21b.
Assemblies. SENIOR Mil ■:
£7.19.6. Carr. H/li.
211 watt,Sgns. 122/WA211 watt, Bens.
122/122" watt. 7gns. 142,14A20 watt,8Bros. 211 x loin,MODEL.
.Suitable for 12m.Size
Speaker Speaker. AUDIOTRIHE HI-FI SPEAKER SYSTEMS. ConslatiiiB
12-2/14
122/1725 watt.£11.17.6 122;
44 Walt .9 BUS. 14A 22
122/17A 45«•»(
wait.t, 10£12.17.9
gns. liclow. Only 7 gns- syatcms ofcrossover
liiatchedunit
12in.(consistinK
12,00(1 line.of ISchoke,
ohm high inalityetc.)
condenser, speaker,
and
15in.dlam.
2in. 15 Voice
ohms.(.'oilCast chassis. Exeeptloually robust
Assemblies. Tweeter. The smooth response and extended frequcney
132/1421) watt, 12gns. 152/12A 20 watt, 13 gii*. R.S.C. BASS REFLEX CABINETS. JUNIOR MODEL. rmtKB eriBiire surprisingly realistic
Specially deaigncd for W.lt. !1FI(H4 Speaker, tmt.snitidite dard 1" watt rating £4.19.9. Carr. 5/-. Or Senior l.t rcprnduotion. Bt'i";
132/1427 wait.Maim.
152117 85 watt, 16Ktis. I34/14A47
132/17A ll'i watt,15
watt, 17 gns.
gii»- for utiv Rood quality Klin, apeaker. Acoustically lined wall, £8.19.9. Carr. 7/6.
"A" and
IS ■( 12ixirtol.
■; I'lln.forPnllMhcd waUnn veneerEnsures
tiniah.superb
Size
S.A.E.Indicates died Terms
tor leaflets. cone type. ;K)-I7,IHIII c.pas. send
available, repro-lncliou Hatrbninu-
only £3-19.9.appearance. HEAVY
REXINE DUTY LOUDSPEAKERS
COVERED INBOI. SUBSTANTIAL
FANE
TYPE 153.EXTRA4" HEAVY DUTYflux
watt*. Total LOUDSPEAKER
Hifl.lHKI lltnf. 15in.
Kx- STANDARD MODEL. As almva but for tain, speakers. Bass Guilnr, SpeakerCABINETS.
Unit Jaia., Typo High Flux, Snitablv
la (nr
licinvly Size 20:. 15 •; 18m- For vertical »r horizontal Use. watts. Cnhinft size «ppros. ' J 4 x 21 x i' M n. Duly 19a gtis.
18 BOS. or Deposit 87/8 and 12 niolilhly voice
high sensitivity. 13 ohm payments toil.of 31,-B.
Only £5.19.6. Set of legs with brass fci rulea, 19/6. Or DepOhU 43/-and 12 monthly pjiymcnla of 34/-.

II.S.C. (MANCHESTER) LTD.

MAIL ORDERS TO: ROOM 5, 54 WELLINGTON STREET, LEEDS I.
Termsi^C.W.O. or C-O.D. No C.O.D. under £1. Postage 2/9 extra under £2, 4/6 extra under £5. Trade Supplied. S.A.E. with alt enquiries.

day Wednesday). SHEFFIELD, 13 Exchange Street, Castle Market BIdgs. (Half-day Thursday).
 The NEW Stern-Clyne
ELECTRONIC CONCERT ORGAN
TO BUILD YOURSELF
DESIGNED -
— For the Electronic amateur seeking the most fascinating -il
project.
— For the discriminating organist seeking an instrument
which DOES sound like a pipe organ.
NEW -
— Constructional methods introducing " sectional com-
plete instrument" building.
— Extended range of tone colours. Without unrealistic
"Gimmick" effects.
THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE KIT OF
PARTS AVAILABLE IN THIS COUNTRy
START BUILDING FOR AS LITTLE AS
£68.10.0 approx. (H.P. Terms Available) VISIT OUR SHOWROOM AT
18 TOTTENHAM COURT RD., LONDON. W.I
Write today for brochure (endosing 6d, stamp) to: Electronic and hear this fabulous new Electronic Concert
Organ Dept., 18 TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, Organ demonstrated.
LONDON, W.C.I, or call at your nearest branch.

STERN-CLVNE

GREAT BRITAIN'S GREATEST ELECTRONIC HOBBIES ORGANISATION

HERE'S WHY THOUSANDS OF

ELECTRONICS ENTHUSIASTS
BUY WITH CONFIDENCE
FROM STERN-CLYNE —
^ A wide range of exclusive equipment
available including our own speciality
— MUULARD DESIGNS — for the home
constructor or ready assembled.
9 The finest selection of Hi-Fi and Audio
equipment by all leading manufacturers.
9 A comprehensive range of electronic
components for the build it yourself
enthusiast available at all branches.
9 Retail shops, showrooms and demonstra-
tion rooms throughout London and the
provinces all carry extensive stocks.
9 ' Finest Mail Order Service-geared to give
prompt and efficient attention.
9 Hire Purchase facilities available on
orders of £11 10. 0 and over.
9 Hi-Fi advisory service to help you in
choosing the right-equipment-
9 After sales service — complete satisfac-
tion guaranteed.
LONDON
18 Tottenham Court Rd.,W.l. M USeum 5929-0095. Half Day Sat.
23 Tottenham Court Rd., W.I. HUSeum 3451-2. Half Day Thurs.
309 Edgware Rd., W.2. PADdington 6963. Half Day Thurs.
109 Fleet Sc., E.C.4. FLEet St. 5812-3. * Half Day Sat.
162 Hollo way Road, N.7. NORth 7941. Half Day Thurs.
9 Camberwell Church St., S.E.5. ROOney 1875, Half Day Thurs.
CROYDON
12 Suffolk House. George St. MUNicipal 3250. Half Day Wed.
BRISTOL
26 Merchant Street, Bristol I. Bristol 20261.
Now open 6 days a week.
LIVERPOOL
52 Lord Street, Liverpool. Royal 7450.
MANCHESTER
20-22 Withy Grove, Manchester 4. BLAckfriars S379.
Open 6 doys a week.
SHEFFIELD
125 Thj Moor. Sheffield. Sheffield 29993.
MAIL ORDERS AND ENQUIRIES TO
Dept. P.E.,3-5 Eden Grove, Holloway, London, N.7. N ORth8l6l-5.

' 93
HOME RADIO Ltd.

187 LONDON ROAD, MITCHAM, SURREY (MIT. 3282)

SPECIAL OFFER TO READERS OF

HOm RADIO 'of MtTCHAM
iCO-IPONtKr
* 5P6C.IAUSTS
'iiS/ ) ■ PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS!
(a? IGM.0ON ROAD- HIrCHAM,SUBREV
FREE to every purchaser of our fabulous Resistor Pack
one Home Radio Colour Code Calculator. Our Resistor Pack contains 60 brand
new ERIE TYPE resistors 4 and 1 watt, all preferred values between 33 ohms and
1 megohm. (Not more tha'n 2 of any one value m each pack )
60 Resistors, approximate value 20/-
1 Colour Code Calculator 1/6
21/6

All this for 7/6, including postage and packing !

Don't delay, stocks are not unlimited !!
When you have read this copy of Practical
Electronics we feel sure you will be itching
to seize your soldering iron and start con-
structing. Then arises the problem—where
|7)?n ^ to obtain all the parts? The Home Radio
■7>Z Catalogue provides the answer! It contains
over 5,000 items, 800 of them illustrated,
carefully indexed with extensive cross
references, which make it particularly easy to
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The catalogue costs 5/- plus 1/- postage,
but five 1/- coupons are given with each
- catalogue, and each time you send an order
valued £1 or over you enclose a coupon and
deduct 1/- from the money you send. There
is no time limit so if you purchase £5 worth
of components from us—even though spread
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* Enclose P.O. /or 6.!-
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fill in the | ADDRESS
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■ HOME RADIO LTD., Dept. PE, 187 London Rd., Mitcham, Surrey
DECEMBER t.1 Piactical Electronics

Opportunities Abound THIS MONTH

We are all, nowadays, electronics conscious. Yes, even CONSTRUCTIONAL PROJECTS

the layman, while not conversant with the technicalities
involved, has a genera! appreciation of the vital part played VARIABLE LOW VOLTAGE D.C
by this young but exuberant branch of electrical engineering SUPPLY UNIT 99
in the complex world of today , . . and this is but the
beginning. TWO-WAY INTERCOM UNIT 100
PRECISION DECIMAL STEP
PRE-AMPLIFIER 107
As we step over the threshold into a new exciting techno- ULTRASONIC REMOTE
logical age, our dependence upon electronics is all 'too CONTROL 116
apparent: terrestrial developments centre around automation,
with electronics providing the brain and guiding hand for 5 WATT INTEGRATED
power-operated machinery; extraterrestrial exploration relies AMPLIFIER 119
utterly upon electronics for remote control, communications V.H.F. BROADCAST RECEIVER 124
and telemetering services.
These grand scale developments have an impact on the
entire field of electronics, for in their wake come new com-
ponents, new circuits, new methods and, of course, new SPECIAL SERIES
applications.
SOUND ON TAPE—2 103
BEGINNERS START HERE—2 143
Without a doubt the amateur enthusiast will be eager to
reap his share of these benefits of technological progress, as
he has been indeed in the past. For it is true that amateurs
have been conducting experiments and building electronic GENERAL FEATURES
equipment since the earliest days of radio communication;
even before the thermionic valve drove the crystal diode into INTRODUCING ULTRASONICS 96
(temporary) oblivion, and long before the very term "elec-
tronics" entered into general use. THE 73 PAGE 102
But, in more recent times, the technical revolution triggered ELECTRONICS OF LIGHT
off by the invention of the crystal triode or transistor some OPERATED SWITCHES 110
16 years ago has quite dramatically transformed the situation
to the advantage of the home constructor. RADIOACTIVITY EXPERIMENTS 129

NEWS AND COMMENT

Thanks to the transistor, gone largely is the need for a
metal chassis and the tedious metal work this often entailed. EDITORIAL . 95
Much transistorised equipment can be assembled satisfactorily ELECTRONORAMA 122
on a piece of plastics board or even on an offcut of hardboard.
A small battery replaces a bulky and heavy power pack and OFFICE WORK MADE EASY 128
so demolishes what was undoubtedly a psychological barrier DETACHED PARTICLES 136
for some would-be constructors and experimenters—appre-
hension of high voltage supplies. With miniature com- NEW PRODUCTS 140
ponents and simplified assembly methods, construction can
indeed be a kitchen table operation nowadays.
Yes, truly can we say that in the realm of electronics a Our january issue will be published on
new emphasis has been given to the word practical. Thursday, December 17

AU correspondence intended for the Editor should be addressed to: The Editor, PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS, George Newnes Ltd., Tower
House, Southampton Street, London, W.C.2. Editorial and Advertisement Offices: PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS, George Newnes Ltd.,
Tower House, Southampton Street, London, W,C.2 Phonet Temple Bar 4363, Telegrams: Newnes Rand London. Subscription Bates
including postage for one year, to any part of the world, 35s. © George Newnes Ltd., 1964. Copyright in all drawings, photographs and
articles published in PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS is specially reserved throughout the countries signatory to the Berne Convention and
the U.S.A. Reproductions or imitations of any of these are therefore expressly forbidden.
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PRODUCTION AND DETECTION OF

ULTRASONICS IN NATURE
IN the year 1793 Lazzaro Spallanzani established after
a long series of experiments that the common bat
could navigate and detect its prey without being able
to see; After establishing that any loss of acuteness
in the bat's hearing resulted in a loss of ability to
navigate, he put forward the hypothesis that they
were able to navigate and detect their prey by emitting
and receiving a vibration of the same nature as that
of sound but with such high frequency that it was
inaudible to the human ear.
The scientific minds of the day rejected this sugges-
tion, and Spallanzani joined the ranks of those scient-
ists whose reward for systematic investigation and
logical thought was ridiculed.
It is now quite firmly established that these ideas
were correct and that other creatures, including the
porpoise are able to use ultrasonic emission and
reception for various means.
The definition of an ultrasonic wave is very simple,
being a pressure wave whose frequency is higher
than that to which the human ear will respond. It is
generally accepted that 20kc/s is the lowest usable
ultrasonic frequency, although in fact human audibility
does not reach this high level.
The properties of an ultrasonic vibration are, since
they are fundamentally the same as sound vibrations,
identical with the properties of sound. They may
be propagated in gas, fluid or solid, may be absorbed
by soft surfaces, reflected by hard surfaces and refracted
by changes in temperature and pressure of the medium
in which they are propagated.
96
ULTRASONIC VIBRATIONS
There are three main techniques by which ultrasonic
vibrations may be produced.
1. Magnetostrictive methods.
2. Piezo-electric methods.
3. Oscillation of air or fluid jets.
The first of these methods uses the fact that certain
materials when subjected to a varying magnetic field
undergo very slight changes in dimensions, A nickel
rod is usually used as the core of a coil through which
a high frequency current is flowing. The result of
this is that the nickel rod is subject to a slight length
change with the same frequency as the current through
the coil.
The second method relies on the fact that certain
naturally occuring materials such as Rochelle Salt
or Quartz and certain man-made materials such as
ceramics, including Barium Titanate and Lead Zir-
conate Titanate, are subject to a change in dimensions
with a directly applied voltage.
If an oscillatory voltage is applied to the opposite
faces of such a slab of material the material will
execute vibrations at twice the frequency of the applied
voltage.
The reason for the frequency doubling effect is that
the domains, i.e. groups of molecules, which are
normally random in their orientation change direction
according to the polarity of the applied electric field.
Hence both the positive and negative peaks of the
applied voltage will cause the corresponding expansion
or contraction which results in the frequency doubling
effects.
If the material is originally polarised, i.e. all the
domains are arranged to lie in approximately one
direction by means of application of a large electric
field in the early stages of manufacture, then the fact
that these domains are not completely free results in
the piezo-electdc vibration being of the same frequency
as the applied oscillatory, voltage.
The third method of production is only of interest
where very high power is required, usually for emulsi-
fication of suspensions, and relies on the principle
of a high powered jet of gas or fluid impinging on a
blade. Under these conditions the blade will execute
ultrasonic vibrations, assuming due care has been
given to the dimensions of the blade, which will be
transmitted through the gas or fluid.
APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASONIC
VIBRATIONS
Among the first fully developed applications of
ultrasonics were the fields of cleaning, drilling, welding
and soldering. In each of these cases the ultrasonic
techniques have certain advantages over conventional
techniques.
The advaptage of cleaning, by immersing the object
concerned into a tank of fluid in which ultrasonic
vibrations are produced, is twofold: firstly, the tre-
mendous reduction .in time when compared with
manual cleaning; secondly, the advantage that very
delicate and complex assemblies, such as internal parts
for valves or components, may be cleaned without the
risk of physical damage which is present when using
conventional cleaning methods.
By using an ultrasonic vibration in a solid rod one
can drill through materials for which standard drilling
methods are not very satisfactory, examples being
crystals or glass, or other such brittle material. A
second advantage when using this method for drilling
is that one has dispensed with the necessity for a rotating
bit, hence one can drill holes of any desired shape.
In the case of welding and soldering, the obvious
advantage is that the tremendous production of heat
which can destroy or impair the efficiency of delicate
assemblies is avoided, and in the case of soldering the
use of any form of flux becomes unnecessary. A
further advantage to the soldering technique is that it
can be used to solder materials not solderable by
previous methods, for instance aluminium.
The third method of producing ultrasonic energy,
the jet method, is used in the textile and food industries
among others; a characteristic example of products
which require a process of emulsification being peanut
butter.
MEASUREMENT BY ULTRASONICS
Apart from applications involved in the field of
production or manufacturing, such as those previously
described, ultrasonic vibrations may be used for
performing scientific measurements.
Examples of these are ultrasonic thickness gauges
and flow meters.
If an ultrasonic vibration is propagated through a
solid material, any change in the nature of the material
will result in some reflection. By measuring the
attenuation or the time taken for an ultrasonic wave
to cover the total journey it is possible to estimate
very accurately, the thickness of the material. One
example of the use of ultrasonics in this respect is
the measurement of the thickness of fat on certain
animals, such as pigs, and in this context has an
obvious superiority over any other methods which
might be devised.
By launching an ultrasonic vibration into a moving
fluid and using the Doppler effect, i.e. apparent change
in frequency with velocity, it is possible to measure
the flow rate of the fluid concerned. Although there
are simpler methods for flow rate measurement, this
technique has the advantage that it may be used with
either corrosive or very dangerous fluids. An example
of the use of this technique lies in the measurement
of the flow rate of molten sodium which is used for
heat transfer in certain atomic reactors.
Although it is not a scientific measurement, the
similar technique to that for thickness may be used
to detect flaws in factory-made products without the
necessity of destroying the product in the process of
inspection. An ultrasonic vibration introduced at
one face of perhaps a complicated plastics moulding
will be reflected by any small voids or cracks in the
material.. These reflections may be compared with the
pattern which is the result of a flawless product,
hence inspection may. be carried out very rapidly
and without any destruction of the items concerned.
Probably the most dramatic use of ultrasonic
energy is in the field of echo sounding. This is an
extension of the thickness measurement technique
by which a ship may launch an ultrasonic wave and
establish the time taken for reflection from the ocean
bed. This is a direct and continuous indication of
depth.
Apart from indicating depth this technique may, of
course, also be used to detect the presence and position
of either ships or shoals of fish.
ULTRASONICS IN AIR
There are a number of ways in which the properties
of an ultrasonic wave in air may be used to perform
useful tasks. Probably the four main applications
are in object detection, distance measurement, remote
control and communications.
The property of reflection may be used in air, as it
is in water, to measure the distance to a given object.
An ultrasonic spot welder for welding thin ductile
materials such as aluminium and copper
This is exploited in devices which are available for
the measurement of height of such things as hover-
craft, helicopters and possibly light aircraft when
flying at very low levels.
When used for detecting objects the largest applica-
tion is that of the burglar alarm. If a transmitter and
receiver are set up some distance apart, and the in-
coming wave of ultrasonics to the receiver used via
an amplifier to hold over a relay, anybody interrupting
the beam will cut off the input to the amplifier, hence
cause the relay to change position. This is used
directly to indicate presence of intruders in factories,
warehouses, etc.
97

This ultrasonic thickness meter incorporates a moving eofi
meter which indicates directly the thickness of metals
feeing examined, it is fully transistorised and operates
from dry cells
\ i
MMi '' ■M
-■
The Omega threadiess stitcher. This uses a novel spot
weiding technique and is used in garment production with
man-made fabrics
A similar system may be used for remote control or
communication, but in this case the ultrasonic wave is
directly controlled at the transmitter.
Since a pressure wave of this sort may be modulated
in much the same way as a radio wave, with sufficiently
sophisticated electronic equipment the transmitted
ultrasonic wave may be either amplitude modulated,
frequency modulated or pulse code modulated in
order to transmit information or instructions over short
distances.
Concerning the remote control of model boats,
it must however be noted that control may be effected
over much longer distances if the wave is transmitted
through the water, since the attenuation of ultrasonic
waves is considerably less in a liquid medium than
in air.
The transmission of ultrasonic waves in air is a
field which is very suitable for the experimenter as
suitable transducers for transmitting and receiving
are available commercially at comparatively low prices.
Although the range of control is a little limited,
something of the order of 100 to 300ft being
the maximum practical' at the moment, an ultra-
sonic system for remote control has certain advantages
over radio control. The most obvious of these being
the fact that the ancillary amplifiers are usually cheaper
to make and considerably more simple. There is,
of course, the added advantage that a transmitting
98
licence is not required, as in the case of radio wave
propagation.
ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS
When transmitting ultrasonic energy through air the
direct use of a vibrating crystal is not the most satis-
factory method since, although great power is available
from such a crystal, the dimensions of the change in
size are so small that the range would be very limited.
In order to improve this range a technique is used
whereby the movement of the crystal is mechanically
amplified to get a greater degree of movement from the
transmitting element.
Fig. 1 shows the technique which is used to achieve
this mechanical amplification. A thin crystal is
cemented to a small thin round plate mounted on a
central stem. As the crystal is energised it attempts to
change its dimensions in the plane of its two parallel
faces. Since it is securely cemented to the metal
plate the latter is forced to bend with the movement
of the crystal, and this results in an oscillatory bend-
ing movement of the metal plate at the frequency of
the applied voltage—hence the transmission of a pres-
sure wave Into the air.
Correspondingly, a pressure wave impinging on the
plate will cause very small movement of the plate
which is sufficient to generate across the crystal a
signal corresponding to the frequency of the incoming
pressure wave.
-: . . - ■
—
puie
CEffflMK
SOEtf STEM
Fig. I. Mechanical amplification of the transducer crystal
is achieved by use of a small metal plate
THE EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATIONS
OF ULTRASONIC ENERGY
Most amateurs, or indeed small industrial users,
are limited to the application of ultrasonics directly
in air, as this is the only application for which the
general purpose transducers are available on the
market.
. There are a number of aspects of ultrasonics which
are certain to capture the imagination of the enthusias-
tic amateur, especially in the field of remote control
and voice communication.
The fact that in this medium the experimenter is
free from the necessity to acquire transmitting licences
is a major attraction of these techniques.
In the case of amateurs or small industrial users
who feel sufficiently confident to manufacture their
own transducers from fundamental ceramic materials
which are freely obtainable, the field of underwater
transmission could be particularly exciting. This has
the previously mentioned advantage of considerably
greater range and would offer at least one immediate
application, this being the facility of direct voice
communication between aqualung divers. •
Designed to suit the experimenter and
amateur constructor, this stabilised power
supply is ideal for supplying transistor cir-
cuits with 0—14 volts d.c. at up to 4 amperes.
It eliminates the need for expensive battery Described by E. Barnett
replacements when working on the test bench.

The circuit (see Fig. 1 on blueprint) consists of a

step down battery charger transformer TI feeding
" into a bridge rectifier consisting of DI—D4, the output
of which is Smoothed by the 2,500/tF capacitor C1 at
about 22 volts off load.
The two Zener diodes D5 and D6 in series stabilise
the base of TR1 to about 14 volts, thus maintaining the
voltage at the top end of VR1 in the emitter circuit
of TR1 at the same—since the gain of a grounded
collector (or emitter follower) transistor is virtually Si1
unity.
Variation of the "output voltage is carried out by I
"potting down" the variable resistance VRI, the slider
of which feeds into the base of another grounded \
collector transistor TR2.
The output from across the TR2 emitter load is then
fed into the bases of TR3 and TR4 connected in
parallel, again in grounded collector configuration, the
emitter load for these two transistors being the device
to be supplied with power.
Above is a top view showing heat sinks and transistors
painted matt black for beat dissipation. An under chassis
SEMICONDUCTOR DETAILS view is shown below
When constructing the power supply, various pre-
cautions should be taken. Before mounting the
transistors TR1-TR4 and bridge rectifier diodes I>l-D4
ensure there are no burrs around the drilled holes in
the chassis otherwise the insulating washers will be
punctured and expensive smoke could be generated!
Also, prevent damage occurring to the face of the
chassis where the transistors, diodes and heatsinks are
to be mounted, since good thermal conductivity is
essential for the long life of the semiconductors.
A smear of silicon grease on the chassis and semi-
conductor mating faces will assist heat conduction and
maintain the insulation.
The insulating sleeves for diodes D1-D4 inclusive
were cut from the outer casing of some old television
coaxial cable; however, any form of insulating sleeving
will do provided it functions properly.
continued on page 101
 m
m

;<
4
TWO WAY
p

ranQ
i
Ud

UNIT

Construction of the intercom unit is simple •

K. Berry its finished appearance will enhance any desk
or table in home and office • installation is
easy, requiring only a two-cored cable
between a pair of units

The ctrcutt of the amplifier which is the heart of the

equipment is shown in Fig. 1 of the blueprint. Jt
is a simple two-stage common-emitter transistor
R2 Rl amplifier using germanium alloy junction transistors.
It will be seen that there is no d.c. path shown for the
R4 collector current of the output transistor. This is
because the collector current of this transistor goes
down one of the line conductors to the loudspeaker
in the other unit returning via the. other conductor.
R3 The 0' I/iF capacitor C4 which is connected from the
collector to the negative supply reduces the impedance
C2 of the collector load at the higher audio frequencies
thus lowering the effective gain of this stage at these
R5 frequencies. This overcomes a tendency to high
frequency oscillation. The 32/dF capacitor C6 con-
nected across the supply lines was found to be necessary
to prevent low frequency oscillation ("motor-boating")
R6 occurring when the battery runs down.
In Fig. 2 is shown the circuit of the rest of the unit.
A four-pole three-position switch SI selects the various
R7 functions. This switch is biased to its centre position
("listen") and in this position only the loudspeaker/
05 microphone' is connected to line. When the switch is
thrown to the "speak" position, the loudspeaker/
microphone is connected to the input of the amplifier
C4 and the line to the output (as described above). The
other switch position is "call", and when the switch
is held in this position the line is connected to the
output of the amplifier and a 0 1/iF capacitor C7 is
connected from the output of "the amplifier to its
06 input terminal. This causes the amplifier to oscillate
violently at about 500c/s and results in a loud tone
being emitted by the loudspeaker in the other unit.
CONSTRUCTION AND COMPONENTS
An attractive cabinet constructed of wood with an
07 aluminium facia panel is shown in detail in Fig. 4.

» tures of at least 100oC. The heatsinks (and transistors)
The photograph above shows the electronic assembly
ready for inserting into the cabinet prior to connecting
to the microphone/foudspeaker and battery '
The transducer used as the loudspeaker/microphone
is a Government surplus balanced-armature earpiece
marked "I.T.B.A. No. 5", obtained from a pair of
headphones. It might be possible to use a small high
impedance moving coil loudspeaker (say 35 ohms)
instead, but this has not been verified. In. any case,
the surplus headphones should be cheaper. Note: A
suitable pair of headphones (type DLR5) from which
two balanced-armature inserts may be removed is
available from. Z & I Aero Services, 44a Westbourne
Grove, London, W.2.
The exact type of switch to be used will depend on
what is available. Those used by the author were
miniature key switches. The old Post Office key switch
would serve the purpose well, but is rather large. Note
that the switches used must be of the "break-before-
make" variety.
TRANSISTOR VOLTAGES
T ransistor Collector Base Emitter
TRI 5-1 1-8 1-7
TR2 8-2 1-0 0-85
Total current consumption: 21 mA " CALL"
l6-5mA" SPEAK"
Above measurements made with AVO Model 8
Battery voltage 9V. Switch set to " SPEAK "
INSTALLATION AND OPERATION
Having made and tested the units on the bench, it
only remains to install them. They should be con-
nected by a two-core cable of sufficiently low resistance.
The author has about 30 yards of 14/-0076 flat twin
wire connecting his intercom units. Tests made on
this installation show that a line "loop resistance" in
excess of 220 ohms is acceptable. Using 14/-0076 wire
this means a separation of up to 3,000 yards is possible,
which should be quite enough for most purposes.
When connecting up it is desirable to connect the
units so that the negative poles of the batteries in each
unit are both connected to the same line.
To call the remote station, set the switch to the
"call" position for about two seconds then release
the switch and wait for the remote station to answer.
When the remote station has answered, set the switch
to the "speak" position and pass your message. As
soon as you have finished speaking, release the key so
that you can hear the remote station.
VARIABLE LOW VOLTAGE D.C.
SUPPLY UNIT continued from page 99
The faces of heatsinks for TR3 and TR4 can be
painted with a black paint which has a matt finish and
must be heat resistant capable of withstanding tempera-
should be painted after assembly since the mating faces
must be clear of paint for good heat conduction.
The usual precautions of using heat shunts such as
pliers and not applying heat for longer than is necessary
should be taken when soldering,
CHASSIS DETAILS
The blueprint shows the chassis construction full
size and from these drawings any dimensions can be
taken off.
The chassis itself is a proprietry item that can be
purchased from any dealer, and the cover was made
from expanded metal and is fixed to the main chassis
with self-tapping screws and washers.
When fixing the fuse holder for FS1 an insulating
sheet is required between the chassis and holder
otherwise a short circuit will occur.
Before fixing transformer T1 the fixing brackets
were removed to facilitate "drop through" mounting
to the chassis.
TESTING
Check for continuity and correctness of wiring and
ensure polarity of connection of C1 is correct.
Check insulation of diodes D1-D4 and transistors
TR1-TR4 between cases and chassis. Don't use a
high voltage megohmmeter, the ohms x 100 range is
sufficient on an AVO model 8.
Once satisfied with the wiring, rotate potentiometer
VR1 knob fully anticlockwise, connect the mains power
to the unit and switch on.
When VR1 is rotated clockwise the indication on
Ml should rise from zero to 14V d.c. in the fully
clockwise position. Should the response be different
to above switch off immediately and ascertain fault.
Next connect a 4 to 5 ohm resistor of at least 20 watts
rating to the output terminals and adjust VR1 until
14 volts is reached on ML
The ammeter M2 reading should remain steady at
about 3 to 4 amperes depending on the value of load.
Transistors TR3 and TR4 will get very hot and TR1
and TR2 quite warm. This is normal.
OPERATION
The fuse rating in FS2 position will depend upon
the application. For example, an average transistor
radio may take up to 100mA and a medium power
inverter may take up to the maximum rating of 4A.
Currents of 5 amperes and more can be handled
intermittently but for good transistor life 4 amperes
should not be exceeded.
Ambient conditions are important, too. Allow
plenty of air-space around the unit and avoid operating
it in places or near to objects of relatively high tem-
peratures.
Regulation is very good, the change in voltage from
no load to 4 amperes at 6 volts is less than 0-25 volt
and at 12 volts less than 0-5 volt.
SINCLAIR X-10 AMPLIFIER
With reference to our New Products feature last month,
it has been brought to our notice that Techtdcal Suppliers
Ltd, are wholesale distributors only. All individual
retail enquiries concerning this amplifier should be
addressed to the manufacturers: Sinclair Radionics Ltd.,
Comberton, Cambridge.
101

DdDu by Jack Hum
r 3
G5UM
Curtain Up
To half a million enthusiasts in
200 countries practical electronics
means the art of radio communica-
tion—and half a million is the
approximate number of actual or
would be transmitting amateurs the
world over. Collectively, licensed
amateur stations far outnumber all
the broadcast, point-to-point and
other professional service stations
put together—and note that word
"service". The amateur movement
is a "service" and is designated as
such in the International Telecom-
munications Union regulations
agreed at Geneva in 1959.
These half-million members of the
Amateur Service are truly at the
service of the communities in which
they live. They contribute know-how
in practical electronics—that all-
pervasive phrase again! They con-
tribute even their stations when
emergency communications are
needed. They intercommunicate in
the universal language of "radio
English" (more about this another
month) on six world-spanning fre-
quency bands and three more local
v.h.f. ones, by morse, speech, tele-
printer and video. They are at once
diverse yet homogeneous.
It is about these people that the
present feature will talk. The Edi-
tor's brief to the writer is that this
feature should address itself primarily
to readers who are at an early stage
in amateur radio rather than those
that have been in it for many years.
This does not mean that we shall
be writing "a beginner's guide" to
the art of amateur radio: there are
plenty of those to be had from
various sources at various prices.
Rather, we shall aim to help as
much as we can by discussing the
type of questions that baffle enthusi-
asts with feet on a lowish rung of the
amateur radio ladder hesitant to
hoist them on to the next one up—
questions such as "What type of
102
receiver should I buy—or should I before he can ever begin to make a
try to make one?" start. We have mentioned it already.
Or again; "Which are the best It is; "What receiver?"
bands to listen on and at what times To find an answer to this question
—and what am I likely to hear on is not easy; it is a many-sided one.
them?" For the fully fledged communicator
Recognising, too, that nearly every nothing will do but an advanced
short wave listener aspires to acquire design of superhet receiver which has
in time that coveted transmitting all the current refinements. But
licence we will help as far as we can there are thousands upon thousands
with advice on this most important of enthusiasts who have not reached
point. that stage—perhaps do not even
What of aerials? Of v.h.f.? Or want to!—yet are seized with a
"sideband"? Amateur radio's very desire to make something of their
diversity means that there is going own that will help them "to get their
to be much to discuss in The 73 Page, feet wet", something with which to
and we cannot promise to get round paddle around in the every fascinating
to covering all possible topics at short wave spectrum.
short order. It will take time to To recommend suitable designs of
deal with even a few of the subjects receiving equipment (note the word
which currently occupy the attention "equipment": it embraces converters
of the amateur service. as well as receivers) would occupy the
However, we will try—and your remainder of this number of Prac-
comments will be welcome for dis- tical Electronics. To embark on
cussion here should you feel inclined constructional details about them
to write in on any aspect of this would occupy several!
specialised part of practical elec- There are nevertheless certain sign-
tronics that interests you. posts along the route to short wave
.
Meaningful
mm
Numbep
Before one pro-
ceeds further a word
or two about the
running title to this S33Sr£
feature may be to the
point, for this title
will headline it each
time it appears (nice
recognisability!).
Why The 73 Pagel
Because 73 is the
„
most meaningful set
of digits in amateur
radio. It is the last A friendly greeting to fellow (radio amateur)
thing a transmitting travellers is conveyed by this car registration
amateur says before number. It should not be necessary to tell you
he signs off a contact the owner's name!
with a colleague.
It means Best Wishes. It is sought listening which will be examined on
after as a motor car number, even The 73 Page later on, and the
as a house number. The Radio destinations to which they lead
Society of Great Britain has it as its expl ored. A number of them suggest
telephone number. methods of approach that offer the
Its origin, lost in the mists of the delights of h.f. reception at remark-
early days of the electric telegraph, ably little cost, coupled with the
is believed to stem from abbreviations fulfilment that comes from building
invented by the pioneers of the equipment yourself.
American railroad for quick com-
munication between lonely signal
cabins strung out across the prairies.
Today it is the most venerated
phrase in amateur radio._ We feel
that none more appropriate could
head this column.
Heart of The Shaok'-the Receiver
So much by way of introduction.
Leaving generalities, now, and
coming down to brass-tack practi-
calities, there is one question above
all others that must be answered by
every aspirant to amateur radio
 m )
Part Two
Having chosen the machine that suits both pocket
and purpose, it is necessary to make the best use
of it; not merely to tape the budgie and baby's first
words, then relegate the recorder to the niche beneath
the stairs. Like the car fanatic or the photography
fiend, the tape recording enthusiast will soon be casting
around for ways to improve upon his investment, and
to obtain the best possible use from his machine.
First let us consider the microphone. If a micro-
phone is supplied with the machine, it may be assumed
that this suitably matches the input circuit of the
recorder. But it may.be required for an additional
microphone to be used; there may indeed be a require-
ment for several microphones, plus a gramophone or
radio input, to record a "programme", such as the
commentary to a cine film. Some care is necessary
in selecting both microphones and that vital piece of
equipment which is used to combine their outputs,
i.e. a mixer.
MIXERS
There are two types of mixer, the passive and the
active. The former type consists simply of a selection
of sockets, with matching resistors and perhaps variable
attenuators acting as level controls for the various
inputs. The output from this device is plugged into
the tape recorder so that the combined signal modulates
the tape in the same way that a single microphone
would. But such a device has severe limitations;
there is bound to be an insertion loss, and it may not
be possible to adjust the level controls to give sufficient
combined output to modulate the tape correctly.
The answer to this problem is to use an active mixer,
or mixer/pre-amplifier. There are many different
types on the market, the simplest being a transistorised,
single-stage amplifier to boost the low level signals to
an acceptable voltage for the "radio/pick-up" input
of the tape recorder, while mixing the microphone
signals as before, and providing attenuation of the
latter to match the inputs.
More comprehensive models use several separate
pre-amplifiers for the different inputs, with individual
gain controls, and perhaps a magic eye type of modula-
tion level indicator. This type of device is intended
to apply a signal to the high level input of the tape
recorder, and will give better quality recordings
because of the better signal-to-noise ratio.
The electronic mixer will have inputs for different
types of microphone and other sources and should,
properly, have a cathode follower output so that il
may be used at a distance from the main machine, the
signal transfer then being at low impedance.
A SHORT SERIES FOR THE HOME
RECORDING ENTHUSIAST
By H. W, HELLYER
For serious recording, a good mixer unit is indis-
pensable. Fortunately, this is not a difficult item to
construct; and circuits for suitable types will no doubt
appear in future issues of Practical Electronics.
MODULATION LEVEL
Mention has already been made of the need for
applying a signal of adequate strength to modulate
the tape. The correct modulation level makes all the
difference between a recording that is acceptable, and
one that is either weak and hissy or overloading into
distortion on peaks of sound.
It is worth while spending some, time experimenting
with one's tape recorder to find the correct modulation
level for a known input.
If a magic eye is fitted, the leaves or bar of the eye
should nearly meet on peaks, but not overlap, and the
input gain should be adjusted for this optimum. If a
weak input is used, the replay will have, to be turned
up more to compensate for this and the upshot will be
a higher level of amplifier noise as well as the required
signal.
The dynamic range of the individual machine will
have to be determined by trial and error. At the
lower level the hiss of tape noise will outweigh the
recorded signal when this is played back. At the
upper level the amplified signal will overload the
machine and cause distortion.
Where a meter is used for signal level indication, or
modulation level readings, it is possible to assess the
optimum recording level more accurately. But the
type of meter, and the associated circuit, needs some
fig. 2.1. A four-channel passive mixer. The values depend
on matching and signal sources. If a low impedance micro-
phone is used, a transformer is inserted with, as a refine-
ment, o f>hose-reversal switch
PICKUP RADIO M)C.2 HiC.1
0^ !□= -@h
<!
i BQWO
VRl
VK2 -aL
VR4
Vf 3
fT
r4pH)GH Z
LXJOUTPUT
103
consideration. Apart from the inherent sluggislmess
of a moving coil meter, compared with the quicker
response of a magic eye to electrical changes, there are
circuits deliberately designed to average out the sound
changes and give a mean level indication. Some
meters indicate volume units rather than peak readings.
There are various methods of obtaining indications,
and again, information concerning the conversion of
a "domestic" tape recorder to more professional
standards with meter indication in place of, or in
addition to, the magic eye, will probably follow in due
course. It is a subject worthy of some attention.
Whether a meter or magic eye is used, the aim is to
record at a level which approaches the maximum
modulation level. If the machine is correctly adjusted,
this should give the best signal-to-noise ratio. But
exceeding this value will bring about distortion, due to
a clipping of peak voltages in the amplifier circuit.
When using a meter, the correct level, if not indicated,
must be assessed by trial and error. With a magic
eye indicator, the illuminated "leaves" or "column"
should approach one another, but not overlap.
fig. 2.2. A typical splicing block. Two cutters are incorpo-
rated; one makes a diagonal cut across the two ends of
tape, the other is used to trim the edges of the /ointing
strip after this has been placed in position
The correctly modulated tape is then played back,
and the controls adjusted for comfortable listening
level. Control of tone is also carried out during
playback. The circuits are intended to produce a
"tailored response" during recording so that the
replayed output follows the equalised response curve
exactly. Tone modification can then be made to taste.
TEST SIGNAL
To test the correct setting of the modulation level
indicator, a steady signal, as pure as possible, is
required. We have a ready-made test source in the
television test signal that precedes a programme and is
also broadcast several times during the test card
periods of the morning on both BBC and ITV. This
is a steady tone, a sine wave, and, provided the tele-
vision receiver is in good order, the output should be
level and unvarying.
This signal is applied to the tape recorder—see later
notes on this subject for the actual manner of con-
nection—or alternatively the microphone can be used
104
to pick up this sound, providing one is working in
quiet surroundings.
Begin recording the tone on. a clean tape, with the
record gain control at its low level, and advance the
control a regular amount every ten seconds. Note the
position of the control and the closure of the magic
eye. If a more accurate record of these steps is required,
use a chinagraph pencil to mark the edge of the
illumination on the glass envelope of this valve. These
marks are easily rubbed off when the test is complete;
the chinagraph pencil is a useful aid for editing pur-
poses, enabling one to mark the outer surface of the
tape, also, without damage.
Take a note of each step in this test, advancing the
control until the illuminated portions overlap, and then
a step beyond. Play back this recording, noting the
steady increase in sound with each step, until an
edginess, or harshness, is noted, with the sound at its
loud level. Make a note of this portion of the tape,
check against your listed magic eye indications and it
should be found that the distortion has crept in at the
' stage when the illuminated portions just overlap. One
has~ then a standard to which future recordings can
be made.
A few tests like this will show why it is necessary to
mix inputs correctly. There is an optimum level of
input, at which the machine will give of its best. While
a modem crystal microphone may give between 1 and
2 millivolts of signal, the output from a radio diode
circuit may be 10 times as strong for adequate signal-
to-noise ratio, and the output from a gramophone
pick-up 10 times as strong again,
EDITING
Far too many tape recorders are purchased and
then wasted. The tape that was supplied with the
machine is used over and over again and there is an
almost psychopathic abhorrence of editing.
Considering that the average tape of a radio pro-
gramme has at least five cuts, and a playlet, for example,
may require fifty splices of tape, there is certainly
nothing to be lost be editing. Indeed, the experienced
tape user will realise how much is gained by the
excision of those agonising "urns and aahs" and the
general tightening up of a script or programme.
TAPE'SPLICING
There are many tape splicers on the market, varying
from the simple slot in a block to the elaborate devices
with clamps and clips and measuring scales. Whatever
method is used, the technique is to make a cut which
matches the angle of the joining piece of tape (which
is why,a splicer is a better idea than a kitchen knife on
the corner of the table). The ends are laid together
and a piece of jointing adhesive fixed across the back
of the joint; that 5s, on the shiny side, not the duller,
oxidised side, of the tape.
Ordinary adhesive tape must never be used for
joining tape, however good its quality. When the
tape is spooled and stored, the adhesive of "parcelling
tape" tends to creep, causing the adjacent turns to
stick and then jerk from the spool as the tape unwinds
when next used.
The reason for-the angled cut is to avoid a click as
the splice passes the head on replay. For the same
reason, a clean splice is required, with no gap between
the ends. The duration of a splice passing the head
gap is quite insignificant for ordinary work and, if
properly done, should be unnoticeable.
 FREE!c L5U
BROCHURE

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TAPE RECORD" - ^r:

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This is a useful capacitor
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NOMINAL VALUES This wonderful new, attractively ' -s
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5 STAR FEATURES
The three Nordyk Units illustrated comprises
Speaker Enclosure (left) for 8" hi-fi speakers 7 gns., FREE TRAVEL TO AND FROM OUR SHOWROOMS
Record Cabinet (centre) takes 150 records £5.17.6d., * FREE DEMONSTRATIONS IN YOUR OWN HOME
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| Name I
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1
CITY & ESSEX TAPE RECORDER CENTRES LTD. ^
| Head Office: Ctfex House, 191 Plashet Rd., London, E.13 |
CITY & ESSEX
TAPE RECORDER CENTRES
242/4 PenfonviltoRd., N.l (150 yds. from Kings Cross Station) TER 8200
228 Bishops^ate. E.C.2 (Opposite Liverpool St. Station) BIS 2609
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Telephone : BOWes Park 7487/8 9 a.m.—6 p.m. Thursday to t p.m.
P.E.-A" 105
 BRAND NEW
AM/FM
(V.H.F.)
RADIO
GRAM
33 CHASSIS AT
£13.13.0
RST (Carriage Paid)
Ohaasis site 16gold.
preiiominanUy y fij xSOO-SBOv.
BJIn. high. Sew raanufiicture. DlnJ. 14| x 4lo. in 2 cohmn,
A-C-only-
Pick-up.
M.tV,, P.M. Ext.andapKiker,
Qrani. Ac,, B., and
Allgrot and Dlpote
tested. Sockets. Five push buttons
O.P. Translorraer. OI F, 1..W.,
Tone Control. 1000-
Cordially invite 1900
ECCB5. Speaker 8 X Sin. and Cabinet to lit chiisaln (table model). 47/6 (poet 8/-). EES4,
M.t 300-580 SI.! 88-98 Kc/s. Valves EJ58U rect.; ECH81, EFS9. EABC80,
10 x Cln,down
£3.10.0 ELI.IiTiCAL
and 5 monthlySPEAKER 26/-o(to£2.4.0.
payments purchaser
Cheapof Room
this chassis.
BipoleXEHMS: (Chassis)
for A-H.b., 1Z/B.
Feeder
M.W, 190-478 M.; V.H.F. 87-100 Mc/a: Gram poeitlon. Otliem-ise similar to Mc/e);
Bd. per sard. ALTERSATIVE DESIGH. I..W. 1000-1900 JI.; S.W. (9.1S above
chassis. Price £15.16.0 (carr. paid). TERMS: £3.10.0 down and 6 monthly payments
ol £2.4,0. Circuit diagram 2/6.
Practical Electronics PUSH-PULL O.P. AMPLIFIER
£5.5.0 (6/- Carr.)
Brand new 200-240 A.C. mains Bass, treble and
vol. controls, with valves EZSO. ECC83 and
readers 2-EE84 giving full 8w. Chassis 12 x SJ X 3Jin.
With
(normao,p. trans lorto2-5chassis)
lly screwed ohm speaker. Front panel
may be removed and
used as "flying panel".
To try our unsurpassed
LAFAYETTE BRAND TAPE F0LLV GOARAKTEED LOW PRICESAT RECORD
M7LAR BASE P.V.C.Standard
Bin. BASE play 500fl S;B
Sin. Double play, 1,200ft 26 -
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BASEplay. 86011 11/6
VALVE MAIL ORDER 71n. Stand, play, 1.20U£t IZ/S 5ln, Stand, play.900ft
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Doubleplay,
play,1,800ft 19/8 51n. Ixmg
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play, 1,200ft 12/6
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MESSAGB TARES1.800ft 15/-
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Vast quantities of modern and obsolete
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7in. S.Go lilt. ftinl>oxed) .......... 75/— 4 reels Slo, Triple piny. BOOft 14i~
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AN EXAMPLE OF THE VALUE YOU GET SINGLE RECORD PLAYER USING EMI
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from RST 4 speed, 200/240 v A-C. Valves, rectlflcr and ECL82.
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BRAND NEW TRANSISTORS ALTERNATIVE TYPE OP SINGLE RECORD PLAYER
OC3S 10/- OC72 8/- OC8ID S available, usingUY8E B8Rand
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and size
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OC42
OC44
6/-
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81-
81-
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OC77 81- OC82D 6/- SJin., red or blue resine. Takes 12jD. records. Price
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OC7I S/- OC8I s/- OCI70 61-
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hundred OSLY 59/- EF01(post 5/-); a with
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106

f .
This article sets out to discuss some of the important
practical questions involved in the design of a
universal pre-amplifier with transistors, capable of both
audio and metric applications. A complete design is
given as well, detailed drawings appearing on the blue-
print included in. this issue of Practical Electronics.
This pre-amplifier was developed and built by the
author primarily for use between the probe and
Y-amplifier input of an oscilloscope and for use with
a transistorised tape recorder for various laboratory
experimental purposes. Obviously many further ap-
plications exist.
GENERAL CIRCUIT DETAILS
Fig. 1 on the blueprint shows the complete circuit
diagram of the prototype. This comprises two separate
circuit cards, each having a gain of exactly 10. A
central switch SI connects either one or both of these
cards between the input and output terminals, giving
gains of exactly 10 or 100 respectively, or, in its third
position, it switches the unit off.
The left hand card VB1 contains three cascade
transistors TR1-TR3 and a d.c. peak bypass input
circuit to the base of TR1. The latter is an essential
feature in a universal unit of this nature, to prevent
destruction of the transistors due to d.c. charging
surges of anything up to several hundred volts when
connecting the input to the anode circuits of valve
equipment.
It may seem strange to use three transistors for a
gain of only 10, but this is necessary to achieve the
required high constancy. When properly built and
adjusted, this circuit shows no perceptible change of
gain (as displayed on an oscilloscope or meter) over
temperatures from the freezing point up to over 50oC
h-
.ift
.» V
(over 1220F), or for battery voltage variations between
6V and 11V.
The pre-amplifier design here described should be
suitable for tropical temperatures when shielded from
the direct rays of the sun, or for European summers,
outdoors in full sunshine. Even considerable heating
indoors, due to standing the unit on top of valve
operated items of equipment of high power dissipation,
should give no gain fluctuations or other troubles.
With the assurance that the gain really is rock steady
throughout all working conditions likely to be met, it
was convenient to make it exactly 10 per circuit card,
wherewith the complete unit is a decimal-step pre-
amplifier. The great advantage thereof is that, when
used in conjunction with calibrated oscilloscopes, or
with a.c. voltmeters, the existing scales can still be
read-off and mentally multiplied or divided by powers
of 10, i.e. a mere shift of the decimal point is required.
The right hand circuit card VB2 contains another
identical cascade of three transistors TR4-TR6, giving
a gain of 10 once again. The only difference compared
to the first card is that the d.c. peak bypass circuit is
here omitted, because the input signal is always
applied to VBl. The right hand circuit card VB2
also contains the emitter follower output stage TR7.
The circuit of VBl is always operative, in both the
gain 10 and gain 100 settings of the complete pre-
amplifier. In the gain 10 setting, TR7 is switched
directly onto the output of TR3 in VBl and TR4-
TR6 idle with C4 shorting the base of TR4 for a.c. to
prevent parasitic instability. C4 is connected up to
the negative supply line (and not to chassis) for this
purpose, to prevent application of d.c. voltages of
incorrect polarity; either connection would be just as
good for pure a.c. signal considerations,
107
 In the gain 100 setting, the output of TABLE i; GENERAL & EXPERIMENTAL USES OF THE
DECIMAL STEP PRE-AMPL1FIER
VB1 is connected through to the input of
VB2, via C4, and the output at TR6 is AUDIO INPUT SET SI FOR AMPLIFIED
connected through to TR7. FROM GAIN OF OUTPUT TO
IMPEDANCE crystal microphone or 100 gramophone socket
If the pre-amplifier is to be used for moving coll micro- (pick-up) of domestic
metric purposes between the probe and the phone with transformer radio or simple amplifier
input socket of an oscilloscope or valve ditto
voltmeter, the input impedance must be moving coil loudspeaker too
equal to that of the instrument in question. as microphone, without
In the published design the input im- transformer
pedance at PL1 has been adjusted to moving coll loudspeaker 10 ditto
exactly 135 kilohms to match the Y-ampli- as microphone, with
fier input impedance of the author's reversed output trans-
oscilloscope. Adjustment of the input former (step-up) as
impedance to other values will be fully matching
discussed later. But, in brief, it should be 10 or 100, ditto
explained that this will involve a change of magnetic pick-ups
according to type
values for R3, R4, R6, R8, R9, VR1, and
VR2, also possibly the replacement of TR3 any microphone, close 10 or 100, microphone input of
by an OC304. to decimal step according to length distant public address
The output impedance at PL2 is very pre-amplifier of cable to main amplifier (field-work
low, as given by the setting of VR2 or VR4 amplifier over large areas)
(the respective base feeds for TR7 in the 100 4,000 ohm headphones
gain 10 and gain 100 settings) divided by crystal set or simple
the current gain of TR7 (about 20); it is, diode receiver.
in fact, about 500 ohms. The purpose any audio signal arising 10 or 100, wherever required, un-
of this low output impedance is to permit during experiments as required ampllfied signal having
arbitrary lengths of uncompensated co- (many pulsed signals can been Insufficient
axial cable between the output and the also be handled—e.g.
oscilloscope Y-amplifier input without from photocells.
loss of bandwidth due to cable stray Geiger counters, etc.)
capacity.
As far as audio uses are concerned, the low output this signal level, a fairly sensitive visual test. Phase-
impedance gives satisfactory performance on 4,000 ohm shift is negligible, so that pulse and transient responses
headphones," or even on ones of somewhat lower are excellent. ,
impedance, and long runs of screened _ cable are The unit is thus equally satisfactory for both high
permissible from the output to a remote main amplifier fidelity audio work and for waveform display on an
without loss of treble when using the unit as a micro- oscilloscope.
phone head pre-amplifier. APPLICATIONS
Fig. 8 shows the manner in which the pre-amplifier
PERFORMANCE may be connected to increase the Y-deflection sensi-
The bandwidth of the pre-amplifier as described in tivity of an oscilloscope. The input impedance of the
this article extends from 2c/s at the low frequency end pre-amplifier must of course be adjusted to match the
on either gain setting to about lOOkc/s at gain 100 or oscilloscope.
about 150kc/s at gain 10 at the high frequency end. Fig. 9 sketches the arrangement to be adopted when
These figures refer to the so-called 3dB-down points, using the pre-amplifier to increase the sensitivity of
i.e. the gain has dropped to one-half of that at mid- any a.c. valve voltmeter. The impedance matching
band frequencies at these limits. The response is requirements are here the same as for oscilloscopes if
substantially flat over the entire "hi fi" audio frequency one desires to use the existing probe of the valve
range from 20c/s to 20kc/s and some way beyond voltmeter at the input of the pre-amplifier while
either end. maintaining exact decimal step sensitivity increases.
Harmonic distortion is extremely low up to drives If a simple diode peak rectifier circuit is interposed
giving an output of 1 volt r.m.s.; it is not visible as between the pre-amplifier output and the meter input,
deformation of a sinewave on an oscilloscope up to d.c. valve voltmeters or high resistance multimeters
Complete unit Complete unit
External view Internal k
view r

I J
 on low d.c. ranges may therewith be converted to
sensitive a.c. "valve" (transistor) voltmeters. There
are no impedance matching conditions to be observed
m m this case, provided that the meter and rectifier
circuit impedance is much greater than the output
impedance ^ (500 ohms) of the pre-ampllfier. Multi-
meters having a resistance of 4,000 ohms per volt and
upwards on the d.c. ranges can thus be operated from
the pre-amplifier output.
Fig. 10 shows a suitable rectifier circuit to make the
DECIMAL STEP meter indicate peak volts of one polarity. Reversing
PRE-AMP
the diode and the connections to the meter makes it
md'cate peak volts of the other polarity. In the case
ClfTPUT of arbitrary non-sinewave signals applied to the input
Off. .iOO: o! the pre-amplifier, where the peak voltages on nega-
and
PROBE Positive half cycles may differ, corresponding
Y INPUT : INPUT f«OD different readings will be obtained.
Z=«J5kft f ,->• Taking the Caby Model B20 multimeter as a typical
(SEE TEXT)
9 example, we have a lowest d.c. voltage range of 0*5V
OSCILLOSCOPE EARTH fs.d., 2,000 ohms impedance, available on the meter.
This is satisfactory in every way for connecting to
«Rf8 the output of the pre-amplifier via the rectifier circuit
pt Fig. 10 which may be built into the coaxial
connecting cable fitting PL2 on the pre-amplifier at
ANY A.C. one end and the multimeter terminals at the other
VALVE VOLTMETEfL end. The multimeter is therewith an a.c. voltmeter
OR giving full scale deflection for 50mV peak or 5mV peak
MULTIMETER (gam 10 or gain 100 settings respectively) applied to
DECIMAL STEP the pre-amplifier input, an excellent sensitivity. More-
PRE—AMP over, the arrangement is usable not only at power
mains frequency, but at any frequency over the entire
ONLY CONOmONS iu h audio range. If measuring positive and negative
3) IMPEDANCE MUST 1 half cycles separately where these differ, it is important
EXCEED A kTl : S ON E to remember that the pre-amplifier inverts the signal
b) U.<S. MUST 8£ ^ s£t : mthegamlO setting, but not in the gain 100 setting.
I VOLT f.sts. OR LESSj SET GFf* ♦ K>0 ^sts some typical audio applications of the
INPUT OUTPUT : pre-araplifier. These certainly do not require the
accurate decimal step and stabilised gain, but it is, in
PBOOS VALVE VOLTMETER OR the interests of universality, necessary to point out that
(OR PROBE Of MULTIMETER JO OR 100 TiNES
VALVE VOLTMETER) (ACCORDING TO SETTING OF the pre-amplifier is in every way suitable for such
PRE-AMP) MORE SENSITIVE applications as well.
HGUfifS THAN RANGE SET
THE VEROBOARD SYSTEM
TO OUTPUT OF Although orthodox printed circuit panels would be
PRE-AMP used in commercial systems of this nature wherever
€ the production numbers are at all high, the Veroboard
System is rnore suitable for small production numbers
500/JF O.C. METER andespecially for amateur and experimental equipment.
GV o-sv :
POOO OHMS The VB2503 panel is made of plastics card drilled
X over its entire surface with a square grid of holes
3) POSITIVE HALF CYCLES having 0T5m spacing, 16 holes across the width and
TO OUTPUT OF 21 holes along the length. The rear side only is fitted
PRE-AMP with 16 parallel strips of copper, each respectively
e running along one row of 21 holes along the length
of the panel. These strips are thickened and gold-
500>-F: X O.C- METER plated at one end, where the whole card plugs into a
6V : O-SV
?000 OHMS Imear 16-contact socket.
X •f Components are arranged on the front side (Fig. 2
NEGATIVE HALF CYaES; and Fig. 4), where there are no copper strips; the wire
HfiUBrlfl ends are pushed through holes at respectively con-
venient positions, soldered with a spot, of solder at the
rear where they pass through the copper strip, and
Fig, 8. Decimal step pre-ampllfler used to increase then cut off close.
Y-deflectlon sensitivity of an oscilloscope If alterations are subsequently required, melt the
Fig. 9. Method of increasing the sensitivity of an solder by applying an iron at the rear while pulling
o.c. vo/tmeter the component wire with pliers from the front. Then
f/g. 10. Use of decimal step preamplifier to jab a piece of bare tinned copper wire through the hole
convert 0-5V f.s.d. meter to SmYISOmY f.s.d. o.c.
voltmeter
continued on page 115
109
 . .I;

Described by G. |. KING

Our heading illustration shows the

Mullard ORP cadmium sulphide photocon-
ductive cell. The sensitive element is contained
in a glass dish 14mm in diameter and 8mm deep

There are hosts of applications for a device capable
of switching electrical contacts on or off auto-
matically when its light-sensitive control element is
subjected to changes in level of illumination, A typical
application is for switching on a car parking light at
dusk and switching it off again at dawn without human
control.
A similar application is for switching on house, shop,
office, factory or street lights when the ambient
illumination drops below a predetermined level, and
for switching them on again when it rises. This
does away with the old-type time-switch. This
application is also useful to discourage unwanted
visitors when the house is left unoccupied for any
lengthy period, such as during holidays and so forth.
Other applications include the automatic opening
of the doors of a garage when the light-sensitive
element picks up the rays of the. headlights of the
oncoming car, the counting of articles as they drop
through and thus interrupt a ray of light which is
directed onto the light-sensitive element, a smoke
alarm, for use in smokeless zones, where a ray of light
is interrupted by the presence of excess smoke in a
chimney flue or stack, this reducing the intensity of
light falling upon the light-sensitive element . . . and
so on.
The basic functions of light-operated switches are
the production of a potential, the change in a potential
or the change in characteristics—such as resistance—
of the light-sensitive control element Such effects
can be utilised to energise or de-energise a relay,
thereby opening or closing a pair or more of electrical
contacts, which in turn operate a light, bell or other
alarm device, or an electric motor often in a form of
servo arrangement.
BASIC CONTROL
In cases where the control current is very high, a
secondary relay with a heavier set of contacts than
those of the primary relay is controlled by the con-
tacts of the primary relay. The basic controlling
features are shown in Fig. 1.

COWEB ViA L.S.E.

RELAY SATreft^ TO WORK REUY
CONTACTS POWER
Ik- 1H UNIT
cx Raw :
8UL CONTACTS
yeHT o: IIGHT—
SE»5irar SENSITiVE
ELEMENT ELEMENT FUSES AtAftH SELL
RELAY RELAY
TO MAINS SUPPLY
8ATTERV FOR L.S.E. LIGHT HEAVY
AND PSIMARY RELAY CONTACTS CONTACTS OP DRIVE'
OF PfiiMAKT SECONDARY uiok /y ^
MOTOR
RELAY RELAY
rzrm ~i -4 ^ Fig I. Basic contra/ circuits for light-
operated switches. At (a) a relay
switches a lamp on and off, at (b) an
alarm bell Is controlled via a mains
LIGHT— power unit, and at (c) a secondary
SCSStlWE relay switches power to a motor
"ELEMENT PRIMARY seconoary
RELAY BELAY {MAINS FUSES
OPERATED}
CURE 1 TO MAINS
SUPPLY
I
At (a) we have the straightforward case, such as may
be used to switch a parking light on and off. Here
the battery could be the car accumulator (6 or 12V).
This battery, being a d.c. supply, could both operate
the relay by way of the light-sensitive element and
work the bulb in the parking light.
The idea is that during the day the light-sensitive
element in conjunction with its control circuit would
pass insufficient current to energise the relay. The
contacts thus remain open and the bulb extinguished.
At lighting up time, however, the light-sensitive
element and associated control produces an increase
in current from the battery through the winding of
the relay. This energises the relay, closes the relay
contacts and thus passes battery current through the
bulb which then lights.
At this juncture it should be noted that the arrange-
ment could be reversed. That is, the relay could be
energised during the daylight hours, under which
condition the contacts would be open, and then de-
energised during the night time, when the contacts
would be closed to pass battery current through the
bulb. It is just a matter of choosing the required
light-sensitive element controlling circuit and relay.
At (b) we have a little more complicated arrange-
ment, where a mains power unit is employed both to
operate the alarm bell and the relay, the latter via
the light-sensitive element and its associated circuit.
At (c) is shown an arrangement which features
two relays. Here the primary relay is operated by a
battery in the light-sensitive control circuit. When
the contacts of this relay close, power from the mains
supply is caused to pass through the winding of the
secondary relay, which is a mains-operated type.
The heavy contacts of this relay then close and pass
mains power to the drive motor, which may work a
garage door or some other mechanical device.
It is possible, of course, to make the whole control
unit mains-operated to avoid the battery for the
primary relay. This could be accomplished by an
extension of (b), where a mains power unit supplies
a d.c. voltage for the relay and light-sensitive control
circuit, or by using a mains-operated primary relay.
12'TO 18V
OAS! REMT. CQIt
iMr:
ocpn COHTSOttEB
ctRCorrs
v\ aeu*
vV CONTACTS
ska
N.T.C.
tskn
(m TEXT)
^AAA
Fig 2. A basic switching circuit using
the Mu/lardOCP7/ photo-transistor
Fig 3. By the use of a transistor d.c.
amplifier, the sensitivity and tem-
perature stability are enhanced, as
this circuit shows
So much, then, for the basic control and relay
circuits, but what about the light sensitive element
itself?
LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES
An early light-sensitive element was the photo-
electric cell. This was used extensively not only for
controlling switching circuits by light but also for the
replay of sound tracks on cine films. The photo-
electric cell is, in fact, still used for the latter applica-
tion, but other light-sensitive elements are better
suited for control work. The photo-electric cell is a
device which delivers a small amount of electricity
(potential) when light is directed upon it. The greater
the light intensity, the greater the potential, within
limits, of course.
Recent innovations include the photo transistor
and the photoconductive cell, the latter being illustra-
ted in our heading, and it is mainly about these that
this article will be concerned.
Let us first look at the phototransistor. This works
in a similar way to a normal transistor into which
light is allowed to enter. A transistor is, in fact, a
light-sensitive device, but its usual opaque coating
prevents it from responding to changes in level of
illumination.
PHOTOTRANSISTOR
However, the phototransistor is a transistor designed
to fully exploit the inherent photo-electric properties.
It can be considered as a light-sensitive semiconductor
junction diode (photodiode) in which the light current
is amplified by the normal transistor action.
The forward current in any semiconductor diode is
caused by a uniform interchange of current carriers
across the junction. These can be electrons moving
in one direction and positive holes moving in the
opposite direction.
This unhindered flow across the junction, giving rise
to the normal flow of electricity, results because the
potential applied across the junction is in opposition
to and outweighs the so-called "potential barrier"
which is formed across the junction when it is manu-
factured, due to the initial diffusion of current carriers.
ma
0S8i.
&|i50£
TCHTROLl!-.
C'RCUiT
scr 00ZC.1
t-ekn
ivAiois)
soon
i iSlllB
 The potential barrier is thus broken down by the
applied forward potential.
„ Now, when the diode is biased in the reverse sense,
the inherent potential barrier is effectively reinforced.
This means that normal current flow is prevented
because the barrier prevents the interchange of current
carriers. Thus, we have the normal rectifier action
where current can flow freely in one direction and is
virtually prevented from flowing in the opposite
direction. The same effect is exhibited by a diode
valve, of course.
However, with a junction diode there is some differ-
ence. With a thermionic valve diode, if the anode
is negative with respect to the cathode, no current
whatsoever will be passed. But with a semiconductor
diode, a "leakage current" results under this reverse-
biased condition. This is because of a flow of "minor-
ity carriers" (these being positive holes in n-type
material and electrons in p-type material).
In effect, the minority carriers tend to multiply
when light is allowed to fall on the junction. The
leakage current then rises, and as the light intensity
increases, so does the leakage current increase. The
normally low leakage current when no light is falling
on the junction is called the "dark current", and the
higher value of leakage current when the junction is
illuminated is called the "light current".
The light-to-dark current ratio is enhanced con-
siderably by amplification due to the normal transistor
action of the device, and with a well designed circuit
this ratio can be made as high as 480 at a temperature
of 25 0C. Temperature comes into it because the
minority carriers also tend to multiply as the junction
temperature increases. Thus, at 45 0C the ratio may
drop to around 20. .. .
Under normal operating temperatures the sensitivity
of the device is remarkable. For example, if a 2^V
pea lamp is barely lit from a I£V source, and the result-
ing small illumination is focused by a simple lens on
to the sensitive area of the phototransistor over a
distance of a few centimetres, the amplified current
rises from the order of microamperes (the dark cur-
rent) to in excess of 5 milliamperes! Thus, the
usefulness of the phototransistor as a light-sensitive
element can be appreciated.
SWITCHING CIRCUITS
Fig. 2 shows a simple switching circuit using the
Mullard OCP7I phototransistor. Extra sensitivity
and temperature compensation is given by the use of a
transistor d.c. amplifier following the phototransistor,
as shown in Fig. 3. Both of these circuits lend them-
selves to considerable experimentation to suit specific
applications. The base resistor can give a degree of
temperature compensation if of the negative temperature
coefficient type. The actual value is best determined
experimentally to suit both the conditions of maximum
temperature and the light level. However, a com-
ponent in the order of 5 kilohms is suitable for most
applications. ,.
The relay should have a coil of about 5 kilohms
and it should pull-in at a power of about 5raW for
reliable operation.
PHOTOCONDUCT1VE CELL
Hie photoconductive cell is essentially a resistive
element made of cadmium sulphide which has the
property of decreasing greatly in resistance when
subjected to illumination. In complete darkness
112
the resistance is in the order of 10 megohms and this
can drop to as low as 75 ohms when the cell is fully
illuminated. This very large dark-to-light resistance
ratio means that the ceil is extremely sensitive. More
so, in fact, than the phototransistor.
The cell, which is often called a light-sensitive
resistor (Ls.r., for short), is made by Mullard in three
versions. There is the ORP12, which has maximum
response in the red region and is intended for general
purpose industrial applications and automatic contrast
and brightness control in television receivers. This
has a maximum limit of power dissipation of 200mw
up to 40 0C. At higher temperatures the allowable
dissipation reduces progressively to zero at 60 0C.
The RPYIS (formerly called the ORP15) has^a
maximum power dissipation of 400mW at 25 °C
and is thus more suitable for applications where power
is an important factor.
A low power unit is the RPY14. This has a maxi-
mum dissipation of 20mW at 25 0C and is designed
essentially for exposure meters and automatic camera
applications.
Fig. 4. A photoconductive cell (light-dependent resistor) can
be arranged in this simple circuit to provide an effective
light-operated switching action
The I.d.r. has several advantages over the photo-
transistor for certain applications. For one thing, the
sensitivity that itself can convey to a control circuit
is greater than that of the phototransistor. The
larger versions can dissipate a greater power than the
phototransistor, the collector dissipation of the OCP71,
for instance, being limited to lOOmW at 25 0C (50mW
at 45 0Q. Moreover, the l.d.r. can operate over a
wider range of potentials than the phototransistor
including operation at a.c., and polarity is not impor-
tant. It can be arranged in a simple series circuit,
as shown in Fig. 4.
SIMPLE L.D.R. CONTROL CIRCUIT
Here the l.d.r. is shown connected in series with a
5 kilohra relay coil and a 12V d.c. supply. If the relay
is adjusted to pull-in at about 12mW (e.g. at a current
of a little over 1 -SmA), a very sensitive light-operated
switching device can be evolved from the simple circuit.
For reliable results, however, a sensitive relay is
desirable.
A more robust Post Office type relay can be utilised
by following the simple Ida:, circuit with a transistor
d.c, amplifier, as shown in Fig. 5. Here the l.d.r.
is caused to change the base bias of the OC72 transistor
and thus give an increase in collector current (and
hence, relay current) when the resistance of the l.d.r.
drops under the influence of illumination.
continued on page IIS
 THE

WHARFEDALE

Super Range

Each loudspeaker in this range is fitted with roll

surround for low resonance and double diaphragm
assembly for extended HF response.

SUPER 10 RS/DD
Impedance 10/15 ohms.
Flux density 16,000 oersteds.
Max. input 10 watts rrhs
or 20 watts peak.
Frequency range 30-20,000 c/s.
Aluminium Voice Coil.
Bass resonance 38/43 c/s.
Price: 218 8 inc. P.T.

SUPER 8 RS DD
Impedance, 10/15 ohms.
Ceramic Magnet.
Flux density 14,500 oersteds.
Total flux 60,000 maxwells.
Aluminium Voice Coil.
Max. input 6 watts rms
or 12 watts peak.
Frequency range 40-20,000 c s,
Bass resonance 50.60 c.s.
Price: 134 2 inc. P.T.
SUPER 12/RS DD
Impedance 12'15 ohms.
Flux density 17,000 oersteds.
Total flux 190,000 maxwells.
Aluminium Voice Coil.
Max, input 20 watts rms %
or 40 watts peak.
Frequency range 25-20,000 c/s.
Bass resonance 26/32 c/s.
Price: 350/- (no tax).

Il'rih'foi- in/oniiolh e om! fully i/luxrruictl 11 page hookh-1

m
m m m
WHARFEDALE WIRELESS WORKS LTD
IDLE BRADFORD YORKSHIRE
Telephone: Idle 1235/6
m Telegrams : ' Wharfde! Bradford.

Ill
 PROTECT YOUR
TAPE RECORDER

WITH A STRONG, SMART

%[ING TAPE ?

Brenell Smort waterproof cover to glvo complete protection to your

—1— -
ton. grey ana battle green with white
reinforced base, handy zip mierophone
panel.
Giundi} TK.I 49/6 Ttlilunken 75/15 S Stella ST458 79/-
... fK,5 ... 55/- Philips 810376K .. 55/- ST459 84/-
.. IK.6 ... 67/6 57/6 Saba ... 63/-
If you're thinking in terms of tape recording, then TK.8 ... 63/- „ 3548 Elitabslhan FT.! 66/-
the Brenell deck and complete recorders should be .. IK. 14 & .. 3534 87/- FT.3 .. 75/-
23 8 18 . 59/6 3459 79/6 1129 75/-
uppermost in your mind. The reliability, the „ TK. 20 52/6 E1.35 36 .. 63/' Fi-Cord 1A 52/6
.. TK. 24 ... 55/- E13S42 . 63/- Fidelity Aigyle 55/-*
versatility and the quality of manufacture are .. TK. 25 ... 55/- ..„ E135IS E13536 . 70/- Ciarion (with strap) 52/6
TK. 30 ... 601- 57/6 Sienell Mk.S 77/.-
seldom equalled in other tape recorders (even in .. TK. 35 ... 63/- .. 1:13541/15. 57/6 „ 3 star 69/-
„ TK. 40 4 41 66/- „ 354IH 72/- Tniro* R92 i 94... 99/-
those costing much more). „ IK. 46 ... 82/- „ Stamiakrr , 66/- Eobuk RK.3 , 67/6
„ TK. 55 ... 63/-* Coisor 1602 57/6 Ferrograph ... 88/-
.. TK. 60 ... 75/-* ,. 1601 . 63/- Sony J2I ... ... 90/-
How many can equal or better .. IK830/3D 63/- .. 1604 79/- Revo* 84/-
Cub ... 35/-* 1605 84/- Oplaiord 414 -J- 412 63/-
this specification? Telefunken 85 65/- Slelta SI455 63/-
95 ... 69/6 „ ST454 57/6 'Withoul Potkel
A. BROWN & SONS LTD.
4 record/playback speeds l^. 3^, 7^ and 15 ips #3 motors 24-28. GEORGE STREET. HULL TEL; 25413, 25412
(capstan motor-hysteresis synchronous) • low ' wow and
flutter' content (0.05% at 15 ips, 0.1% at 7-£ ips, 0-15% at
3f ips and 0.25% at l| ips) • double-gapped ferrite erase
head to minimise erase noise • narrow-gapped record/play- 'SUPER SIX'
back head to give extended frequency response • . pause
control • superimpose control • 8^" dia. reels (to take LONG & MED. WAVE TRANSISTOR RADIO KIT
i0£" dia. N.A.B. reels at extra cost) • fast rewind • digital NOW ONLY £4.17.6 (post 5/-)
rev. counter. Owing to a foi umote bulk com- 0 All new parts.
ponent contract the price of this 9 6 transistors and diode,
Mark 5 morfei is now reduced to % 350mW output.
£4.17.6. Purchasers who have
Series 2 oireody paid the previous higher # Superhet circuit, Ferrite rod aerial.
price will have the difference 0 Weymouth Radio printed circuit
Deck refunded on application.
board.
# Component positions and refer-
ences printed on back of board.
# Nicely styled wooden cabinet,
II X 75 X 3im.
0 Vinyl covered in various colours.
#6 x din. speaker giving good
bass and treble response.
0 Full instruction booklet 2/-. Free
with kit.
For full detoiis A I.F. frequency 470 kc/s.
of the $pecio//y 9 Lining up service if required.
designed amplifier • All parts supplied separately. Write for list. S.A.E. please.
for use with the above • Set can be supplied folly built for £6.17.6 tax and carriage paid.
deck and the range of mono • 9v. battery required. VT9 or P.P.9 (3/9 with kit).
and stereo recorders, write or telephone the sole manufacturers: "MINOR" RECORD PLAYER WITH "MAJOR" PERFOR-
MANCE fully built, rexine covered. 10 x 7 x 5* in. 4 transistor
amplifier. Good volume. 7 in. records 45 & 33 r.p.m. £6.7.6
PLEASE NOTE (Post S/-). Battery 3/9.
TRANSISTORS
OUR NEW Packet of 3 coded RF transistors (equivalent of OC44/5) 7/6 post paid.
Brenell Set of 6 transistors and diode with circuit diagram. Neatly packed in
ADDRESS: foam-lined box; useful for presentation. IS/- post paid.
Trade Supplied.
BRENELL ENGINEERING CO. LTD. ELECTRONICS (Camberley) Ltd.
231-5 LIVERPOOL ROAD, LONDON, N.I 15 Victoria Avenue, Camberley, Surrey.
(Closed Saturday)
Telephone; NORth 8271 (5 lines) gob^o
114

RELAY
CONTACTS
TO
— CONTROLLED
— CIRCUITS
0481
DIODE 4-
RELAY COIL
•Ikfl <5k)
5kA ■ as viewed from the front (components side) of the
►Ik A
Fig. 5. A d.c, transistor amplifier following the l.d.r. allows
the use of a more robust relay and provides a facility for
sensitivity adjustment
The 5 kilobm potentiometer is used to adjust the
base bias to give the required light/dark sensitivity
conditions. Note that the diode across the relay
winding in Figs. 2, 3 and 5 is to suppress the voltage
surges which are otherwise likely to develop across the
coil and damage the transistor during the switching
cycle.
Several light-operated switches of the nature of those
described in this article have been built by the author,
and one application which has not yet been mentioned
is for the measurement of speed.
This application is useful at race meetings of all
types. At the finishing post a beam of light is arranged
to cross the track and hold-on a relay of a light-
operated switch. Now, when this beam is broken
by the winner passing the finishing post, the relay
switch changes over and operates a mechanical arrange-
ment which stops a timing watch or other type of timer.
Thus, provided the timing device is started when the
race commences (this can be arranged automatically
as well if needed) the winner himself stops the timing,
and the actual time taken can be read off the dial in
the ordinary way.
The experimenter in electronics will almost certainly
find many other applications for the circuits described
in this article.
PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS BINDERS
EASl-BINDERS specially designed to hold twelve
issues of PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS are now available.
These binders are finished in maroon waterproof
and greaseproof cloth and are embossed with gold
lettering on the spine.
Order your binder from:
Binding Department,
George Newnes Ltd.,
Tower House,
Southampton Street,
London, W.C.2.
The price, per binder, is 13s. 6d., inclusive of
postage.
PRECISION DECIMAL STEP
PRE-AMPLIFIER continued from page 109
rapidly while again applying the iron, to clear the
hole of solder before inserting the new component.
It is advisable to use a miniature pencil-bit iron,
e.g. of the 6 volt 10 watt variety. The copper strips
on the cards take solder extremely rapidly and readily,
so that it is possible to work quickly enough to prevent
damage to transistors.
In the diagrams, Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5, the rear copper
strips have been numbered 1 to 16 from left to right
cards, and the 21 holes along any strip have been
lettered A to U commencing from the socket end.
Any hole can thus be specified by the corresponding
number and letter combination. Where straps are
shown between two holes these are simply short
pieces of bare tinned copper wire cross-connecting
different copper strips. Some of these straps are also
located on the rear side, directly over the copper
strips, as shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 5.
The copper strips are to be interrupted at all the
specified holes on the rear side of each card. Messrs.
Vero Electronics sell a special hand awl, Cat. No.
VB301I, for this purpose. This consists of a wooden
tool handle carrying a small drill shaft of somewhat
greater diameter than the width of the copper strips.
A blunt pin extends at the front end of the drill shaft
and exactly fits the holes in the circuit card. The
drill is therewith held central while it scrapes the
copper strip away at the desired point.
The two circuit cards, together with their associated
sockets, can be accommodated quite conveniently in
a box measuring approximately Bin by 5m and 2|-in
deep. Fig. 7 shows the arrangement of the items
inside the box and also details the interboard wiring.
Next month : the concluding part of this article will
discuss some of the principles involved in the design
of this_ pre-amplifier; factors which determine the
input impedance will be explained and practical
information given for adjusting this to some other value
Contributed Articles
The Editor will be pleased to consider for publica-
tion articles of a theoretical or practical nature. Con-
^ structional articles are particiilarly welcome, and the
projects described should be of proven design, feasible
for amateur constructors and use currently available
components.
Intending contributors are requested to observe the
style in our published articles with regard to com-
ponent references on circuit diagrams and the arrange-
ment of the components list.
The text should be written on one side of the paper
only with double spacing between lines. If the manu-
script is handwritten, ruled paper should be used, and
care taken* to ensure clarity, especially where figures
and signs are concerned.
Diagrams should be drawn on separate sheets and
not incorporated in the text. Photographic prints
should be of a high quality suitable for reproduction;
but wherever possible, negatives should be forwarded.
The Editor cannot hold himself responsible for
manuscripts, but every effort will be made to return
them if a stamped and addressed envelope is enclosed. .
115
 Ultrasonic Remote
Remote control of apparatus is possible over distances
k upwards to 20 feet with this simple transmitting
and receiving equipment.
The transmitter is housed in a popular type of torch
case and is indeed as simple to operate as a normal
electric torch. Just point the transmitter at the receiver,
switch on and the ultrasonic beam radiated will be
picked up by the receiving transducer, converted into
electrical energy, and applied to operate a relay.
Unlike radio wave transmission, this "wireless"
control system does not require a G.P.O, licence or
other official sanction before it can be used.
APPLICATIONS
Apart from the obvious novelty value this ultrasonic
equipment has certain very practical applications. We
can only mention a few, but other applications will
occur to many readers.
Remote channel selection on television receivers is
possible if an electrically operated channel selector
switch is fitted in the receiver. This switch would
move one position for each pulse sent out by the
transmitter. Radio receivers with preset tuning could
be similarly controlled.
Any mains powered equipment could be brought
into operation from a distance. For example, garage
doors could be operated from inside a car, if the neces-
sary electro-mechanical equipment is installed in the
garage.
Although the effective range of the equipment as
described in this article is 20ft maximum, some hints
are given for increasing this upwards to lOOft for those
who may wish to experiment further with ultrasonic
remote control.
TRANSDUCERS
Two identical Gallon type 1404 ultrasonic trans-
ducers are used in this equipment. One functions as a
transmitter—radiating pressure waves at a frequency of
40kc/s. The other transducer operates in the reverse
manner converting the pressure waves back to electrical
energy. The two units may be freely interchanged
between the transmitter and the receiver.
Transducers should be bought as a pair, since it is
important that their nominal frequencies be the same
within ± 500c/s.
TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT
A pair of OC71 transistors are used in a feedback
oscillatory circuit, this is shown in Fig. 4. The trans-
ducer XI is connected in the feedback loop and pro-
vides a high Q circuit with a resonant frequency of
40kc/s.
Power for the transmitter is obtained from a minia-
ture 9V battery (PP3 or DT3). The current consump-
tion is 4mA.
RECEIVER CIRCUIT
A transducer of identical type to that used in the
transmitter is incorporated in the receiver, see Fig, 1.
A voltage is developed across this transducer X2 when
it is subjected to pressure waves. This voltage is
applied to the base of the first amplifying stage TR3.
116
Control...
The collector of this transistor is directly coupled to the
base of TR4 and the gain of these two stages is stabi-
lised by means of overall negative feedback.
The signal is passed on via C2 to another two-stage
directly coupled amplifier consisting of TR5 and TR6.
Negative feedback is used here also to maintain constant
gain. A tuned transformer T1 couples TR6 collector
to the output stage TR7. This transformer is tuned to
40kc/s and ensures optimum sensitivity as well as pro-
viding rejection of other ultrasonic signals.
A relay RLA is connected in the collector circuit of
TR7, and this becomes energised when TR7 is switched
on by a signal passed on from the preceding stages of
the receiver. The single-pole, make-break contacts of
RLA can be used to switch power supplies or to operate
other circuits in the apparatus it is intended to remotely
control.
A 9V battery supplies the receiver. The consump-
tion is 8mA.
RECEIVER CONSTRUCTION
All components for the receiver are accommodated
quite easily on a laminated plastics board measuring
4in x 4-2-in. The prototype model described and
illustrated here was built on. a piece of Veroboard.
It is not essential of course to use this particular
material and if preferred a similarly sized piece of
laminated plastics or even hardboard could be employed.
In such a case the components could be secured to
terminal posts consisting of short pieces of 18 s.w.g.
tinned copper wire inserted through holes drilled in
appropriate positions (see Fig. 3). Use a drill slightly
smaller than the wire to ensure a tight fit. Push the
wire through the board until about iin emerges then
cut off leaving a similar length protruding at the other
side. Wire up the posts on one side of the board to
agree with the diagram in Fig. 2 before mounting the
components on the other side.
If the Veroboard is being used, remember to break
the copper strips where indicated (see Fig. 2).
The relay coil is held in position by two loops of
wire which pass through holes in the board.
INSTALLING THE RECEIVER
Mounting or housing arrangements for the receiver
assembly will depend upon the application require-
ments or personal choice.
Generally speaking, it will be convenient to mount
the receiver unit adjacent to the apparatus being con-
trolled, or even within the same cabinet as for example
in the case of a radio or television receiver. In this
way the wiring from the relay to the controlled circuit
is kept short.
The transducer must be mounted in such a manner
that it will "look" directly towards the transmitter
when the latter is brought into operation. If a
0-93710 diameter hole is drilled in the front of the
cabinet or container, the transducer can then be
pushed through so it is flush with the front surface.
If the cabinet material is not sufficiently thick to permit
this method being adopted, a hole approximately fin
diameter should be drilled and the transducer secured
to the inside surface by means of a clip or bracket.
 K15
aaa >~9V
C4 X 56QA r-piZZpF
ZZjiFf^
R12 < >
S.RB 4-7 KIT> I
^lOkfl > 1
R16 RL A
12kA
5.000pF SOuF
RIO
C2
TR3 30KA •OtSuF TR5 TR6 TR7
MODEL 1404 0C7t TR4 0C71 0C71 0C71
TRANSDUCER 0C71
s

luF 1-OjiF
R7 R9 R11 R13 Rt4 Rta R19
5-6kA 100 A 47kA IZkfl tokn R17 C6 15kA tOKft
•OtSuF
+9V
COMMON
Fig. I. The ultrasonic receiver circuit dfogram
When wiring up the relay contacts to the controlled No insurmountable problems should arise if a torch
apparatus, ensure that these connections are well case of the type and size specified is obtained. A larger
insulated and isolated from the components and wiring torch case could be used if so desired; it would be
of the ultrasonic receiver. necessary then to increase the width of the component
The relay contacts have the following maximum panels to ensure a good fit in the case.
ratings: The first task is to prepare two small pieces of Vero-
board as shown in Fig., 5.
Power 15W Next mount the resistors and transistors in position
Current 1A on each board. The most tricky operation comes next.
Voltage 250V Solder one end of C1 to the (inner) side of panel A, at
the point indicated in Fig. 5. Carefully manipulate
Contact resistance is 0.05 ohm and the actuate time is the other lead on this capacitor to allow this to be
2msec. soldered to panel B as indicated. Finally, secure this
sandwich assembly by inserting short lengths of 20 s.w.g.
TRANSMITTER CONSTRUCTION tinned copper wire through facing holes in the two
The transmitter uses few components and the circuit is panels at the four positions 1A, 4A, 1J and 4J.
quite simple. However, due to the compact form of Initially solder these four wires to one panel only.
its assembly a certain amount of dexterity is called for Carefully adjust the position of the panels until there
during construction. is a separation of between their inner surfaces, and
then solder the other ends of the four wires to secure
Figl 2. The copper Fig. 3. Layout of the receiver
strips on the receiver components on the other
Veroboard must be cut TRAH50UCERX2 side of the Veroboard
as indicated
zi 20 19 IS n li 15 14 13 12 fl 10 S 6 5 4 5 Z I +■
6 7 f89 10 M 12 G 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
'T
e—ilStii !-b"<
R9
6

; w, O
o -o
• :■ •f
6 -*»-•& s
o.-;o,
'coo o' /L-jp- TR7
¥ .A
O O o o
(i., 1 -o'oo :o. i
ALA SECURING - ii+
 -9V
the whole assembly. The completed assembly is
5'6kH 2'2kA illustrated in Fig. 6.
Connect two insulated flexible leads to the miniature
3,500 pF coaxial plug, twist these leads and cut off leaving a lin
length. Solder the free ends, one to panel A and the
other to panel B as indicated "to x 1" in Fig. 5.
^oTCR71 0C7I MODEL 1404 Connect a lead of about 3in length to the linking
TRANSOUCEftl / wire A1 as indicated in Fig. 5. Use blue coloured
plastics covered flexible multi-strand wire. Single con-
Q ductor leads are not at all suitable for this purpose—
since their rigidity will inhibit the manoeuvres that are
IkA tkn involved in the assembly process, and will probably
result in breakages occuring at soldered connections.
+ 9V
COMMON TORCH CASE
A _ "Vestaf' plastics torch case available at many
Fig. 4. Circuit diagram of the transmitter multiple stores is used in this design. This particular
case is made in a variety of colours, it is 5|in long and
J 1 H A — has an internal diameter of lin.
• o O Remove the top cap from the torch case. Take out
the glass, bulb, and reflector; these items are discarded.
—s. Examine th© switch mechanism. The brass tongue
which protrudes towards the top of the case must be
o • o cut off as far down as possible. This can be performed
with a pair of tin snips. Solder a (red coloured)
• o o plastics covered flexible lead to the stub and bring this
lead down and out through the bottom of the case.
TR2 Refer to Fig. 7. A small instrument type iron is
o o o o o essential, and care must be taken not to allow the bit
to make contact with the plastics case. Place the
A B D e F G H i transmitter assembly inside the lower portion of the
® 0 o o o • 1 case, but with its end protruding slightly.
83 Connect the red lead from the switch to point A4.
0 o • o o o o~~ 2 Now gently push the assembly up inside the case until
Cf the coaxial plug emerges at the top. Fit the trans-
o Rl 7*—v/#® »-XI ducer to this connector. Refit the plastics top cap.
o- J
+ Move the assembly back down the case (applying
V o o o • ♦ slight pressure on the transducer face at the same time
^ E pulling gently on the blue battery wire) until the face
o 0 o o —o o o o o 5 of the transducer is level with the top edge of the torch
01 IS CONNECTED BETWEEN 20 ON PANEL A AND 3! ON PANEL B cap.
continued on page 146
TR2 PANELS"

CUT OFF THIS PORTION

AND SOLDER RED LEAD
AS SHOWN
R4
' ;
\
PANEL A
Fig. 5 (above, left). The transmitter panels showing the
arrangement of components. Panel B Is above ; Panel A
Rf below. Each panel measures l^im by |in
Fig. 7 (above). Modification to the torch switch

R2 Fig. 8 (below). A sectional view of the torch case with the

THi transducer, transmitter assembly, and battery Instalied
Fig. 6 (above). The transmitter TOP CAP PLUG METAL RIM CARDBOARD BOTTOM
ossemb/y re.ady for insertion into DISC CAP
th 3 torch case
\
TRANSMrTTER 9W
ASSEMBLY BATTERY
(PP30RDT3)

118 SWITCH SOLDER RED LEAD CONTACT SPRING,

FOAM RUBBER PACKING METAL STRIP (SWITCH) TO METAL RIM (WILL BE AT qv+)
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 TRANSI

AMRLIF

FULL DETAILS ARE GIVEN HERE OF THE POWER

AMPLIFIER SECTION

Six transistors are employed in the power amplifier,
the circuit of which is shown in Fig. 6. The first
transistor, TR5, is connected as an emitter follower,
the collector being grounded to a.c. by the 32/dF
capacitor C15. This mode of operation gives high current
gain and zero phase shift between input and output,
a good match therefore exists for practically any type
of input. Stabilisation is achieved by 014 across the
bias network.
The output from the emitter of the first stage is
directly coupled to the high gain stage TR6. CI7
SPECIFICATION
Frequency response
Substantially flat from 20c/s to 25kc/s
Sensitivity
An input of 50mV is required for full drive
Overall feedback
I7dB
Output Impedance
Less than I ohm
H.T. Supply
28V normal, 32V maximum
50mA quiescent. 500mA for full sine wave output
Battery Operation
When powered by a 9V battery, an output of
300mW is obtainable
assists in reducing the high frequency rising characteris-
tic of this stage. The collector of this stage is directly
coupled to the base of the phase reversing npn
transistor TR8 and via D1 to the base of TR7.
TR7 and TR8 operate in the class B Darlington
mode to increase current gain. This again has the
advantage of push pull emitter follower operation.
It will be noted that each stage is directly coupled
throughout the amplifier; there is therefore no phase
shift or frequency losses due to capacitive coupling.
FORWARD BIAS
The output transistors TR9 and TRIO have a small
forward bias to minimise crossover distortion. This
bias is set by the voltage drop across the 1 kilohm
resistors R26, R27 which are in parallel with their
input. Capacitors C18, C19 are connected across
these resistors and stabilise the circuit reducing the
drive some 70 per cent at 30kc/s.
Transistors TR7 and TR8 are biased for the same
reason by the voltage drop across the OAIO diode Dl.
FUNCTION OF THE DIODE
A 70 ohm resistor could be used in place- of the
diode Dl to serve the same function; a resistor would
not, however, give any temperature compensation
and the bias would be disturbed accordingly. True
thermistors could be used to compensate for the

TR7

+rr-

Fig. 6. Circuit diagram of the

CSOjjf power amplifier with base
details of transistors shown
in the top left-band corner
TR5 TRIO of the drawing
Ksrga

1 1
T"

vv
119
temperature variation of the emitter base resistance,
but their performance is not comparable with the
OAIO diode which has characteristics similar to the
germanium transistor. _ ; mm
Having explained the reason why the diode is used
and its function in the amplifier circuit, it would be
well to describe a precaution that must be observed
in placing it in the circuit when constructing the
amplifier. m
The OAIO is a high current, low voltage germanium
junction diode. It is important that no alternative
diode is used in the amplifier and great oare should be
taken during construction that it is connected the
correct way round in the circuit. The function of D1
is to assist in temperature stabilisation of the circuit
and to couple the complementary pair TR9, TRIO
in a correct push pull mode.
It is important that the base inputs to the driver Fig. 8. Drilling details of
transistors are never open circuit with respect to one TR9 and TRIO heat sinks.
another at any time. An equivalent condition arises The material is 16 s.w.g.
should the OAIO diode be inadvertently reversed. aluminium
If this happens the base of the driver transistor TR7
becomes more negative while the base of TR8 becomes
more positive, moving towards the earth rail. The The h.t. is normally 28 volts with 32 volts maximum.
resulting large bias increase will cause the collector/ The amplifier will perform quite satisfactorily at a
junction resistance to become extremely low and the reduced output of 300mW when supplied by a 9V
output transistors will then draw excessive current battery.
through the base in a matter of seconds resulting in Overall feedback of some 17dB is applied via the
collector to emitter short and the ruining of expensive 15 kilohm resistor R30 from the amplifier output to
transistors. (This is of course no different from con- the base of TR5.
necting the grid of a thermionic valve to a 400V line.) CONSTRUCTION
To enable the amplifier to be used with low-level
sine wave testing, 1 ohm resistors are inserted in the Construction is straightforward and follows similar
emitter circuits of the output transistors, giving reverse lines to that of the pre-amplifier, as described in last
bias and further aid to linearity. month's article. If larger components than those
The quiescent current is some 50mA rising to 500mA shown in the layout diagram (Fig. 7) are used, the
for full sine wave output. LOUDSPEAKEB —D.C. INPUT 28 V.
Fig. 7. Layout of components and wiring
R2S WO R22 C20 TRW
R2& TR7 CIS

R20 TR5

R2 INPUT FROM VR4 CM :93 017 TR6 T RS i'S

PREAMPCI3
H28 T-D.C INPUT m I OtlDSPEAKtR R24 R«

SCALE:'/FULL SIZE
Fig. 9. Drilling details of the plastics board
circuit board (Fig. 9) may have to be enlarged accord-
ingly, but providing the general layout arrangement
is adhered to no difficulties should arise on this account.
There is no hum level to worry about and the whole
unit is extremely stable.
The construction of the heat sinks is quite simple if
the following procedure is adopted. Obtain a piece of
hard wood Hin square and 4in in length. From a
sheet of 16 s.w.g. aluminium cut two pieces each
measuring 44in x 4in. Hold each piece in a vice
and bend it round the mandrel to form a C channel
heat sink. See Fig. 8.
In the centre section of each heat sink drill the holes
for the power transistor fixing screws and the feed-
Ihrough holes for the base and emitter connections.
In the corners of each heat sink drill four holes for
fixing the assembly boards into their final positions.
Special care must be observed when connecting the
ASY28 npn transistor TR8. The collector looks
towards the positive rail and the emitter towards the
negative side of the output electrolytic C20. This
is, of course, opposite to the connection of the OC72
p/ip transistor TR7.
SETTING UP
When the power amplifier panel has been completed,
check the connections carefully, A loudspeaker must
be connected to the output terminals before power is
applied to the amplifier. The output impedance of
the amplifier is less than 1 ohm and ensures good
loudspeaker damping- Any speaker having an im-
pedance of from 3 to 15 ohms can be used.
If you have any doubts regarding the speaker
impedance you propose using, remember a very easy
way of finding the impedance is to" measure the d.c.
resistance and multiply this by v'2. The power
supply can be derived from either a battery or from a
mains power unit giving a d.c. output of 32V.
The improved loudspeaker damping and absence
of an output transformer (which is both costly and
inefficient) are quite definite steps in the direction of
true quality reproduction. Class B amplification has
the advantage of low quiescent current and high
efficiency at full output, the average current consump-
tion on music being about one-third of that on maxi-
mum sine wave output.
BIAS ADJUSTMENT
In principle, the two output transistors should be
biased to cut off; however, strict adherence to this
condition results in crossover distortion
which is most unpleasant to the listener.
This serious disadvantage which takes
the form of a thin reedy kind of noise,
which at low input gives the impression
of a displaced loudspeaker cone, can be
overcome by applying a small forward
bias to each transistor, as stated in the
earlier description of the transistor
functions stage by stage.
Any slight distortion discernable can
be eliminated by careful adjustment of
the variable voltage level control VR4
between the base of TR5 and emitter
collector junction rail to TR9, TRIO.
The ease of this adjustment is only
apparent when final setting up is taking
place at a low volume of a piano record-
ing of, say, Beethoven's "Moonlight
Sonata". Once the correct position is set, no further
adjustment is necessary.
CAUTIONARY NOTE
Do not attempt to use the amplifier at any time
without a speaker or equivalent d.c. resistive load
connected between the output capacitor C20 and
earth. Always remove the d.c. supply before dis-
connecting the speaker; very large transient currents
are built up in the large electrolytic capacitor and, if
undamped by the low resistance of the speaker, will
surge through the output transistors and damage thera.
COMPONENTS...
Resistors
R20 4-7ka R25 8-2kQ
R21 47kfi R26 IkD
R22 39ka R27 ika
R23 1 -SkQ R28 msw
R24 4700 R29 \Q 3W
R30 iska
All gW, cracked carbon. high stability 5%,
unless otherwise indicated
Potentiometers
VR4 200kQ carbon preset (skeleton type)
Capacitors
CI4 220pF ceramic CI7 I.OOOpF polyester
CIS 32/iF 10V CIS 4,700pF polyester
CI6 64/iF 10V C19 4,700pF polyester
C20 1,250/iF 25V
All electrolytics, unless otherwise Indicated
T ransistors
TR5 OC7! TR8 ASY28
TR6 OC72 TR9 OC35
TR7 OC72 TRIO OC35
Diode
D1 OAIO
The next and concluding article will describe
a simple mains power supply unit giving 28V
from a standard battery-charger transformer.
This article will also include some advice on the
stereophonic arrangements for those who are
interested in stereo reproduction and do not
mind the cost of duplicating the amplifier and
pre-amplifier
121

F
Jd
HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE
Valves Still Used Here I
This gigantic device is a new 200kW power transmitting
triode, shown by the English Electric Valve Company
at the recent British Exhibition in Sydney. The picture
shows the structure of the grid and filament.
"Early Bird" with Travelling Waves
The Post Office is installing water-cooled C-band
travelling-wave tube ampiifiers in the world's first com-
mercial communications satellite system—"Early Bird".
The tubes will give an operating power output of lOkW at
6,301 Mc/s with a tuning range of the r.f. structure of 225
Mc/s and small-signal bandwidth better than 30Mc/s.
The satellite will be launched into a "stationary"
position 22,000 miles above the Atlantic to provide a
24-hour link between North America and Europe. It
will be able to transmit live television programmes of
provide up to 240 two-way telephone circuits.
122
D
li
CONTEMPORARY SCENE
Olympic Relay
Syncom IU satellite, which was used as a vital link for
the transmission of television pictures of the 1964
Olympic Games, held in Tokyo in October, to Point Mugu
in California, was not specifically designed for television
transmission. The r.f. bandwidth of the satellite circuit,
13Mc/s, is insufficient to provide adequate bandwidth
for a television signal with the high deviation f.m. system
used. The video bandwidth of about 2-7Mc/s cannot be
increased by reducing the deviation without degrading
the signal/noise ratio. To overcome this problem a helical
scan tape recorder was used in Tokyo.
Sound programmes were sent from Tokyo to Hawaii
via the recently laid trans-Pacific telephone cable and
thence to Vancouver by means of the Commonwealth
Pacific telephone cable (COMPAQ. Microwave radio
links carried the signal across Canada to the Canadian
transatlantic telephone cable (CANTAT) for linking to
the British trunk telephone system in Scotland.
International Conference on Lasers
New possibilities in the fields of measurement and
communication are being found by using lasers.
The Conference on Lasers and their Applications, held at
the I.E.E. in London in conjunction with the LE.R.E. and
the American I.E.E.E. in September, revealed some
interesting advances in laser techniques.
The laser produces a very intense light beam with many
properties, similar to radio waves, which ordinary light
does not possess. Laser transmissions can be focused into
very narrow beams enabling very long range and a high
degree of accuracy to be obtained in rangefinding and
communication applications. Laser beams can also be
used for precision welding (see last month's issue) and
cutting applications. It is envisaged that, due to the very
high frequency which lasers provide, there is a possibility
for virtually unlimited capacity for telephone and tele-
vision transmissions.
The picture shows one application of the ruby laser
exhibited by the University of Southampton as a bleaching
agent for blue dye. When the laser is "pumped", osciUa-
tioa first occurs with the dye absorbing. The ruby rod
then sees the full reflectivity of the mirrors and Q-switched
operation ensues.
m
r- m -
 m
•-sr
STAHCF AMfUfJCt
fNiT mm E<WAtiSER ettuAitsr* rs&m

Denmark on the Dial!

The first high capacity telephone cable between Britain
and Denmark was brought into service on I October
to -increase the number of telephone circuits between
Britain and Germany, Denmark, and Holland. The
cable, which is laid between Winterton in Norfolk and
Esbjerg, will provide 120 high quality speech circuits.
This is the second of five cables planned to be laid across
the North Sea by 1966. One of two to Germany was
opened earlier this year. Two cables will be laid to improve
the facilities to Holland. Twenty-four submerged repeaters
are spaced evenly along the 300 nautical miles of cable to
boost the speech signals. One of these is shown above
giving a layout of the various units.
International subscriber trunk dialling will be introduced
from Britain to Denmark in the spring.
Electronics "See" len-millionth of an Inch
A research chemist in New York has been using an
electron microscope, which is capable of seeing
particles one ten-millionth of an inch in size, to study the
crystal structure of silver halides during chemical reaction.
The enlarged electron micrograph in the picture below
shows what is happening to silver bromide crystals in a
solution of potassium iodide as seen by the microscope at
30,000 diameters, The crystals are being dissolved by the
potassium iodide as silver iodide (small crystals) is formed.

-
V.;
Bi

m.y.
♦
KS
The Shape of Circuits 'o Come?
Anew grade of copper-clad Bakeiite laminated sheet has
been developed for the preparation of printed circuits.
The new grade is made by bonding copper foil to polyester
film and may' be coiled and folded. It could enable the
size of an assembly to be considerably reduced. Processing Ji
is achieved in the normal way by etching or printing
techniques.
It is expected to find useful applications in automobile
wiring, computers, telephone and switchboard wiring,
radio and domestic appliances.

ELECTR0N0RAMA ELECTR0N0RAMA ELECTR0N0RAMA

B
y
D. R. Bowman, B.Sc.
Royal Air Force
V.H.F. Broadcast
Three stages of i.f. amplification (at 10*7Mc/s) are
employed, and these are followed by a ratio
detector.
It is worth mentioning at this point that although
some hi fi people would regard this with some surprise,
the decision to use a ratio detector is backed by sound
principles. Eyebrows may be lowered. The ratio
detector Is capable of just as linear a response as the
Foster-Seeley or the earlier Rond-Travis discriminators,
and although the Foster-Seeley has been the "standard"
for valve users for a good many years, nowadays more
and more designers are using the ratio detector.
For transistor circuits the Foster-Seeley has notable
disadvantages unless a relatively low i.f. is used, and
the bandwidth needed has to be obtained by a much
more critical i.f. amplifier set-up.
The theoretical man will appreciate that the mathe-
matics of either type of discriminator show just the
same opportunities^ for distortion, and that this can
be minimised by using an i.f. amplifier whose response
curve is "gaussian"—that is, bell-shaped—giving the
most linear phase change through resonance point.
Any reasonably advanced text book on electric circuit
analysis may be consulted on this point, for example
M.I.T. Radiation Laboratory Series Vol. 18—Vacuum
Tube Amplifier (Valley 8c Wallman; McGraw-Hill Book
Co.).
What is very important is to see that the i.f. amplifier
and detector overall response is a smooth curve, rising
steadily (though rapidly) to a peak at resonance and
dropping off thereafter in an equally steady and rapid
way. Any bumps or spikes on this curve are reflected
in irregularities of phase-change, and consequent kinks
in the phase characteristic. Fig. 13 illustrates a good
and a bad type of response curve, with the appropriate
phase characteristic.
To ensure that the i.f. amplifier has the proper
response fixed neutralisation has been abandoned, and
variable neutralising capacitors are used instead, TC3,
4, and 5. These have to be adjusted, when the i.f.
amplifier has been built, to get the proper response
curve.
124
Receiver
CRITICAL WINDINGS
The construction of the i.f. amplifier transformers is
also somewhat critical, especially as regards the gauge
of wire used and the spacing between primary and
secondary. (Refer to data and Fig. 8 in last month's
article.) Coupling has been arranged to be a little
less than "critical", except in the detector stage where
joint critical coupling is employed.
If any difficulty exists in deciding the spacing, one
should err on the generous side, rather than bring the
windings even fractionally too close. Also the wire
must be wound close, that is, with the adjacent turns
touching. Any systematic gap will increase the
winding length unacceptably. This is not usually a
bother when coils are wound by hand, but if a winder
is used the coils should be carefully inspected after
construction.
Correct spacing is best obtained by catting a strip of
drawing paper the exact width required, and with it
winding a spacer centrally on the former. The
windings can then be started from the centre, hard up
against the spacer; the latter may be removed later,
when the fixing cement is hard and dry, but there
is no real need to do this.
_ With regard to the detector transformer T7, par-
ticular care is necessary here, since a number of
associated components have to be fitted inside the
screening can in addition to the actual transformer
assembly. Provided the smallest size of components
is used, the "long" can specified will accommodate all
items shown inside the dotted line which represents
the can in Fig. 11. Details of the assembly of these
components on the coil former are given in Fig. 12.
THE ETCHED CIRCUIT BOARD
The etched circuit is set out on a piece of copper clad
laminate measuring 2|in by Sin, as shown in Fig. 10.
The conductors are relatively few, and may be
drawn direct on to the laminate surface with an acid
resist. Thinner cellulose paint may be used for this
quite successfully, but the vapour is dangerous to
Inhale and the process should be done in the open—
or at the least, in an extremely well-ventilated room.
i
The best resist the writer has discovered is a pro-
prietary french polish type of fluid known and marketed
as "Glitseal", which is obtainable from "do-it-yourself"
shops. This has to be dilated with about one-third
of its volume of methylated spirit, as it is too thick for
accurate small work, and for visibility it is dyed with
a few crystals of crystal violet, obtainable from any
dispensing chemist.
The conductors may be drawn with this mixture,
using a ruling pen preferably as a small brush cannot
readily be set against a straight edge. It should be
noted that the conductors N, P, Q, and R are the
earthing strips for the i.f. transformer cans, and
conductor S is the earth point for the coaxial socket
output to the i.f. strip. The conductor A is the
common "earth" connection, and is best made quite
wide as several component leads have to be soldered
to it.
When the "conductors" are dry and hard, a careful
check should be made to see that all is well. Then
the etching process may be carried out, using 30 per
cent ferric chloride solution in the usual way—see last
month's article.
The theoretical circuit of the i.f. amplifier, detector,
and pre-amplifier is given in Fig. 11, and during the
wiring-up procedure this diagram should be consulted
frequently to ensure that no errors occur. When
wiring is complete the circuit board should be given
a coating of varnish—the "Glitseal" is excellent for
this purpose—to protect the copper laminate against
corrosion.
ALIGNMENT OF THE I.F. STAGES
To set up the i.f. amplifier the following method
should be followed. This will enable a stable and
well-tuned amplifier to be achieved, which is then
trimmed for the correct response curve.
A multimeter is needed, and a signal generator. with T4, T5, and TC3. At this stage it may well be
capable of supplying a signal of I0-7Mc/s, amplitude
modulated or unmodulated at will. The leads from
the multimeter should be decoupled at the ends by
means of 5 kilohm resistors, and these soldered lightly
to tags 3 and 11 (across the stabilising capacitor of
the ratio detector). The leads must be arranged to
lie well away from the i.f. stages.
Set the multimeter to the 50/tA or lOOpA range, and
the signal generator to high output.
Fig. 9. A top view of the i.f. printed board showing component layout
Fl
a j
T4 i czt 1
i a
m lly
• FR!
NOTE:-COMPONENTS ON .
UNOEftSlOE
SHOWN 00TTED
Set the neutralising capacitors TC3, 4, and 5 to
minimum. Disconnect the two 100p decoupling
resistors R17, R2I from theB— line; this leaves only
the ratio detector driver transistor and the pre-amplifier
transistor in operation. The battery supply is now
connected.
Most likely at this stage the microammeter will show
a reading, indicating the stage is oscillating. Rotate
the adjustment of TC5. Two positions will be found
at which the stage breaks into oscillation, with a space
between when no oscillations occur. Obtain the centre
setting. Switch on the signal generator and bring the
"live" lead near the base of TR6. Rotate both cores
of 17 until maximum deflection of the meter is
obtained, reducing the signal generator output if
necessary. It may well happen that as the transformer
is brought into line TC5 will require re-adjustment,
but there is no difficulty at all in tuning up this stage
and neutralising it.
Next tune the secondary of T5 until maximum meter
deflection is reached, once again adjusting TC5 as
necessary to recover stability. No contact should be
necessary between the signal generator lead and the
base of TR6, but if the signal generator output is small
the lead may be connected via a small capacitor to the
primary of T6 at the collector terminal of TR5.
Next transfer the signal generator lead to the base
of TR5, again without physical contact, and re-tune
the transformer T6. As the transistor for this stage
is not working yet, a small reading only will be
obtained unless the signal generator output is increased.
Connect up the decoupling resistor of this stage (R21),
to bring the stage into operation. Again, oscillation
will probably result, and in the absence of an input
signal a meter reading will be obtained. Adjust TC4
to stabilise the circuit, and tune the secondary of T5.
Couple in R17, and repeat the above adjustments
found that very small adjustments of TC4 and TC5
are required to retain overall stability. These will
amount only to a fraction of a turn—10 degrees or so
of adjustment is usually enough.
Now that the i.f, amplifier is stable and roughly
tuned the signal generator output lead should be
plugged into the coaxial socket SK2, and the output
reduced to a few microamps r.f. Re-tune the entire
receiver for maximum output at the meter. It should
VRt
/Gcc
i C59 j
rc26l lojj tar
i QC42
TR5:
TC4 J
[Ci2i
•PA*
a: ^ [jfj
i
R55
 be found that the stages tune quite independently.
-\m aj4 If not, neutralisation is not exact. F<?rv s/igfit adjust-
ments of all three neutralising capacitors are now
needed, with re-tuning of the transformers as necessary,
until the transformers tune independently, and a
change in the setting of one core does not affect the
timing of the next stage.
VISUAL ALIGNMENT
(4)0 (6)® ' JO
If a wobbulator (i.e. frequency modulated oscillator)
and an oscilloscope are available it is possible to align
for the best response curve.
W Wt) 4m
a.13) For this, deviation is set to the maximum; and the
OO stabilising ' capacitor C38 temporarily disconnected
from points 3 and 11,' and the oscilloscope connected
ss to these points. If necessary, one of these points may
be earthed temporarily. Extremely slight adjustment
of transformer tuning and of the neutralising capacitors
will permit a smoothly-rounded curve to be obtained.
THE DETECTOR
•s Zf A The next step is to adjust the ratio detector. Re-
&>(4| ^(6) "^■(5) attach the stabilising capacitor C38 between points 3
and 11, and connect a pair of headphones (or audio
amplifier) to detect the modulated output. Connect
the signal generator output to the coaxial input socket
P) _(' _(3 SK2. Switch on the modulation in the signal genera-
OO tor. Maximum sound output will not be obtained,
o but there should be some. Rotate the core of the
I* secondary of the discriminator transformer T7 until
zero output is obtained. This will be quite sharp.
Next, if a wobbulator is available set to 25kc/s
deviation and connect its r.f. output to the input
socket and the oscilloscope between points 5 and
earth. While listening to the output, tune the
o wobbulator gently so that its output frequency slowly
OO(41 (6( reaches the intermediate frequency to which tbe i.f.
~(5| amplifier is tuned.
As the wobbulator comes into tune, the harsh-
sounding third harmonic should disappear completely,
(') ^(3» leaving a pure tone. Meanwhile the trace should show
a straight line inclined to the X axis. Increasing now
OO the deviation to a large extent will reveal all or part
o
g,8 of the phase response curve. If all has gone well, the
trace should closely resemble Fig. 9a. If not, very
slight further adjustments may be made until the
perfect characteristic is approached.
If exceptionally high fidelity is not the aim, the
wobbulator test may be omitted, the final check being
38 41A to tune the signal generator gently through the i.f.
with the meter connected across the stabilising
Bo
(4) (61 (S capacitor C38 as before, and the amplitude modulation
switched on. The output should be monitored aurally.
As resonance is approached the meter reading should
rise steadily, in the same way as the amplitude
characteristic of Fig. 9a, as the sound output increases.
As resonance is approached the sound should die
away to zero as the meter approaches maximum. A
check should be made that the peaks of the most
intense sound are equally spaced about the zero point.
Also, by connecting a meter between point 10 or 13
and chassis, check that a zero reading is obtained at
the zero sound output point and that equal positive
and negative readings are obtained at equal frequencies
Fig. 10. Printed board. The small numerals refer off resonance.
to similarly numbered points on the circuit. The The conditions necessary for this are that the ratio
small numbers In brackets are the pin numbers detector transformer should be absolutely symmetrical,
of the coils. See Fig. II. The common earthing
strip on the /eft-hand side is referred to as "A" and that it should be matched each side. The 470 ohm
in the text and 6-8 kilohm load resistors R29, R30, R31, and R32
should therefore be matched as exactly as possible TC5
from stock; for ''hi fi" results, match should be to
1 per cent or better. In such a case a matched pair of COLLECTOR"*
OF TR6 R2(
OA79 diodes is useful, and if they differ (as supplied) R25,C31
by more than 10 per cent it may be advisable to increase
the 470 ohm resistors to 680 ohms—also carefully , 037
matched.
The two SOOpF capacitors C36 and C37 should also be
close in value, but this is less important. It is better TO 06
mi h-
to get a close match between the load resistors than to B30
be very precise about the actual numerical value. C55,R28
R52
OUTPUT ARRANGEMENTS
The pre-amplifier stage TR? is arranged for pre-set Fig. 12. Wiring of ratio detector circuit. D4. R30, C37
output. If this receiver is to be used in association are behind D3, R29, C36, and are similarly wired. When
assembled all components should be wrapped in a layer of
with a sensitive power amplifier (such as the 5W thin polythene to ensure Insulation from the con. For coll
fntegrated Amplifier currently appearing in our pages) connections see Fig. 8 in last month's article
it may be feasible to dispense with the gain of this
stage and instead employ the transistor TR7 as an
emitter-follower. This is recommended for the highest ALIGNMENT OF THE R.F. UNIT
quality reproduction. Having roughly ascertained that the oscillator is
To effect this change, remove VR1 and connect the working in the correct frequency band—in the way
collector of TR7 direct to the B—rail. Change the previously mentioned—all that remains is to effect a
value of R35 to 1 -8 kilohm, and remove C41. Output careful alignment using a meter. Either phones or a
at a few ohms impedance is then taken from the small loudspeaker may be connected between C42. and
emitter of TR7. B-K or an a.f, amplifier may be attached.
If a coupling capacitor is to be used between this A test oscillator or signal generator is required
and the next audio stage, a 500/zF capacitor should capable of giving a modulated output (preferably
be used. It will be prefetable however to use direct f.m.) over the range 85-lOOMc/s. This is set to
coupling into the base of the next stage if d.c. con-, 87-5Mc/s, and connected to the aerial socket of the
ditions can be achieved correctly. receiver; moderate output will be required, say lOmV.
The volume control should be adjusted so that the
I.F. INTERFERENCE receiver does not emit too much noise. Set the
The author has found that in certain locations inter- ganged capacitors to maximum (full, interleaved) and
ference can be obtained from transmissions on the rotate the core of the oscillator inductor (L2) until a
intermediate frequency of I0-7Mc/s if any r.f. signal signal is heard. If too loud reduce the signal generator
finds its way into the i.f, amplifier. Provided the output. Tune the oscillator for peak signal by means
interfering signal is not so strong as to cause cross- of the core. If the signal can be heard at two settings
modulation with the desired signal, direct r.f. pick-up of the core, select the position corresponding to the
can be avoided by good screening and by adequate smaller value of inductance.
selectivity in the r.f. stages. Set the signal generator to lOOMc/s and the ganged
However, in this receiver unit construction is capacitor to minimum. Adjust the oscillator trimming
employed, and connecting cables may cause a certain capacitance until maximum signal is heard. Next set
amount of pick-up at i.f.; added to which is the the gang to the half-way position, and tune the signal
possibility of direct pick-up on the circuit wiring of generator for maximum output in the receiver. Rotate
the i.f. amplifier, unless an earthed screening box for the core of the aerial coupling inductor and of the r.f.
the whole unit is made. Usually, however, it is possible interstage transformer for maximum volume.
to find a quiet spot within a few hundred kc/s of the * During the above procedure it will be found that
nominal i.f., and this is the recommended procedure when exact tuning with the signal generator is achieved
if interference is experienced. the modulation disappears, unless the signal generator
Fig. 11. Circuit diagram of the i.f, unit
TC5 s; TC4 R25 TC5
3-25pF 100/1 3-25 pF 470-1 3—25pF
R17 /f
100A
C42
R16 infel
V PRIH. 03
0A79 fi29 C38
470/1 8uF R34
C21 023 C27 C33 33k
I PRIM. 12 pF | VR1
C24 ■
fsopr C36 R31 FRE-
T4 (41 SOpF C31 SCO
TR4 TR5 TR6L- 3JpF "F TR7 SET
AF116 AF1I& AF«6 C57
SK2 C40 0C75
W500
Tnt rOI
i R30 I
1500 50 pF
SEC. SEC-
i
TERTIARY
>4
T 470/1 1 OuF
C22 C25 C28 Cc9 CJ2 SEC. - 0A79 R32
"W ■w 6-6k R33
R20 22k
RI5 n R24 tR26 47/1
"21 I 1-2 k
22k 22k 2-2k C35 C39 R35
500 l-Zk
n I I
127
 COMPONENTS..

Items marked * are not required if an emitter-

follower output stage is em cloyed.
Resistors
RIB ISkfl R22 2'2kO R29 470 a
RI6 22k O R23 22k H R30 470 £2
RI7 lOOH .R24 ISkQ R31 6-8kn
RI8 2-2kf2 R25 470 £2 R32 6-8k£2
R19 22k £2 R26 2-2k£2 R33 22ka
R20 i5k£2 R27 47 £2 R34 33ka
R2I I00£i R28 !-2k£2 *R35 l-2ka
All iW carbon R35 l-8ka
(a) GOOD (b) BAD ♦VR1 5kf2 preset carbon potentiometer
Fig. 13. The i.f, amplifier and detector response curve Capacitors
showing good (a) and bad (b) characteristics C30 50pF
C18 !,500pF
is frequency-modulated. However, a slight mis- CI9 0-01/iF paper C31 0-01/fF paper
tuning one way or the other will bring in the modula- C20 50pF C32 0-0 l/zF paper
tion sufficiently well for the output to be estimated. C2i O Ol/iF paper C33 l2pF
The following procedure, however, should be carried C22 0-01/iF paper C34 33pF
out with an f.m. signal, or failing this with an extremely C23 50 pF C35 500pF
small input. The latter can be achieved by attaching C24 50pF C36 500pF
the aerial to the receiver—using the signal generator as C25 O-OI/fF paper C37 500pF
a low-power transmitter. The signals when received C26 0*0l/iF paper C38 8/iF elect. 15V
should be barely above the noise level, so that the C27 50pF C39 0-04//F paper
limiting effect of the ratio detector is at its minimum. C28 0-01/tF paper C40 8/i? elect. 15V
Alternatively, the broadcast stations themselves may C29 0-01/iF paper • *C41 lOO/^F elect. 15V
be used for alignment, but this method is not as accurate All silver mica or high quality ceramic, unless other-
and may take more time. wise Indicated
The procedure given in the above paragraphs should TC3, TC4, TC5 3-25pF
now be repeated, except that the aerial 7r-coupling
should not be re-adjusted. Further repetition will Transformers
give more accurate alignment, but it is seldom necessary T4, TS, T6 I.F. transformers—see text
to perform the operation more than three times in all. T7 Detector transformer—see text
If a meter is used for the alignment, it should be Transistors
connected across the capacitor C3B. The voltage TR4 AFII6 TR6 AFI 16
developed, with an aerial input of 10/tV, will be about TR5 AFi 16 TR7 OC75
IV, but the response is highly non-linear and when the Diodes
receiver is aligned the BBC transmissions may not D3 OA79 D4 OA79
give much more than this. Provided the signal
generator output is kept as low as will give a reasonable Miscellaneous
meter deflection there should be no difficulty in achieving SK2 coaxial socket
correct alignment. -fc

This unique museum piece,

OFFICE WORK MADE EASY . . / thought to be the earliest idea of
an acoustically operated chain
Electronics is playing an important part in automation driven dictating machine, was on
of office methods and it was evident from the Business the Aga stand at the B.E.E. Let
Efficiency Exhibition, held at Olympia on 5-14 October, us hope it does not cause redun-
that the modem business establishment is finding new ways dancy among shorthand typists !
of speeding up office work and reducing the risk of error.
Among new developments there was the new electronic
calculator, on show for the first time by Friden, which
displays four rows of numbers and answers, including the
decimal point and function signs, on a small c.r.t.
The decimal point can be positioned to give 0,2, 5,7, or
11 decimal place working, and any number of calculations
can be made instantaneously by operating a simple 10-key
keyboard.
The emphasis on quick and simple operation of dictating
machines has been further enhanced by automatic tape
threading and coupling to the take-up spool by the operation
of a simple lever. The operator of one particular model,
made by Philips, need not and indeed cannot touch the tape
himself once the cassette is on the machine.
Another new dictating machine, developed by Grundig,
uses foil, instead of the more conventional oxide coated
plastic tape.
128
 I ast month instructions were given for the con-
Lstruction of a simple Geiger-Muller rateraeter.
In this article it is proposed to describe a series of
basic experiments that will give the user of the rate-
meter an introduction to the nature of radioactivity.
Before beginning, it would probably assist if a few
basic facts concerning the atomic particles emitted in
radioactivity were mentioned. There are many
particles that are emitted or can be emitted by an atom
under different conditions. Here we are only con-
cerned with natural radioactivity and will only consider
alpha, beta and gamma radiation.
Some Practical Applications
of the Geiger-Muller rate- ALPHA PARTICLES
meter are described by Alpha particles have the following properties:
J. F. ROWLES Cause fluorescence; blacken photographic emulsions;
These simple experiments produce ionisation in gases. They are easily absorbed
can be performed quite by matter; deflected by magnetic and electric fields;
safely by any amateur in- and are emitted with large velocities.
terested in investigating the The alpha particle has been shown in fact to be a
nature of radioactivity. helium nucleus, 1
aHe (a positively charged ion)
BETA PARTICLES
Beta particles have the following properties:
Cause fluorescence, though not as great as alpha
particles; blacken photographic emulsions; cause
ionisation, but to a lesser extent than alphas. They
have much greater penetration than alphas; are deflec-
ted by magnetic and electric fields; and have extremely
c~~y high velocities.
Beta particles, in fact, consist of electrons moving with
extremely high velocities. They carry a negative charge.
GAMMA RAYS
Gamma rays were found to have the same properties
as X-rays:
Unaffected by electric or magnetic fields; travel
with the velocity of light; cause fluorescence; blacken
photographic plates; cause a small amount of ionisa-
tion. They very easily penetrate matter; can be
diffracted; cause interference; and can eject electrons
from material.
The gamma rays are electromagnetic waves of shorter
wavelength than X-rays. The wavelength of the rays
emrinnts emitted depends on the emitting material,
RANDOMNESS IN RADIOACTIVE DECAY
The randomness of radioactive decay is very easily
demonstrated using the ratemeter and a radioactive
mm source such as the luminous face of a clock or watch.
c: Set up the ratemeter with the luminous dial near
to the G-M tube. It will be noted that the rate-
-4 . '■ meter needle does not give a constant reading but
fluctuates to a certain extent, showing that the atoms
of the source are not emitting at a constant rate, their
emission being quite random.
INVERSE SQUARE LAW OF GAMMA
RADIATION
Like light radiation, gamma radiation obeys the
inverse square law. This states that the intensity of
radiation observed is inversely proportional to' the
square of the distance from the source.
To verify this is simple, all that is needed is a gamma
source and the ratemeter. A suitable gamma source
IMPORTANT NOTICE
R1 and R2 should be 2-7MQ and not 2-7kQ as given in last
month's article—pages 30 and 32.
tfi -- .-
m 129
iOL:.' vldS
s;
is radium shielded by thin aluminium sheet to stop This may seem to be a high error, but the ratemeter
the unwanted beta and alpha rays. A luminous clock was not designed to give extremely high accuracy,
or watch face can be used, but it is better to have a and it must be remembered that the needle of the
more concentrated source such as some of the luminous meter flickers to some extent all the time, presenting
paint used by watchmakers. This paint can be pur- a difficulty in determining exactly what the reading
chased from a wholesaler in such goods, and is packaged should be. Each experimenter will have his own
in a small test tube (of the type known as semi-micro idea of where the arithmetic mean of the flickerings
test tubes). lie.
The method of testing'the inverse square law is to
take the count rate at varying distances from the HALF LIFE AND ITS DETERMINATION
source and to plot a graph of 1/distance squared In radioactivity the decay of a substance is exponen-
against the count rate. (See Fig. 1.) tial, it never being completely annihilated, hence to
Alternatively, a logarithmic graph can be plotted talk of its total active period is impossible; so the
of log distance against Jog count rate. Here the time taken for half the specimen to decay away by
relationship is verified more exactly as the assump- radioactivity is taken as a measure of its term of
tion of the inverse square law applying is not assumed existence, this being called the half life.
but the power to which the distance has to be raised Treating this mathematically, suppose a given
to satisfy the equation is arrived at from the graph. sample of radioactive compound contains N radio-
(See Fig. 2.) active atoms at some time t, and the probability
A typical set of results will now be treated to give that each of these will decay in any one second is
the graphs mentioned: represented by a constant a (the decay constant).
Then the average number of atoms dN that decay
Log .in a time dt is given by,
Distance I Count Log Count dN = — aNdt
(Distance)1 Rate Distance Rate Integrating this over a time t = 0 to t = t
2 0-25 100 0-3 2-0 N
3 0-1 45 0-48 1-65
4 0-063 25 0-6 1-4 JAAtdto
5 0-04 15 0-7 1-178 Nb t=u
6 003 10 0-78 10 hence,
7 0 02 8 0-85 0-9 N = N0 e_at
8 0-0156 6 0-9 0-78 Where No is the number of atoms present at time
t = 0. The ratio N to N0 is the fraction of radio-
Mathematically, the inverse square law is expressed active atoms remaining unchanged after a time t.
as The decay constant, a, is the fraction of the total
number of atoms that decay in unit time (provided
R A d*
"
unit time is small enough). The units of the decay
R = Count rate constant are reciprocal time, it usually being expressed
d = distance as reciprocal seconds. Its value is constant and
Taking logs, specific for a given nucleus.
log R= —2 log log k Practically, this decay constant is not used, but
half life, mentioned above.
Thus the power to which d must be-raised can be At a time t = ^t0, the number of atoms remaining,
obtained from the log graph as above (data for these N, equals ^N0. Substituting in the integral formula,
graphs were from actual records using the ratemeter \ = c-a''
described last month).
It can be seen that the power to which the distance or
had to be raised was not determined exactly as 2, but logei = — ati
consideration of the errors involved in the experiment ({« is the half life)
(mainly in taking the reading from the ratemeter) then,
shows the result to be within the range of experimental t j = loge2
error.
03
Fig. 2 (right). A iogarit/unfc graph of fog distance against 2-0- i—2-0
fog count rate X. SLOPE = - 2-0 = -2-2
N. 0-9
Fig. I (below). This graph shows I/distance squared X. i.e. d must be raised
plotted against count rate 1.5- to power 12
X d
0-25-
r-o-
02-
•s 0- 5-
05-
0. -
0-05- \0.12
1 1 ! 1 T -I -2 3 5 6 -7 -9 -K) -11 -12
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 LOS DISTANCE
COUNT RATE
130
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Simple Counter receiver using printed circuit
Time Delay Circuits A.C. Experiments
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and used, and HOW THEY ACTUALLY WORK BY USING THE OSCILLOSCOPE
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J31
 The actual rate of decay of a specimen is equivalent
to the rate of emission of photons or particles, since
each atom gives rise to a particle and/or a photon
of radiation. This rate of emission is therefore the
same as the absolute rate of decay, represented by,
-dN
dt
It is very difficult, however, to detect and record
every single particle emitted from a radioactive mass,
although it is possible to measure a constant fraction
of that decay. This distinguishes between the count
rate registered on the G-M ratemeter and the true
rate of decay. The relationship between the two can
be given as follows,
c
=K("d.N) ,
Where K represents the overall efficiency of the detec-
tion.
The numerical value C may replace the true rate of
decay in the integrated decay equation.
C = C0 e-at
Hence,
logio = —0*4343at -f log^Q
The logarithm of the measured count rate, C, plotted
against the time, yields a straight line graph of slope
0-4343a, from which a and hence tj can be found.
In practice it is easier to plot count rate on semi-
logarithmic graph paper against the time, and read
off U directly. (See Fig. 3.)
zy.
0 X (x+l) (x«) (x«l (x*6) (x+7) (x+B) (x+9")
T(H£
Fig. 3. Count rote plotted against time on a semi'
logarithmic graph
It can be seen from the above description and the
graph, that to obtain a value for the half life of a
substance, a graph from which the slope can be easily
determined or from which the half life is directly obtain-
able, is essential. This means that this method can only
be employed for the determination of the half lives
of substances in which that period is practicably
short (say, up to one year). Thus the substances
that the amateur normally deals with (uranium and
radium mainly) whose half lives are extremely long
(1,000 years at least) cannot easily be treated in this
manner to obtain values for the half life period.
For the determination of the long half lives a special
technique is employed. Here the rate of decay and
the number of atoms present in the specimen are
determined separately, these together with knowledge
of the Avogadro number for the specimen (the number
of molecules in one gram molecule of a substance).
The value of the Avogadro number is 6-02 X 1023
molecules per mole. In the actual determination of
the half life the quantities required are the decay rate,
132
the weight of substance under examination (accurately
in grams), the gram molecular weight (from tables),
and the Avogadro number.
It must be remembered that the count rate recorded
by the ratemeter is not the decay rate but a fraction of
it, and before any determinations of half lives can be
undertaken this relationship must be established.
A SIMPLE PIECE OF APPARATUS
It will be of great use if the following simple piece
of apparatus is constructed and used when determining
half lives. It consists of a short length of wood
with mounts for the G-M tube and the source holder.
No dimensions have been given as these depend on the
size of G-M tube available. The tube is mounted
through holes drilled in blocks of wood which are
mounted in the positions shown in Fig. 4.
Once the relationship between count rate and decay
rate has been determined for the apparatus it can
easily be used for future determinations of half lives.
The relationship can be determined in two ways: by
consideration of the geometry of the arrangement and
by experiment, assuming the half life of a substance.
Considering the geometry of the system, the source
can be considered as a point source as the quantities
used by the amateur are small. Referring to Fig. 5,
the following measurements must be made:
1. The distance from the centre of the source to the
G-M tube—"d'1.
2. The width of the G-M tube—"a".
Hence from the geometry of the figure,
tan ^ j
hence A can be found in degrees.
The constant relating count rate to decay rate is
then 360/A, assuming that the specimen radiates
equally in all directions.
Having determined the constant for the apparatus
it can now be used to find half lives. The method is
as follows.
The first consideration is the fraction of radioactive
material in the specimen under examination. Consider
a radioactive element, M, existing in a compound,
MX, which is under examination. The fraction of M
present is then the ratio of M to M - - X. A
practical examination will now be given. In the
compound radium chloride, the fraction of radium
present is found as follows
Molecular weight of Ra OU — 226 4- (35-5)2
= 297
Fig. 4. Simple apparatus for half life experiments
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Combined
Work—Milking Circuits—Resorumee
a Voltmeter—Ohm Phenomenon—Behaviour at Resonance—How
riteter Connections—Valves—Electron Meters
BehaviouT— 12 ' 12/- 14/- H/li 17/- 22/6
14 18/6 25/6
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Circuit—Radio Frequency Voltage Ampllllcrs —X.F. and Multibnnd Colls—Detection— 5 WAY 1 pole 3/0 2 pole 4/8 24 WAY 1 pole 13/- 2 pole 22 6
Receiver Circuits—Reanlts
ifiiarla CrVKlab—Radio of Frequency
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Aulennna Speaker Bargain Waierproof Heater Wire
and Radiation—Test Equipment Using Meters—ElcclninlC Text Equipment—Thymtvons !2ili. High ]9 yd. length.control,
tciuperaturc 70 watts. Selffree.
10;- post regulating
—Phnto-Ccll Kquipmenl—Radio Compass—H.F. Heating—Elect ionic Shaping Circuits— Udelilyloud-
Electron Mlcnwcnpe—Electric SI rain Gauges—Intcr-CoiDiuonicatora—Rndlq Servicing speaker. Building a Scope ?
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Ptice lor the complete coutie. ONLY 39/8. Plus postage 1/8, ., . , magnet type
Graduates ol the Electronics Course can ouallly lot a ccriiBcale—details sent with each order. with stand-
No, S. TELEVISION COURSE, Effect of Mis-ndjuatcd controls—Pictures ol various iaulw— | urd 8 ohm
Service
by ohsmdngndiualiuenis—Circuit Faults Imltailed
Picture Faults—Separate ChnmielbyI.P.a System—lotercairier
Poor Pattern—FindingI.F.llad Valves
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Xegallvo Ploiuri! —Interfercon-—Antenna Principles and Practices—TJ.H.F. Transmla- \\*i)l h:iml|i?
sion Lines—Facts A lam I the T.V. Signal lo Help you in Service Work—SynchroniziUg up to 12 watts. Brand new by /iinjous
'ij pusi ami Slu. oscilloscope tube. American made type
Senarnlcrs—T.V. Tnlerfcrenee Aids—All ahont Cathoiio Bay Tubes—Kxplanotion of tanker.
T.V.
Gain Circuits—Video Detector—Video Amplitier—D-C.
Control Circuits—Oscillators—Delleeliun Restorer Frequency
Coljs—Au'nmallc Circuit—Automatic
Control insurance.Price 27/6, plus i So. SFl'J, base 6.3 v. (> amp, heater elec-
Clrciilta—Aiudytis ol Slugger Tuucit I.F. Receiver—Analysis of ThreeXiiter-CurrlerType Adjustable Thermostat ttcod,
roslaliodeflection,
with circuit diagram brand newofand gimran-
scope, 15/-
Keceivcrs—The Verllcill Deiiection Clroilll—The Horizontal Deflection
fi>r«ia—.SubftiHiitUis of vnrkuw sections of a T.V.—-IMLP. Converters ana Tunera—T»>. Circuit—Wave- Cnch plus 2/6 post and insurance.
Test F.qilliuiieiit and Aligiunrnl—Analysis of Various Problems. Ice-Stat
Price lor the complete course. ONLY 86/-. Plus postage 3/6. This
and oSis ata small thenuostat-
rtnmd freezing whichHascuts
point. on
many
UNCONDITIONALLY
Von must be convincedGUARANTEED
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GIVEyouCOMPLETE
have everSATISFACTION
seen in Hcclrouic, Radio tuscs, one of which could be au ice warning
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sent with order) after you hnve examined It lu your own home for a full seven days. Suitable for Industrial or domestic Price 7/6. Post 1/-.
IF YOU SEND CASH WITH ORDER WE WILL INCLUDE A FREE 70-PAOE BOOK. purposes such nK conlralling (urnuce oven, Simmerstat Healer
Tick on the cotipou one book fur each course ordered with full cash. Immersion
a flames tatheater, etc. CanMade
or lire alarm. also he byused at
Suavlc Regulator
RADIO SERVICING FAULT FINDING BOOK. TELEVISION FAULT BOOK. OSCIL- piese are approximately 17ln. Clong and Suitable 'to Control eteiaenls, healers,
soldering irons and bulling rings up Io 2.5""
LOSCOPE BOOK. adjustable over n range o to 550
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These and tho adjustment spimUe. which conies pus luge each,andspecial snip price 18/9, plusv I '•
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hooks arc authorilalive.sending
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andareInsurance.
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spindleSpaced
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posit ioo IW
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station receiverIdeal for plus
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I'lcnxe send me Q FREE. RADIO FAULT FINDING BOOK, fl.aUnewnmlunused 10/-for36. Post2/-. il2. 36 for 6,'-. Post 2/-.
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I mi'leinlnml th.it ymi will ref»nd this money in nil! if I am not HK>po Over^eaa Midget3in. P.M. Loudspeaker 3 ohm. 12/8, Horns
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make unused but ex-equipment Fine American
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134
 Therefore the fraction of radium present is use of the above method, however, does enable the
226 amateur to assay radioactive ores. The process is
297 = 0-761 as follows.
Having determined the radioactive compound present
A weighed specimen of the substance under examina- by chemical analysis, a weighed sample of the ore is
tion is then taken and the weight of radioactive material treated as in the above experiment. The half life
present is found. The count rate observed from the and molecular weight of the specimen are taken from
specimen in the above apparatus is noted. The half tables, leaving the weight of radioactive material
life is then found as follows. present the only unknown factor.
" Let the count rate be C, the constant of the apparatus Having determined this, the assay of the ore can be
be 360/A, the weight of specimen taken W, the fraction expressed as a percentage or as content of radioactive
of radioactive material present 1/f, and the Avogadro material per ton. To clarify this an example will be
number L, Let the molecular weight of the specimen given.
be M. Then, Weight of uranium ore taken = 100 grammes
Weight of radioactive substance present = y W- Molecular weight of uranium — 235
Avogadro number = 6-02 x 1023
Rate count = 1,470 counts/sec.
t ^
True decay + = 360C
rate Half life of uranium = 7-1 x 108 years
Constant for apparatus = 360
Number of atoms present in the radioactive specimen 11-3
loge2LW
_w x L ti RM (symbols as before, R = decay rate)
fx M Hence weight of radioactive material present is,
The decay constant "a" therefore equals, W= ti^M-
loge2L
a ~ -360CfM 7-1 x 10s X 60 X 60 X 24 x 365 x 235 x l,470x 360
AWL n-3x6-02xl023
— 0-593 grammes.
r Hence, assay of material is 0-593 per cent of uranium
235.
6 EXAMINATION OF RAIN WATER
SOURCE /s Readers will no doubt remember the consternation
/
GEKJER that was caused a few years ago by the discovery of
I radioactive iodine (Ix31) in milk. The half life of this
fig. 5. Critical measurements in half life experiment isotope is eight days so its presence can be easily
set-up detected by the first of the two methods described for
determination of half lives. The iodine entered the
A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE milk via rain which fell on the pastures of cattle.
A practical example from the author's own records The concentration of the isotope in the rain would be
will now be given. very small.
Investigation of radioactive material in rain first
Source to tube distance — lOcra necessitates the concentration of the rain water.
Weight of radium taken — 5 x lO-8 grammes For this a special kettle reserved for the purpose should
Diameter of G-M tube = 2cm be used. About a gallon of rain water is collected.
Count rate — 570/sec The kettle is filled with this water and boiled almost to
Angle of acceptance _ ,2 , f _, dryness; it is then refilled and the process repeated
- tan io-HT until all the rain water collected has been concentrated
therefore, (a gallon is the minimum for usable results).
The concentrate should be of the order of 50 to
Decay rate = 570 x 360 lOOcc. This is then transferred to a conical flask of
11-3
250cc capacity where final concentration is carried
— 18,150 counts/sec. out. The final volume should occupy about a half
Hence, of one of the semi-micro test tubes.
_ 18,150 X 226 (M.W. of radium) The radioactivity of the specimen is observed over a
6-02 X 1028 x 5 x JO"8 period of time and a graph of count rate against time
(the weight of radium taken was 5 x lO-8 grammes) is plotted. One reading a day at the same time each
Hence, day will be sufficient. If the graph adopts an exponen-
tial form, the half life of the radioactive material
_ Ioge2 x 6-02 x 1028 x 5 x JO-8 years present can be found. Since the half life is peculiar
* 18,150 X 226 x 60 x 60 x 24 x 365 to a particular nucleus, the substance present can be
= 1,600 years (true value 1,595 years), identified.
The specimen of rain water for concentration must
ASSAY OF ORES be concentrated as soon as possible after it has fallen.
The above determinations of the half lives of radio- TTie above article by no means exhausts the possibili-
active substances, while useful as an exercise, is not ties of the use of the ratemeter, but it is hoped that it will
of much use to the amateur as the half lives of all the serve as an introduction to radioactivity enabling the
radioactive substances have been determined to a far individual to devise his own experiments and lines of
greater degree of accuracy by professionals. The research.
135
 IMPORTANT DATE
Derhaps it is not altogether
* irrelevant for me to mention the
General Election. After all this did
take place on the same day that
Practical Electronics made its
debut (yes, 15 October 1964 was
certainly a date of importance!).
Furthermore, electronics played a
notable part in the election proceed-
ings, both during the campaign as
candidates vied with one another to
appear the more foresighted in tech-
nological matters—the words elec-
tronics and automation are now very
much part of the politician's stock-in-
trade—as well as after the poll when
some of the largest and fastest
computers in the country were
mobilised by the BBC, ITV, and
the Press to analyse the results.
But was it lethargy on the part of
the Elliott 803 in the BBC studio or
inefficiency of the humans feeding
this robot which produced the state
of affairs where one commentator
was able to obtain the answer on his
slide rule in much shorter time?
A BIASED VIEW?
It is not, I trust, insularity on my
'part that makes me favour our
term "valve" as opposed to the
trans-Atlantic "tube". The latter
word has always seemed to me a
pretty inapt title for this important
electronic device. All the more sur-
prising that it was adopted by the
Americans who generally have a gift
for concocting imaginative and
colourful terminology.
Actually I seem to remember
reading sometime ago an admission
by an American writer that the
English term valve was a more
appropriate choice than tube. The
reason put forward in support of our
word was rather odd though. It
was suggested firstly that "valve" is
synonymous with "amplifier", and
secondly that all valves (or lubes)
are amplifying devices.
What does this word valve in its
general sense suggest to'you? Do
you think of, for example, a small
lever or screw device controlling a
large flow of liquid in a pipe line—
if so then this is in truth an amplifier.
136
Or do you visualise an object which
is essentially a one-way device—
such as the pneumatic tyre valve?
Coming back to the electronic
valve, the one-way interpretation fits
the envelope perfectly. On the
other hand, the amplifier idea is
logical all right when applied to
triodes and upwards, but unfortu-
nately excludes the humble diode.
SWEET AND LOW
l-j ave you noticed how widespread
■'the use of built-in background
music is becoming? I really do mean
"have you noticed". The sound that
is nowadays being disseminated in
many public places, shops, and
restaurants is indeed of a very subtle
character. It is far, far removed
from the brash and forthright
"music while you work" variety.
This background music is played
more or less continuously and is
designed not to intrude, but to be just
audible. One may be hardly aware
of the music—but sure enough it is
doing its stuff on our subconscious
mind!
Maybe it is all good therapeutic
treatment, inducing calm into worried
minds, and so aiding our digestive
processes as we imbibe. Stores and
supermarkets presumably find it
commercially rewarding. The casual
shopper, without realising exactly
why, finds himself loath to depart
from the comforting relaxing atmos-
phere, but lingers among the wares.
EXTRACTING THE Fl
You may have your own ideas
' regarding the ethical or artistic
aspects of this form of sound distri-
bution. At any rate we can admire
the technical expertise that has been
applied to the planning and recording
of programme material.
Musical items are carefully selected
—strident sounds or heavily accen-
tuated rhythmics are out. During
the recording session amplitude com-
pression is introduced, for it is
essential that the sound level should
remain constant throughout.
I suppose the engineers responsible
for these recordings have their own
particular problems and have no
doubt evolved some ingenious circuits,
for their purpose. Perhaps it would
be a trifle unfair to describe their
end product as no fi.
But why employ all those musicians
and then pass their recorded per-
formance through an electronic
mangle? Far more sensible to give
the job to a computer, since this is
an obvious case for synthesised
music.
J.V. PREDICTS
Cashions do change, of course, and
'already I can see the next step:
"Instal 'NOVOX' Ultrasonic Back-
ground System for that tranquil
atmosphere . . . your clients will
appreciate this aid to concentration
when contemplating the menu or
pondering over that special pur-
chase . . etc., etc.
Ridiculous? I am not so sure.
A WEIGHTY MATTER
According to the theory put
'^forward by an archaeologist,
Stonehenge—that monumental array
of stone circles on Salisbury Plain—
is a neolithic age computer, and was
probably used to calculate the move-
ment of the Sun.
Solid state, without a doubt.
(J* /'M\ ^ ?
/>
n
ii
n
jtmr
mTTTT
He's a wizard at miniaturisation
 FOR - IMMEDIATE - DESPATCH - PHONE - US — TODAY
BUILD YOUR OWN Famous Manufacturers' Surplus Bargain
Ferguson Qua/ity Amp#ifier 4 Watts
RECORD PLAYER Size 6i x 5 x 4ln. 200-250 AC double wound BAKERS
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Volume and Tone
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Special instructions 5'6;
13 Sin.,9 : 7in.,
9/6; 148/6;.Tlin.,
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12/6: 6158;x 14iB.,
llx7in., 15;-. 7/6; CONNOISSEUR'S
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AUTOCHAKGE KITS MAINS TRANSFORMERS 12in. GB1TAR HEAVY DUTY 25w. C „nc
Complete—as above. / 15 ohm voice coils. Unlimlied Applications. ■» 5
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Gactard AutosUm £12,18.'- P.P. STANDARD 250-0-250. 80 mA. 6,'3 v. 3.5 a., tapped Genuine Musical Instrament Loudspeaker.
4Ditto
v. 4350-0-360
a. Rectiflct 6.3 v. 1 a. tapped 5 v. or 4 v. 2 a. 29/6 22/6 laTnTSTANDARD -
HEAVY14,000DUTY 20w.
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QMAX CUTTER CHASSIS MINIATORE 200 v. 20 mA., 6.3 v. 1 a 10/8 More powerlnl magnet lines 7 gns. _
MIDGET 220 v. 45 mA., 6.3 v. 2 a 15/6 special suspension. 40-14,500 cpi. Recommended
The cutter eonsUtr «t lour parts: a die, a punch, an Allen SMALL, 250-0-250 ». 46 mA.. 6-3 v. 2 a 17;8 wherever a high standard of reprodaction is dented.
screw and key. STANDARD 250-0-260 85 mA., 0.3 v. 3.5 a 17,8 iHn. BASS HEAVY DUTY 25w. _ IT „ e
4in. I4.'6 liin. 10,'- 2in. 34,3 HEATER TRANS. 6.3 v. 1} a 7/6 New 1964 high power mode!. Aiuraisuum ■ ^ g"n1
{in, 14,6 Ij-in. 18.6 l&in. 37/9 Ditto tapped sec. 1,4 v., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.S v. 1! amp. 8/8 coil
Ideal former
ior all wilh
electricmagnetic
guitarl. damping 25-15.000 cps.
|in. 15/6 i-jsin, 20'- 2jin. 44/9 HEATER TRANS. 6.3 v. 4 a 10/8
*in. 159 ilin. 20'- tin.sq. 31/6 GENERAL PURPOSE LOW VOLTAGE. Outputs 15in. AUDITORIUM MODEL 35w. 1I u
ft
3.4,
AUTO5, TRANS.
S. 8.9.10,12,15.18.24
150 w., 0, US T.and 200,30230v., at2502 a.v. 22/6
22/6 Improved magnetweightaicoma*160!bs-,
with heavy S
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800-0-300 120 mA.. 6.3 v. CT 4a., 0, 5. 6.3 v. 2 a. Gnitars.
CRYSTAL MIKE INSERTS. High output. Bakett offer types
order. OlUer <i fullupdated.
repair service. Special! made to
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ACOS MIKE INSERT IJ x |in 8/6 with Mains Transformers. Rectifiers and
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T.S.L. DE LUXE STICK MIKE 25/- 200 y. 20 mA. D.C. i wave 6.3 v, I a. A.C. 25/6 "W.W." Radio Valve Data 7/4
TELEPHONE CONTACT MIKE... 10/6 220 v. 50 mA. D.C. \ wave 6.3 v. 2 a. A.C. 35/6 High Fidelity Speaker Enclosures... SI—
GUITAR CONTACT MIKE 15/6 250 v. 80 m A. D,C. Full wave 6.3 v. 4 a. A.C. 4S/6 Valves Transistors, CRT Equivalents 9/6
Moving Coil Mike 90/-, Floor Stand 57/- At a Glance Valves, CRT Equivalents 3/4
TANNOY CARBON MIKE 5/6 "THE POWER MITE" 45'- TV Fault Finding 5/-
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FTTLL WAVE BRIDGE SELENIUM RECTIFIER: Iladlos. Same size as P.P.9 (2M-2SOV.) Radio Valve Guide, Books I 2, 3, or 4 ea. 5/—
2.CHARGER
8 or 12 v.,TRANSFORMERS.
1.;. amp.. 8:9; 2 a. 11.3; 4a-,input
17/6. 200/250 v. Miniature PP3 model. 19/6 Practical Radio Inside Out ......... 3/6
Tapped Master Colour Code 1/4
lor charging at 2, 6 or 12 v., 1! amps,, 15/6; 2 amps., 17/6; 4 TRANSISTOR PUSH-PULL Coil Design and Construction Manual 5/-
44 amps,,
AMP 22/8-
CAE Circuit
BATTERYincluded.
CHARGER with ammeter. size AUDIO AMPLIFIER
3 x 13 x |in. Radio, TV and Electronics Data Book 3/4
Leads, Fuse Case, etc., for 8 v. or 12 v., 59/8. A ready bnllt miniaturB puah-pnU amplifier with. International Radio Stations List ... 2/4
Driver and ootpnt traoslomers, 4 tranaistors. Boys' Book of Crystal Sets 2/4
MINIATURE PANEL METERS Idea! lot use with record players, intercoms, Strohoscopic Disc 33,45, 78 r.p.m. ... I/-
Six# Isin. sq. Precision Jewelled bearings, BABY ALARMS. etc., Complete with full How to Receive Foreign T.Y 5/-
2%-accuracy, silvered dials, fine pointers,
0-1 mA.27/6} 0-5 mA. 27/6; 0-300 V. 27/6; Price QJ! fa 9 v. Bait. instructions and circuit.
2/3, 2!in. Speaker 15/- WAVE-CHANGE SWITCHES
0-50 (tA 39/6:0-500 (iA 32/6. "S" meter 35/- NEW MULLARD TRANSISTORS 2 p. 2-way, or 2 p. 6-way, long spindle 3/8
34 p.
p. 4-wsy,
2-way, or or 41 p.p. 3-way,
12-WBy,long longspindle
spindle 3/8
3/6
HOVXNG COIL STOLTIMETER XK20A. 0-1000 v. A.C./D.C. 0C71 8,'-, 0C72 7/6. 0C81D 7/6. 0C81 7/6, AFllS 8 p. 4-wiy, 2 wafer, long spindle . 6/6
ohms. 0-100lk, etc., 49/6. 0-150 mA Pocket size Sin. scale. 10/6, AF114 11/-, OC44 8/-, OC45
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VALVE HOLDERS. EA50 8d. B12A, CRT. 1/3. Eng. and Sub Miniature Condensers. 0.1 mFd.. 30 v., 1/3,1,3,4, Inclnde 2 p. 6-way, 3 p. 4-way, 4 p. 3-way, 6 p. 2-way. Pticei
Amet. 4, 5, 6 and 7-piii 1/-. Printed circuit B9A, B7G, 5.S, 16,25, 30,60,100 mFd., 15 volt 2/6 each. click spindles, adjustable stops, X wafer. 8/0; 2
Int. Oct. I/-. MORSE KEY 4"6; BUZZER 4"6. water, I2;6:SWITCHES,
TOGGLE 3 wafer, 16/-. s.p.,Extra
2/-; wafers up to d.p.d.t.,
d.p. 3/6; 12, 3/6 each.
4/-.
MOULDED Int. Oct. or Mazda Oct. 6d.; B7G, B8A. B8G. TRANSISTOR 4 CHANNEL MIXER Rotary Toggles, s.p., 3/6,■ d.p. 4/6. Min. Slide d.p. 4/6,
3/6.
B9A 94. B7G with can 1/8. B9A with can 1/9. Ceramic with 4 separate input-output controls, 59,6 JACKS. English open-circuit 2/6, clossd-circait
EP60, B7G, B9A, Int. Oct. X,'-. B7G, B9A cans, 1/- each. Grundig type 3-pin 1/3; Ornodig Lead Type 3/6. Phono
Valve base plugs B7G. B9A, Int. Oct. 2/3. Flags 6d. Socket X -. Banana
Volume, Controls 80 CftglE
ou cabie Coax JACK PLUGS STANDARD ScreenedPlugs II-. Sockets
3/-. Ornndlg 1I-.
3-pin 3/6.
1964 RADIOGRAM CHASSIS Long spindles. Midget semi-air snaeed 8d- yd. BULGEf NON-REVERSIBLE PLUGS and SOCKETS,
SK ohms to 2 Meg.
1/8 3,'-. D.P.4.6. ' 40 yd. 17 8, 60 yd. 26/-. P74 2-pin 4/3; P73 3-pin 4/6: P194 6-pin 8;S; P466 6-pin
18/8; P380 3-pln 4/-; Mains selector panel wilh plug 1/-.
Low loss SdB per 100ft.
Stereo
Linear t/S 10/6,
or tog D.P. 14,"S. Ideal
Tracks. at 600 mc.'s.
625 lines 1/6 yd. TRIPLETONE HI-FI MAJOR
THE "INSTANT" BULK TAPE £15.18.9
ERASER AND RECORDING HEAD
DEMAGNETI2ER 9iiM

Three Wavebands- Five Valves

S,W, 18 m.-SO m. Latest Mullard. etc. illllll
M.W. 280 m.-500 ni. ECH81, EFS9, EBC81, aoo-asov.
L,W. 800 m.-2,000 in. EL84, EZ80 A.C. Leafiet
12-month gnarantee. A.C. 200-250 v. 4-way
Slioti-Medium-Long-Gram. Fcrrite Aerial. A.V.C. andswitch. S-i.E. 12 watts 15 to 20,000 c.p.s. S valves A.C. mains
Negative Feedback. 5 wafts 3 ohm. Chassis 13;in.
Tin. high y. Sin. deep. Glass dial site 13in. v 4iD. >; isolated. I2in. x S^in. x 6in, high. Built-in
horizontal wording. Two Pilot Lamps. Four Knobs. pre-amp. and mixer. Two inputs and volume
Aligned and calibrated. Chassis isolated irora mains. controls. Sensitivity mic. 10 mV.; Gram 250
mV, 3 tone controls, Bass. Treble and Middle,
BRAND NEW £9.15.6 carr. 4/6. B.T.H. TAPE MOTORS IIS v A.C. Auxiliary power supply. Ideal for all Electric
Matched Speakers Sin. 17/6; lOin. 25,'-; l2in, 30/- 28 w. 12,'d pair, for 200 2S0 v. (in scries) Guitars. Cabinet with handle, 30/- extra.
RETURN Of POST MAIL ORDER SERVICE EXPERTS ANSWER ALL ENQUIRIES NO ORDER TOO SMALL
337 WHITEH0RSE ROAD,
RADIO COMPONENT SPECIALISTS WEST CR0YD0N tho'TOOS
Written guarantee with every purchase. Buses 133, 68 pass door. S.R. Stn. Selhursc. Post I /-, Full List I/'-, C.O.D. 2j- extro.
(Export welcome. Send remittance and extra poslag^noJ/IXXlX)
137
THE MOST SUCCESSFUL HI-FI PLAN

EVER OFFERED TO CONSTRUCTORS

The netVf easy way to build
MARTIN AUDIOKITS comprise a cleverly designed
range of prefabricated transistorised units from which
you can build from a single pre-amp stage to an
integrated 20 watt series hi-fi assembly suitable for use
with today's finest accessories. Assembling these
tested and guaranteed units could hardly be simpler,
but the final results appear thoroughly professional.
Quality is superb; attractive knobs and escutcheons
/T'SMONEV are available. As new units come along, they can be
added to your assembly stage by stage so that Aucio-
SAYING, TOO! kits are never outdated.
You save pounds by building with FROM A PRE-AMP TO A 20 WATT STEREO ASSEMBLY
MARTIN AUD/OKITS-and there are
so many units to chose from thot it is a
Coupon brines brochure simpie motter to select just the units to
by return suit you best.
mn RTin
MARTIN ELECTRONICS, 154 HIGH ST.. BRENTFORD, MIDDLESEX
Leaflet showing Details of all Martin Audiokits, please to (jUJujjucAzAjkjCi
NAME - -
ADDRESS ' - MARTIN ELECTRONICS LTD., 154/5 HIGH ST., BRENTFORD, MIDDLESEX
Phone J ISLeworth 1161^2

ji. Hill sllgJ'T0TrESHAM (JOVRT ROAD. LOSDOH, W.l

Z & I AERO SERVICES LTD. Tel.: LANgham 8403
Head Office and Warehouse; 44A WESTBOURNE GROVE, LONDON, W.2. Tel.: PARK
2/8 (WSiCiT lajotrr 3;- UCV" 8 *- EBK69 69 KF93 ,1 KZbd 6 8 1*7*33 5B.*8- 1*fBIWl 15(541
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SU4G 6H37 16/-
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6/- I BUFSii EZ4<i 0084 6.6 MAIM*8(i S 6
5U4UB 7;6 EFtll 4.'- 1 EZ41 5*05(111 15 - fAKia 8.'-
SV40 liBWT 91- U.8L7C1T 61- 12F5UT 8 ItSZOtlX 6/- 0AF96
Mulliinl Tr.-msistors B.C.A. TRANSISTORS; 2X410(004.7), 3/6; 2X412 (OC441 3,"8.
0026 8.- , OC44 6'-
ocas 17,6 0045 6-
0072 8'- OCI39
OC73 6.'- oci76 12- a> M of 2
muluhtxl G.E.C. TKAKSISTOES: CETlla, 7/-! <!ET573. 20/-, 35/- itiatchfd pair.
MICRO-ALLOY TRANSISTORSi MAT101 (66 -Mc/s) 8,'8i 3IAT12I (120 Htjii I
0035 15;- 0(570 5- 1)076 8'- OC171 B.' - OCfl lucl I DIODES: 0A31. 2.'-; BVZIU. 7/6; (iJ3M. CSJOM, CJ741. 3 6.
0042 8,*- , 007! 5,*- 0077 S,'- 1 OC2U4 10.6 0C81UI2;6
Ail cut valves carry Ihcae moattu guatanlte. Write tor tall Caiataeue Please aid 8/6 in £ lor polUgt. Minimum charge 1/8.
Any faulty ilem replaced free of charge. ol Valvei and Tubes. Please address all correspondence to the Read Office.
i38
 FREE'E, Practical Electronics

DOUBLE

SIDED

BLUEPRINTS

TO BUILD

1.HIGH IMPEDANCE VOLTMETER

* * *

2.PHOTOTIMER
# * *
3.ELECTR0NIC GUITAR

PLUS *
* Other Outstanding Features
*
4 MORE PAGES * including
* Loudspeaker
Of
Enclosures for
ELECTRONIC Transistor
DATA Amplifiers
■*
, FILL in and hand to your newsagent

TO {Name of Newsagent)
Please send/reserve* PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS (2/6) every month,
YOUR commencing with the January issue, on sale December 17th.
NAME
COPY
ADDRESS...
NOW/

139
 NEW

PRODUCTS

Gonimiinications Receiver

Slratton & Co. Ltd., Eddystone Works, AJvechurch

Road, Birmingham 31.
A fully transistorised communications re-
ceiver which is in big demand is the Eddystone
EC10. It has excellent performance through-
out the 550kc/s to 30Mc/s range. Powered by.
six U2 type cells the current drain depends on
the audio output, being 36mA quiescent, 77mA
at 50 milliwatts output, and 180mA at 500
milliwatts. Independent r.f. and a.f. gain
controls enable the gain to be balanced to
suit strong or weak signals. As our photo-
graph shows some of the controls are push
button type. The b.f.o. pitch control has
marked settings for reception of upper arid
lower sideband signals. The tuning control
is flywheel-loaded and operates a gear drive
with a reduction ratio of 110 to 1; frequencies
are clearly marked on the large scale to a
calibrated accuracy of within I per cent.
Also, to allow dial settings to be recorded
an auxiliary vernier and logging scale are
Miniature Insulators incorporated in the tuning system.
TTie receiver is listed at £48 0s. Od. in the
U.K.
Oxley DeveJopments Company Ltd., Priory
Park, Ulversion, Lanes.
It is easy for the amateur to purchase
transistors, resistors and capacitors of
miniature size. But try purchasing mmia-
ture accessories such as plugs, sockets and
insulators for small work! Our photo-
graph shows various types of miniature
insulators, available to the amateur as » •
well as professional,, which are ideal for
printed boards and perforated boards.
The same firm also manufacture
miniature plugs, sockets and trimmers. X- ■;
- 8 fell

Recorded Lessons
F. C. Judd (Sound Recording) Ltd., 174 Maybank Road,
South Woodford, E.18.
Since, language courses on records have proved
such a success to people who cannot spare the time T-
for regular study F. C. Judd (Sound Recording)
Ltd., are now producing a lOin L.P. record, in
conjunction with Rapid Recording Ltd., entitled
"Learn To Play The Guitar" by Johnny Bennett,
price 25/-.
The record comes complete with modern chord
guides, practice and tuning charts.
 It 1] T lT It iV - O F - P O S T
S E It VICE
We offer a really efficient Hall Order Service on alt Items stockod-
All cash orders
• Hire purchase orders are dealtarewith on the
subject day ofdelay
to slight receipt.
but this is• kept
to the absolute minimum.
• Sl»i;ri \I Ol l l ll!! STKHEO CAHTinOGES
RONNETTE 105 Stereo.'Mono Cartridge, Compfete with fixing bi*»ckct
and styli. List 59/4. OUR PRICE 23/6. Pose Free.
• ILLUSTIMTEII l-ISTS
Illustrated
GRAMOPHONE lists arc available onAMPLIFIERS.
EQUIPMENT, LOUDSPEAKERS, Any willTAPE DECKS.
be sent TESTrequest.
free upon GEAR,
• AMP LI I IKK KITS
We have full stocks of all components for the Mollard SIO, Mullard 3-3, Mullard
2Pully
anddetailed
3 Valve listPre-amp.
on anyMullard
of theseStereo, Mullard
sent upon Mixer.
request.
Instruction
9;S. Post free. Manual; All Mullard Audio Circuits in "Circuits for Audio Amplifiers",
• LATEST TEST METE IIS / Hire Purchase
Cash Price Deposit Mthly/Pmts.
12 of £1.15,1
AVO
AVO Model Model 87 Mark Mark III II £24. 0.0
£22, 5.0 £4.16.0
£4. 8.0 12 of £1.11.9 '//
AVO Multiminor Mark 4 .. .. £9.10.0 £1.18.8 11 of 14/4
T.M.K. TP 10 £3.19.6 £1. 3.6 3 of £1.1.0
£1.15.6
T.M.K. TP5S
T.M.K. Model 500 £5,19.6
£8.19.6 £1,15.6 12 of £1.11.4
3 of 13/8
TAYLOR
Full MODEL
detailsmodels 127A
of any7 ofandtheB above .. £10.10.0 £1. 2.0 12 of 15/8
The AVO are bolhsupplied free onfrom
latest models request.
current production—not to be
confused with Government Surplus.
• TAPE KECOHIHIVG EQUPMEAI Through this ICS
TAPE DECKS Hire Purchase
ALL
COLUARO CARRIAGESTUDIO, FREE - latest model. Cash Price Deposit Mthly/Pmts. 3-way Training Method:
Two track, Bradmatic Head £2,3.6 12 of 16/4
Four Track, Marriott Heads .. .. £17.17.0 £3.12.0 ilof 26/2 MASTER THE THEORETICAL SIDE
TapeCollaro
Amplifiers MARTIN TAPE AMPLIFIER KITS
For 831 l-V 2-Track £11,11.0. 6311-4-7 4-Track £12.12.0. From basic principles to advanced applications,
Tape Pre-amplifiera you'll learn the theory of electronic engineering,
For Collaro 8319-CP 2.Track £8.8.0. 6319.4-0? 4.Tracfc £9.9.0. quickly and eastiy through ICS. That's because
Drop
Carrying throughCasesassembly for mounting
with speaker. For8319 Pre-Amp
Collaro Deck under Collaro
and 8311 Deck, £1.1
Amplifier, f,6,
£5,5.0.
H.P. TERMS available on decks, amp. and cases. Ask for quote. H each course is set out in easy-to-understand terms.
We stock complete MULLARD
kits and altTAPEseparatePRE-AMP
components LI FIER KITMoJIard Tape Pre-
for the MASTER THE PRACTICAL SIDE
Amplifier. Fully detailed list available. ICS show you how to develop your practical
GKAMOPIIOXE EQDPMEAT abilities in electronic engineering—alongside your
ALU LATEST MODELS Hire Purchase
ALL POST FREE RECORD CHANGERS Cash Price Deposit Mthly/Pmcs. theoretical studies. It's the only sure way to
GARRARD AUTOSLIM(MonoPUfixed success. All training manuals are packed with
head) .. £6.17.6 £1,12.6 6 of easy-to-follow illustrations.
GARRARD
(Mono PU) AUTOSLIM De-Iuxe AT6 16/11
GARRARD AUTOSLIM AT6 (Stereo/ £11.9.0 £2.6.0 12 of MASTER THE MATHEMATICAL SIDE
Mono PU) £12. 5.4 £2. 9.4 12 of 18/- To many this aspect is a" bitter problem. Even
GARRARD
in head) AUTOSLIM (Mono PU plug £7.19.6 £1.10.6 £1.4.0
GARRARD A.T.S (Mono PU plug in head) £10. 8.2 £2. 4.2 126 of of 15/4 more so because no electronic engineer is complete
B.S.R.
B.S.R.ofUAIS(TC8
UA15 (TCBSMono PU)
Stereo/LP/78) £7.15.0 £1,18.0 65 ofof £1.2.0
£8.15.0 £1.4.0 without a sound working knowledge of maths.
Many the above applied for stereo working.£2.See 6.0 r Gramopho But new ICS teaching makes mathematics easier
Equipment List for details. to learn.
• JASOX F.M. TTXEILS Wide range of courses available include;
We stock all parts needed for the construction of these excellent tuners. AM Radio/T.V. Engineering and Servicing, Colour Television,
pans can be supplied separately but we can offer attractive reductions in price if
all items are purchased at same time as follows; Electronics, Electronics Maintenance, Instrumentation and
FMT2 (less power), £7.15.0.; FMT2 (with power), £9.12.6, Servomechanisms, Telemetry, Computers, etc.
FMT3 (less
FMTI, power),
£6.12.6.! Mercury£9.9.6.! FMT3 (with
2, £10.14.6.! power),
JTV/2, £11.7.6.
£14.11.6. NEW! Programmed Course on Electronic Fundamentals.
Hire Purchase Terms available. Ask (or lite.
• HI-FI LOLDSPEAKEKS EXPERT COACHING FOR:
GOODMANS; Axietce 8in.. £5.5.7: Axiom 10in., £6,5,11: I2in. Axiom 201, INSTITUTION OF ELECTRONIC AND RADIO ENGINEERS
61£10.17.4: I2in. Axiom
Bass, £14,7,8; Trebax 301,Tweeter,
£15.4.6; I2in. AudiomSI
£6.10.2; X05000Bass. £9,2.8; I2in.
Crossover unit.Audiom
£2.0.11, CITY AND GUILDS TEIECOMVMUNICATION TECHNICIANS
CITY AND GUILDS SUPPLEMENTARY STUDIES
WHiTELEY: HFI0I6 IQin., £7.7.0; HFI0I2 tOin., £4.I2,0| HF8l6Sin.. £6.6.0;
T8I6 Sin., £5.19.6; T»0 Tweeter, £4.12.0; T359 Tweeter,
Crossover unit, £1.13.3; CX150O Crossover unit, £2.1.0. H.P. Terms avail able £1.12.3; CX3000 R.T.E.B. RADIO/T.V. SERVICING CERTIFICATE
on all speakers. RADIO AMATEURS' EXAMINATION
• OITPLT TKAXSEOIIME1IS P.M.C. CERTIFICATES IN RADIOTELEGR APHY
GILSON:
32/6, post 1/6. W0696A,W0I796,W0696B, 66)-,60/6,
postpost
2/6. 2/6.WI796A.
W0891,66/-.
75/-,post
post2/6.
2/9. W0t932.
W0767. And there are practical " learn as you build" radio
92/6, post 3/-. courses os well.
PARTRIDGE: P3667. 75/-. post 2/9. P4131. 75/-. post
PARMEKO: P2629, 49/9; P2642. 47/3; P2643, 49/9. All plus post 2/9. P264I 2/9.
30/9, pose 21-; PIOIB, 16/9, post 2/-: P2932. 43;-, post 2/6. Member of the Association of British Correspondence Colleges,
• MALVS TKAXSFOILMEIIS
GILSON: W074IA, 75/-, post 4/-: W0839. SB/6, post 2/9; WOI32e. 69,6, post FOR FREE HANDBOOK POST THIS COUPON TODAY
316; WO 1288, 69/6, post 3/6; W0I566. 96/-, pose 4/6; W0I341. Choke. 43/-,
post 2/-.
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142
BEGINNERS start
An Instructional Series for the Newcomer to Electronics
mssm
m colour code indicates the value in ohms and sometimes
■ provides additional information. You will find the
1 Practical Electronics Colour Code Calculator
mm
R RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
CARBON RESISTORS
A word or two now about practical resistors as
used in electronic equipment. Last month we
mentioned that wire wound resistors are not usually
made in values greater than 100,000 ohms. In fact,
the kind of resistor most commonly encountered in
electronics is of the carbon fixed value variety.
Wire wound resistors have rather limited and
specialised applications: they are used 'whenever a
precise value of resistance is required; also as 'Voltage
droppers" in power supply circuits, where high cur-
rents and voltages are involved. And of course, wire
wound resistors suit our requirements perfectly in the
present series of experiments.
One important thing to remember. All the basic
Jaws that we are demonstrating for ourselves in this
series of experiments hold good for all types of resistors
—no matter whether they be made of wire, or of carbon
or any other substance.
Last month we showed a group of typical wire
wound resistors. This month our photograph shows
a selection of carbon fixed-value resistors. These are
the kind of components you will constantly be hand-
ling as you become involved in building electronic
devices. A word or two about their characteristics—
physical and electrical—will not be out of place at this
stage.
There are two main types; carbon composition and
carbon film.
Carbon composition resistors consist of a rod of
carbon black or graphite. Connecting wires are
wrapped around the ends of the rod and the latter is
given a protective coating of paint. This type is
known as non-insulated.
There are also insulated composition resistors.
These are made by enclosing the rod of resistive
material in a plastics moulding or ceramic tube. The
connecting wires emerge straight out from the ends of
the tube.
The film type of resistor is made by depositing a
thin film of a carbon mixture upon a glass or ceramic
tube or rod. The rod is encased in moulded plastics
or in a ceramic tube. Outwardly, these resistors
resemble the insulated composition type.
here... 2
Most carbon resistors are colour coded. This
(presented with our first number) an extremely useful
tool. If you have access to an assortment of resistors,
it is a good idea to practice reading off the colours of a
randomly selected component. Take our word for
it—this will be to your benefit in the future.
Our next exercise is to find out what happens when
we connect resistors in parallel, that is, side by side
instead of end to end. To do this you will need to
connect the "shorting wire" of the last experiment
to points A and C of the resistor and the slider contact
to point B (see Fig. 211). You will find that the
slider can be moved along the resistor from end to
end and the bulb will now light all the time. Why
is this so?
To enable you to understand quite clearly the
present circuit arrangement, we have drawn an "inter-
mediate" diagram : imagine the end A of the resistor
bent back so that it nearly touches end C (Fig. 2.2),
as you move the slider from the central position towards
one end you are reducing the resistance of that branch
and so increasing the current flow. The circuit is
shown in its final and conventional form in Fig. 2.3.
As the bulb lights now at all positions along the
resistor, it follows that the total resistance must be
much less than the original short section (11cm)
measured in the first experiment. Once again, we can
calculate the value of the total resistance using a
formula:
1 1
R total R1 + R2
Your resistance element has an approximate value
of 75-80 ohms and hence you can mark the baseboard
into divisions of, say, 5 ohms each. By setting the slider
at any random point you can now read off the value
of resistance either side of it. If the slider is set at
20 ohms (Rl), the remaining resistance (R2) will be
60 ohms. Substituting these values in the above
formula we get
1 11 3 1 4 1
R total 20 60 ~ 60 60 15
R total = 1 /,V = 15 ohms.
We would like you to work out half a dozen cal-
culations (one has already been done for you!) taking
the value of Rl as 5 ohms, 10 ohms, 15 ohms, etc. and
make a small list showing the values of R total, Rl
and R2. You should find that the value of R total
goes from 17^ ohms down to nearly 1 ohm.
You will see from this list that, when Rl is much
smaller than R2, the total resistance or equivalent
143
resistance is nearer R1 in value than R2. This can
be very important in electronic circuits when you have
a component with a resistance of perhaps 1,000 ohms
in parallel with another component of 1 megohm.
. Let's do another calculation to show why:
1 1,000+1
1 1
R total 1,000 + 1,000,000 1,000,000
1,001
1,000,000
Thus
1,000,000
R total = 1,001 = 1,000 ohms approximately.
You can see then that if the value of one resistance
is very high you can ignore it and consider only
the value of the small one.
SECOND RESISTANCE ELEMENT
Now it is necessary to add the second resistance
element to our apparatus. Here we use a 1,000 watt
(1 kilowatt, or IkW) fire element. Push the spare
plastics knitting needle through the vacant hole in one
of the wooden support pieces, thread it through the
coiled element and insert in the hole provided in the
second support. Ensure that the turns of wire are
evenly spaced along the length of the needle.
(R2)
(M
BY I <
Fig. 2.1. The shorting wire is Fig. 2.2. This Is the some set-up as
connected across the resistance Fig. 2.1 but the diagram has been
element and sections Rl and R2 redrawn to show more cfeorly the
are thus in parallel foct that Rl and R2 are In parallel
THE UNIT OF POWER
You may be wondering at this moment; what is
meant by a kilowatt?
The basic unit of a watt is the unit of power that
is the rate of doing work. To calculate the power
in an electrical circuit you must multiply the voltage
by the current; this is shown by the formula;
W=V x I
where W stands for watts, V for volts, and I for cur-
rent in amperes.
If you are unable to measure the voltage but know
the resistance then you can use a second formula,
which is
W = P x R (or W = I X I X R)
A third form of the equation is
W = V2 + R (or W = —^-V)
If you look at the list of components in other
articles in Practical Electronics, you will notice
that resistors are quoted at iW, ^W, IW, etc. This
is as important in electronic circuits as having the
correct value of resistance (in ohms). Say, for example,
144
you bad a resistance of 100 kilohms and a voltage of
300V, then the current flowing through it would be
= 0-003 amperes or 3raA.
Working out the power as above (W = V x I) would
give
300V X 0-003A = 0-9W
You would thus need a resistor rated at 1 watt and
if you used one of perhaps i watt or i watt then it
would quickly overheat and break down. This heat
is caused by the current flowing through the resistor
and we use this to our advantage in electric fires,
water heaters and electric light bulbs.
The higher the wattage rating of a carbon resistor,
the larger its physical size. Refer to the photograph;
the two smallest sized resistors are iW types, the
next pair are -W, and the other two IW and 2W
respectively.
Now to return to the experiments. If you have the
two fire elements or coils wound on the needles you
can experiment on your own by connecting them in
different ways, shorting out sections of them and
calculating the value of resistance in circuit. The
IkW coil will have a resistance between 50 and 55 ohms
BY 8YI 1
LPt
Fig. 2.3. Here, finally, the circuit Is drawn
in the normal, conventional manner
so you can mark out the base board in equal sections
and measure off the resistance values direct.
You may also like to see the effect of increasing and
decreasing the voltage to 6 volts and 3 volts respec-
tively by substituting other batteries for the present
4+ volt battery. If you increase the voltage you wilL
need more of the resistance in circuit to get the bulb
just glimmering as compared with the amount needed
with the 4W supply. Obviously then you will have
Jess resistance in circuit when a 3 V battery is used.
We have used a bulb to indicate that current is
flowing through the circuit and our next project is
to make a simple type of meter that also tells us current
is flowing. Many of you may have seen and used
meters at school and know that there are many differ-
ent types to measure voltage, current, resistance, etc.
Next month we will show you how to make
a simple meter that you can set up with your battery
and use for approximate measurements in later experi-
ments.
SHOPPING LIST
One 1,000 watt electric fire replacement element.
EXCLUSIVE OFFER TO ALL OUR READERS /

Special Edition of
wtmmhm..

ctionar^
DICTIONARY OF

a.m.U-
Cartef

ELECTRONICS

by HARLEY CARTER, AM.f.E.E.

f
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AT THE
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AMAZING
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OF EXECUTIVES
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AND STUDENTS

COMPI.ETE UNABRIDGED

r | >his comprehensive Dictionary contains concise, explanatory

definitions of all facts and terms related to Radio, Television,
^416 PAGES* Communications, Radar, Industrial Electronics, Instrumentation
and other branches of Electronics. Also sections on Units and
WITH EXTENSIVE Abbreviations; Greek Letters used in Electronics; List of
Symbols ; Graphical Tables ; The Electro Magnetic Spectrum;
CROSS-INDEXING
Frequency Wave-Length Conversion j Valve Bases ; Rationalised
M.K.S. Units. This unique work will be of continual use to all
*265 DRAWINGS* whose work or interest requires them to understand modern
electronic terminology.
& CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

coMPmmm okmfomommi

145
ULTRASONIC REMOTE CONTROL continued from page 118
Pack the space between the transducer and the wall When the receiver is correctly adjusted, the relay
of the top cap with foam rubber, A piece of iin thick should pull in at a current not exceeding 5mA with a
material, cut into a strip measuring approximately d.c. supply of 4W.
|in X 4in should serve this purpose adequately. Other The receiver should response at a distance of at least
similar material may be used, the important factor 20ft from the transmitter.
being to wedge the transducer firmly and centrally This range can, however, be increased upwards to
within the case. 100ft if OC44 transistors are used in the first three
Returning now to the bottom end of the case, first stages of the receiver (TR3-TR5) and simple cones are
check that the battery can be accommodated inside, placed over the transducers. Paper cones tapering out
and recessed at least -pn from the bottom edge. If to about 6in are quite effective for this purpose. -fc
not, the transmitter assembly must be pushed gently
upwards, but without, if possible, disturbing the
transducer.
Solder a Hin long lead (red coloured sleeving) to the COMPONENTS...
metal strip which makes contact with the metal rim
of the case. Fit the battery, base foremost, inside, Resistors
ensuring that the blue and red leads are not trapped. Rl S-lkO R8 lOkil R14 JOkO
These two battery leads should extend about l|in from R2 IkD R9 joon RI5 560 a
the bottom of the case; cut off any surplus and solder R.3 5-6kQ RIO 30k Q RI6 I2kn
these leads to the battery press stud connectors observ- R.4 22k f2 Rl 1 47ka RI7 i-5ka
ing the correct polarity, i.e. red for positive, blue for R5 IkQ RI2 4-7kn R18 ISk^
negative. R6 2-2kn RI3 MkCi RI9 lOkQ
Fit the connectors' to the battery terminals and care- R7 5-6kfi
fully push down the looped ends of the leads. All JW carbon
From a piece of stout cardboard, cut out a disc Capacitors
approximately Jin diameter. Place this disc over the C1 3,300/iF silver mica C5 22/iF elect. 25V
battery before screwing on the end cap. C2 O-OISjuF disc ceramic C6 0'0I5^F disc ceramic
This cardboard insulating disc is essential, since the C3 0-1 wF disc ceramic C7 5,000pF disc ceramic
spiral spring connector in the' end cap will be connected C4 22uF elect. 25V C8 IfiF elect. 25V
C9 5fytF elect. 25V
to the positive side of the battery when the cap is Transistors
screwed home. The insulating disc prevents the spring TRri7 OC7I (7)
coming into contact with the negative battery terminal—-
if this should happen the battery will be shorted. Miscellaneous
RLA Relay," 400Q 5mA
SETTING UP Tl H.F. transformer (Osmor type QHF9}
XI, 2 Transducer (Gulton type 1404)
Place the transmitter so that its transducer is looking BY I 9V battery, Ever Ready PP3 or Exide DT3
directly at the receiver transducer, and the two are not BY2 9V battery
more than a couple of feet apart. Two miniature coaxial plugs
Connect an ohmraeter to the relay contacts, and Veroboard : one piece 4in X 4Jin; two pieces
connect the receiver battery. I Jin X |in . . , ,
Switch on the transmitter. Rotate the core of T1 Note: The Gulton transducers, the reed relay, and
until the relay operates, as indicated by zero reading other essential components can be obtained from:
on the ohmmeter. Withdraw the transmitter further DTV Group, 126 Hamilton Road, West Norwood,
London S.E.27
from the receiver while making adjustments to T1 in
order to obtain the optimum tuning point.

r w w t. TV?

DICTIONARY To George Newnes Ltd., 136 Long Acre, London, W.C.2.

Please send me DICTIONARY OF ELECTRONICS. I enclose remittance
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146
 L. K. ELECTRONICS

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O.A.8I vision detector. Collaro Decks. Price: £6.10,0 for B.S.R. Deck; £6.12.0 for Collaro
Note OUR price £1.0.0 per500. P.P. 2/-, (In 500lots only). Deck. P.P. 6/-.
Mk. III. Fully built, high gain, low noise, printed circuit. The ampli-
• SCOOP! Transistor Tape Recorder. The best obtainable fier is supplied complete with the switch wafer fully wired for B.S.R.
by very famous manufacturer. Brand new, boxed, guaranteed. , deck. For Collaro deck, a completely wired separate switch with
Reduced from 12 gns. OUR price £7.10.0. P.P. 3/6. Complete spindle is supplied. Magic Eye.
■with microphone, tape, batteries and operational booklet. Features S.A.E. enquiries please. Our Complete Lists I/- only—credited
push-pull amplifier, two motors, single switch operation, pause, speed, against your order
wind, rewind, record, play back. Can be used in any position, indoor
or outdoor. • IF NOT ADVERTISED IT IS STILL IN STOCK

L.K. ELECTRONICS (Victoria) LTD.

^ 17 GILLINGHAM ROW, WILTON ROAD, LONDON, S.W.I. ^

J47
 Practical Electronics Classified Advertisements

The pre-paid rate for classified advertisements is 1 /- per word (minimum

order 12/-), box number 1/6 extra. Semi-displayed setting £3.5.0 per
single-column inch. All cheques, postal orders, etc., to be made payable
to PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS and crossed "Lloyds Bank Ltd."
Treasury notes should always be sent registered post. Advertisements,
together with remittance, should be sent to the Advertisement Manager,
PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS, George Newnes Ltd., Tower House,
Southampton Street, London, WC2, for insertion in the next available
issue.

SERVICE SHEETS TAPE RECORDERS, TAPES, ETC. EDUCATIONAL

GENUINE SERVICE SHEETS. Radio.'TV/T TAPE TO DISC RECORDING. lOin LB,
Recorders. S.A.K. with e!i<|iiiri<w; RED- 42 12iu LP- 48'-: 7in EL', 21-. S.A.E.,
WATT KLKCTIUUAL, 41, Denmark Street, Lwitlet, DliROV SOUND SKRV1CE, 52.
Wakefleld, 1'orks. Host Bank Lane, ilest Bank, Lancaster.
Tel.: 1115,2444.
SERVICE SHEETS, Radio, TV, etc.: List 1/-.
S.A.15. Enquiries: THLKAV, Maudland JOIN BRITAIN'S LARGEST, Friendliest Tape
Bank, Preston, Exchange: "WORLDWIDE TAPKTALK,"
The Gardens, Harrow, Middlesex. S.A.E. for
particulars.
STATE MODEL NO. Radio 2,'-. TV 2/6.
S.A.K. DAHWIX, 10, George Street, St.
Helens, Lanes, FOR QUALITY consult our sixty-page (photo-
graphically illustrated) latest Hi-Fi eiiulpment
catalogue (4,6d.). Unbiased advice, prefer-
SERVICE SHEETS for all makes of Radio and ential terms to members, Li'-s From your
TV 1925-1964. Prices from t/- with free precious tapes. AUDIO SUI'I'LY, 10 Clifford
fault-flnding guide. S.A.E. inquiries, Cata- Street, London W.l.
logue of 6,000 models. 1/6, Valves, modern and
obsolete.- Radio/TV lioobs. S.K-A. lists.
HAMILTON RADIO, Western Road, St. MISCELLANEOUS
Leonards, Sussex.
CONVERT ANY TV SET into an Oscilloscope.
SERVICE SHEETS Diagrams and Instructions, 12.'6. REDMOND,
4/- each, plus postage. 42, Dean Close, I'ortslnde, Sussex.
We have the largest display of Ser-
vice Sheets for a!! makes and types HAMMER FINISH PAINT. The modern
of Radios, Televisions, Tape Recor- finish for electronics. Can bo brushed or
sprayed. Blue or silver, 25oz tins 3/6,
ders, etc. in the country, and can 4 pint 7/6, 1 pint 15'-. I'ost Od. on any order.
supply by return of post. Trade supplied. F1NNIGAN SPECIALITY
To obtain the Service Sheet you PAINTS, (I'K), Mickley Square, Stocbsfleld,
Northumberland.
require, please complete the -at- i
tached coupon:
From: METAL WORK
Name: T level GCE passes in English Language,
CABINETS • CASES
Address: CHASSIS
Anything in metal. "One-offs"a pleasure
Send your drawing for quote ,
Stove enamelled in any professional finish
MOSS, WATSON
To: S.P. DISTRIBUTORS 40 Mount Pleasant Street, Oldham,
44 Old Bond St., London, W.I Lanes. MAIN 9400
Please supply Service Sheets for the
following: EDUCATIONAL
Make:
Model No.; Radio/TV B.8c.(ENG.), A-M.I.MECH.E., A-M.l.E.R.E.,
Make; City <t Guilds, etc., on "NO PASS—NO
Model No.: FEE" terms. Wide range of guaranteed
Radio/TV . Home Study
Courses in Electronics, Com-
Make: ; puters, Radio, T.V,, etc. 156-page Guide—
Model No FREE. Please state subject of Interest,
I also require list of Service Sheets BRITISH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY, 151 College House, Wright's
at 1/6. Lane, London, W.S.
I also require list of Manuals at 1/-
{please delete items not applicable) HOME STUDY COURSES in Practical Elec-
I enclose remittance of tronics, Free Brochure without obligation
MAIL ORDERS ONLY from: BRITISH NATIONAL RADIO
SCHOOL, Reading. Berks.
148
(continued)
STUDY RADIO, TELEVISION AND ELEC-
TRONICS with the world's largest homo
study organisation. I.E.K.E., City & Guilds,
R.T.B.B., etc. Also Practical Courses with
equipment. All books supplied. Write for
FREE Prospectus stating subject to l.C.S.
(Dept. 577), lutortcxt House, Parkgate Road,
London, d.W.ll.
A.M.I.MECH.E., A.M.I.E.R.E., City & Guilds,
G.C.E., etc., bring high pay and security.
"NO PASS—NO FEE" terma. Over 05%
successes. For details of Exams and courses
in ail branches of Engineering, Building,
Electronics, etc., write for 156-pnge Hand-
book—FREE. B.I.E.T., (Dept. 152), London,
W.8.
SITUATIONS VACANT
RADIO TECHNICIAN
A number of suilably qualified
candidates will be required for training,
leading to permanent and pensionable
employment. (Normally at Cheltenham but
with opportunities for service abroad or
appointment lo other U.K. stations).
Applicants must be 19 or over and be
familiar with the use of Test Gear and
have had Radio/Electronic workshop
experience. They must offer at least "O"
Maths and/or Physics, or hold the City
and Guilds Telecommunications Technician
Intermediate Certificate or equivalent
technical qualifications.
Pay according to age, e.g. at 19 £722,
at 25 £929 (highest pay on entry) rising
by four increments to £1,067.
Prospects of promotion to gfades in
salary range £997—£1,634.
Annual leave allowance of 3 weeks
3 days, rising to 4 weeks 2 days.
Normal Civil Service sick leave regulations
apply.
Apply
Recruitment Officer {RT/54)
Government Communication Headquarters
Oakley
Priors Road
Cheltenham
 Practical Electronics Classified Advertisements
TRANSFORMERS
■ROTARY TRANSFORMERS1
TV from
your OWN Sii-H
Car Battery
Famous DELCO
transforms 12
or 24v. supply
to mains Power
for TV, i' drills, eic. ONLY ycf
C.O.D. 2/6 extra. CARR. PAID.
SMALLER MODEL. 12/24v. OT/A
input, 110/251 tv, output O JERVIS & TOXGE LTD., Ringwood Road,
HOOVER ROTARY TRANSFORMERS.
6v. input, 250v. output. I2v. input, 490v.
output. 32 watts. Brand New
N«w but Store Soiled
REMOTE CONTROL RELAY. 12 ITfA
volts 40 amp. contacts. Each
INDOOR T.V. AERIALS. Single I C/_
Dipole extending to 5ft. Each ' "
VIBRATOR POWER-PAK. SteplZv.up
to MAINS output. For Universal AC/DC
razors, small fluorescent fittings, TT/A
radios, etc Only
LARGE ROTARY TRANSFORMER. 12V.
input, over 1,20ilv. output. New. /C
For experimental purposes
VOLTMETERS DC,
5' dia. 0-200 volt
3i* dia. 0-350, need shunt
Send NOIV—Delivery by Return
JAMES WALKER, fiKTRONKS division
35 AlexsndriSUetl, Ihurmailon, lEHcslef
WANTED
NEW VALVES WANTED
Any type, or quantity
CASH PAID
R.S.T. Valve Mail Order Co.
211A Streatham Road
Mitcham, Surrey
Telephone: MITCH AM 6202
FOR SALE
TRANSISTORS UNMARKED UNTESTED.
40 for 10/-, P. & P. t/-. 4 packets post free.
Relays, thousands of types, special catalogue
free. General Catalogue of Mechanical &
Electrical Gear, Tools, etc., 5,000 items, free.
K. li. WHISTOX (Dept. PET), New Mills,
Stockport,
RELAYS, EX-GOVERNMENT. £3 for 12, our
selection, post paid. WALTON'S WIRELESS
STORES, 15 Church Street, Wolvcrhampton.
VENNER TIME SWITCHES reconditioned,
14-day clock, once on, once off every 24 housa,
jewelled movement, fully guaranteed, 5 amp.,
32/6; 1 amp, 25/-. P. <fe P. 2/6. A. R.
BATCHELOR (P.E. Dept.), 4 Park Road,
Bromley, Kent.
6-T0N FACTORY CLEARANCE, Radio, TV
Electrical Components, in mixed parcels.
Example; 281b. mtsed parcel £1, pp 7/6d.
Speakers, grilles, valves, bases, l.f.s. covers
condensers, etc. Hundred other Items. S.A.B.
List and Postal Orders to P. XEWXON, 16
.Shalcross Crescent, Hatfletd, Herts,
CONTINUED
FOR SALE
{contmuedj
CONDENSER BARGAIN! Miniature paper
condensers, iin x |in. Ideal for transistor
sets. .0001, .001, .002, .005, .02, .Ol/if- Your
choice, 7/6d. per 100 or £3 pec 1,000. G. F.
MILWARD, 17 Peel Close, Dray ton Bftssett,
Staffs.
ARMATURE REWINDS. Hoover Junior Ex-
change Service. Models 375/119/1224, 32/6
Inc. post. Fields 16/-. Send for lists.
Brlmington, Chesterfield, Derbys. Tel. Chest.
75267.
25/-
2V-
RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS
TRANSISTORS! Give-away price. XKT124/5
Power Type. 6 for 10/-. 2S017 4W. up to
0 60mc/e, $/- each. Post free, O. F. MIL-
WARD, 17 Peel Close, Drayton Bassett,
Staffs.
RESISTORS! You can't resist this! fW,
50/- 1W, 2\V Polythene wrapped on cards of 10.
27/6 Mixed values and watt ages. £2/10/- per 1,000.
G. F- MILWARD, 17 Peel Close, Drayton
Bassett, Staffs.
A.I POST FREE BARGAINS. Guaranteed
reclaimed valves. Send for full list to:
Dept. MO/E, A.l RADIO COMPOXEXTS,
14, The Borough, Canterbury, Kent.
TESTED TRANSISTORS
All new, few equivalent.
OA202
I/- each, Red or White Spots.
2/- each, XAIOI. XAI02, XBI03,
OA90, OC430, XAII2. XAIII.
3/- each. OC44, OC45, OC70.
OC7I, OC8I, OC81D, OC200,
GET 16.
4/- each, AFII4. AF1I5. AF117.
OCI70, OCI7I, SX658, XU$II.
5/- each, OC72, OCJ39, OCI40,
OC204. ORP60, BY 100, GETS.
10/- each. OC3S, OC26, OC28,
GET57. 2SOI3. All new, few
equivalent.
ZENER DIODES 4.7 v. to 33
volt ^ watt, 3/6 each. 1.5 watt,
5/- each, 7 watt, 6/- each.
Send 3d. stamp for Full
Price List and Free Equiva-.
lent Chart.
B. W. CURSONS
78 BROAD STREET
CANTERBURY, KENT
RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS
fcontinuedj
R. &R. RADIO & TV SERVICE
44 Market Street, BACUP. Tel. 465
SALVAGE VALVES
6F13 4/6 10P14 5/- PL82- 3/6 20P4 6/6
6L18 4/6 SOPS 6/6 U801 7/6 30P16 6/-
EF80 1/6 30P4 7/- 10F1 1/6 PCCSl 4/-
ECC82 6F15 5/- 20F2 5/6 PCL83 5/-
ECL80 EB91 II- S0FH 5/- PY81 3/fl
31-
30F6 5/- EF85 B/- PY32 6/- U301 6/-
PL3$ 6/- EF37 6/- 6U4GT 10P13 5/6
PCF80 20P3 6/- 6F1 1/6 20DI 1/6
PL81 5/- 30PL1 61- ECC813/- 30P12 6/-
PZ30 5/- PL38 61- EY86 4/- PY82 4/-
U329 5/- PCL82 5/-
Post 6d. per valve. S or more post free.
Speakers ex T.V. 5 Inch round 3/0, 6 by 4 inch.
3/6, 8 inch round 6/-, post 2/-.
Ex T.V. printed circuit panels, containing
valve holders, resistors, condensers, etc., 5/6,
post 2/-.
Assorted mains droppers ex T.V, 2/8 each, 10 £1,
Pre-set controls £1 per doz. assorted values,
post 1/-. Resistors, New: J watt Sid., 1 watt
Bd., 2 watt 9d., all 10%. Silver mica, paper
and electrolytfcs lo stock. New Mullard
transistors and condensers also In stock.
8.A.E. with all enquiries. All goods subject
to satisfaction or money refunded.
TELEVISION TUBE SHOP
FOR
Unused, Guaranteed Tubes
OVER 2,000 IN STOCK
All prices from 50% to 75% of
List Price
All tubes tested before despatch
and Guaranteed for 12 months
CARRIAGE 10/-via B.R.S. or
15/- via passenger train
TERMS £2 down (plus
carriage) and £l-per month
See our odvertfsement in
PRACTICAL TELEVISION for exact
prices, or write for details
TEIEIION TUBE SHOP
48 BATTERSEA BRIDGE ROAD
LONDON, S.W.I I. BAT 6859
OPEN ALL WEEK AND SATS. UNTIL 4 p.m.
CONTINUED OVERLEAF
149
 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Key Switch, 3 position, centre off, 3 c/o +■ Centre
Galvanometer Zero
4 c/o, 6/- PARMEKO NEPTUNE TRANSFORMERS Scaled 20-0-20
Ferox Cubes LA 12, wound, 5/- 115 volt or mains Input. Output 450-0-450 2Iin. movement.
Panel Lamps, Min. LiUput screw, White at 260 mA; 275-0-275 at 45 mA; 132 volt 2'S mA. full3 scale
deflection. stud
Bezel, 3/- at 20 mA; 30 volt at 30 mA; 6-4 volt at switch controls
DLR5 Headphones, with plug and socket, 12/6 16 amp; 6-4 volt at 4-5 amp: 6-3 volt at O-IO. 0-100 ohms,
1-2 amp; 5 volt at 6 amp. These are oil O-lnf. Complete
Min. Liliput screw bulbs,'12 yolt, 1/6 filled, packed in own drum, 70/- each inwithcarrying case
High Speed Relay, c/o 1,000 + 1,000 ohm, 6/6 instructions,
45/-. Post
Spare meters 5/-.above. 10/-. P. J/o.
400 ohm P.O. Relay, IB, 5/-; IB 1M, 6/-
2,000 ohm P.O. Relay, 1M, 5/-; 1M IB. 6/-
PARMEK0 NEPTUNE CHOKES Oil. FILLED
10 henry at 260 mA, 22/-; 15 henry at 45 mA, RCAforCANADIAN No, 19 -
Transmitter/Re-
O.P.O. Hand Sets, with Press to Talk la 12/6; 5 henry at 20 mA, 6/6 ceiver
separata2-8 Manual Mc/s..
handle, 16/- tuning R.F. and
G.P-O. Jack Plug, with lead, 3/- Osc.,
motor alsooperatedpreset
Isolated Jack Socket, 2/6 PAPER BLOCK CONDENSERS ditto, 2S miniature
Breast Set Mike, with fittings, 6/- MFD Volte Price valves Including 2/915's. 12/24
w. d.c. operation. Unused con-
500 Micro Amp Meter and Meter Switch, 15/- wkg dition. Outside case storeManual soiled, £12/10/-.
Toggle Switch, SP on/off, 2/6 350 1/3 Carr. £2. English version. tuning only.
500 1/6 Complete station, £8/10/-. Carr. £2.
Push Button Switch, DP on/off, on when 600 2/- TELESCOPIC AERIAL MASTS.
stoel coppcrised, spray finish, ring earn locking Tubular
press only, 2/6 800 2/6 on each section providesalt forfixings
full or any
Power Supply and LP Amplifier, H/O 1, 16/- 1,200 4/-
5/- required. Suitable and height
base
for 2f/0 38 set 3,400 locations. Bottom section liin- diameter.
350 20ft.
SS/-. (4 section) Closed Sft; Sin. Weight I6lb.
6 core min. Cable, 3 amp screened PV0 700
1,000 WeightCarr.
20!b.5/r.75/-.
34ft.Carr,
(6 sectS/-.
ion) Closed
Further6ft. 61 n.
height
outer, 3/- yard; 12 core ditto, both fitted 400 *1- by adding 3-4 Whipsections,
Special price tor quantities. 13/6. Carr. 1/6,
with Plessey plugs and sockets, in 10 yard 600 CREED TELEPRINTERS. 7B Used condition.
lengths only 800 £12/10/-, Carr. 30/-.
B44 Mk. Mi. Dipole and rod aerials 30/- per
1,200 7/6 set.
Hew range of High Stability Resistors. 5% 2,000
400
8/-
5/6 plug,P. 15/6,
& P. S/-.
P. A Microphone
P. 2/-. Battery with connecting
input and
to 1%i t to 8 watt, send for full lists. 6/- phone
POWER plugs,
UNITS/- each, P. & P. 1/6. "C type
H0/230vA.C.input.
600 drop through Parmeko Transformer. 315-0-
Telescopic Drawer Slides, -17iin. to 29in., 10 250 *1- 3tSv, 6.3v output.Combined Double 4choke
12/6 pair 10
0-5
700
5,000 tap smoothing. valveand paper
including
2 2,000 14/6 4Z4 rectifier, 6B6 o.p. A.F. Amplifier. Self
Copper Laminate Board, single or double contained rack or table mounting. Fully fused.
sided, 6/- sq. ft,, or 3ft. by 4ft. panels, 33/- Indicator light. Mains
makers cartons. switch.S/-. Brand
6S/- Carr. newen-
(Quality in
quiries invited.)
ON ALL ORDERS UNDER 20/- PLEASE TRANSMITTER.
band I-7S-16 Me/s., 3 wave-
Jones Plugs and Sockets, 4-12-18-24-82 way,
5/- pair ADD 21- POST AND PACKING Used tuneable,
complete grid withmodulation
all valves,usingcircuit,
813.
Plessey Plugs and Sockets, 2-4-6-12-25 way, £7/10/-. Carriage 10/-, (Many other bargains.)
5/- pair A. J. THOMPSON,
"EilingLodge"Codieote,Hitchin, Herts,
31 way P.O. Cable, 2/- yard. Minimum 5 Phone: Cod/cote 242
yards.
Ever Ready Batteries, 90V + 7iY, 4/6 or
12 for 30/- SUPER BREAKDOWN UNIT
Mallory Mercury Cells, 6-75V, 3/6 PADGETTS RADIO STORES
8 Tag Panels, with 150 Resistors, Condensers, Remote Control Unit Type F. Hew in sealed OLD TOWN HALL, KNOWLER S0BE9. HUX, LIVESSEDGE,
Diodes, 10/- cartons, containing P.O. Relay 2,000 Ohms
2ft. 9in. Mobile Aerials, 6/6 Resistance, 100 volt Plessey Hand Generator, Telephone: Oleckheftton 2866
Telephone Ringing Bell A.C. 8 amp Morse Single Phase pulley,
230 V. 1400 r.p.m. J h.p, motor with pulley.
30 meg. Oscillator Unit, 3 valve tunable to Key on base, 2 D.P. D.T. Key Switches, 26/".
27 meg,, 12/6 Double Phone Jack, moulded, - 5 position nmchlne.LessCarr. 6/6.24/-, Fully guaranteed ex-washing
Parcel of ex-Government valves, 20 for 10/- 6 pole Yaxley Switch, Induction- Coil tapped One Sixth H.P, Motor IS/-, Poal ll/O. -
1-17-33 ohms, 7 Brass Screw Terminals on New Indicator Unit. C.K.T. 100. Complete with two
Small Component Boxes, 7 divisions, 60 for
12/6 Saneis, plus Resistors, Condensers, Pointer
mobs. All in a handy metal box with hinged valves. Relays removed, 67/- oc iMft valves 32/-- small
tubes, type VCRX39» and VCRX298 plus 21 carr.
Printed Circuit Preset Pots. 10K, 2/- lid and side fasteners. Also web carry strap. 10/-. Box«d
New Sorry Test
nodeSet, tails on10Otheonly.
unit. Type 350, coraplete
115 volt Western Electric Magslips, 50/- each Size I0iin.xl0in.x7in., 25/-, post free. Or with fneter and case. Ho details. 37/0. Poet 6/9-
Items may be purchased separately. Relay 5/-, New
New CondonSBr
l£in. SpeakerParcel. Mixed.In Iweeter.
with boilt Send 6/-. 15Post
or 3paid-
ohms.
230 volt BTH Magslips. 90/- each Hand Generator 7/6, Bell 5/-, Morse Key 4/6. 28/6. Postpaid. ,^ „
Electro Magnetic Counters, P.O. 4 digit, 4/6 Key Switches 5/- pair. Double Phone Jack P.M.
Mu Metal Screen for 5UP7 tubes, 6/6 2/6, Yaxley Switch 2/-, Ind Coil 2/-, Terminals
7 for 2/-, all post free. and Sin., 31-. Poet Si-, 6 tor.20/-, Poet paid.6 X 41n.
Swakert. all 3 ohm, ex-TV 8et«. 6in. round, Sin.
■30 + 30 pF Variable Condensers, 4/- round, $/-. Post 2/-. 7 x 4!n. 6/-. Poet 2/-.
VALVE LIST
i amp Fuses, 5/- per 100, IJin. X lln. Ex equipment.All 3Poet month> gnuenlee.
Mlc. Jacks, 3 for 3/- Also available Key Switches. 4 pole
2 throw 3/8 each or 3 position D.P. BL91 3/6 20P.H paid4/- PY80 PLsa
3/-
plus D.P. centre off 6/- or rotary switch ECL80 2/- aopx20P4 FL83 &
3/-
Small Instrument Cases, 5ia, x 5in. front, ECG82
EY81 3/-
28 30P4 Sh PL3S
C pole 3 way 3/-. BBF80 U80I
4/8 xresi PY81 H'
4iin. deep, with grey plastic front, 8/- EB9X 9d. PY82 H-
31-
each. Rack to house two of these, side EL38 5/ TJ232 I: PCFfiO 47-
by side, 7/6 EY85 8/6 U329 PCC84 4/-
Speakers, 3 ohm P.M. Sin. 5/-, 6in. 6/- EF9I 81. KT66 KT.IS I/: PCL8S
PCLS2
6/8
Transformer PL1101, output 7 volt at 4 amp, 7 x 4in. 7/-, Sin. $/-, lOin. 12/6. 6PI
8PI4 6V6GT t VR150/30 8/9
three times plus 7 volt at 125 mA, 18/- 6F15 GB8 1/6 IT4 1/9
BLIMO I 6K25 8/- 12AT7 ?/-
H.T. Transformers, 1,800 volt plus 1,800 volt U.K. OXLY 1I)C2 6P2a s/a 6CH5
6X4 1/8
3-
at 500 mA, and 600 volt plus 600 volt at 10PI I 6U4 PY33 B18
I'll AJtP12 3/8
500 mA, 60/- ifipia
J0P14 5/- PL33 1/6
20DI 4
2/- PL8I t 807 5/8
20L1 6/- PI.38 «/•
KFOO 11-,
6K8 1/9, dor. 6/-:
doz.tor18/-. 6K7 1/3. doz. 10/-; 6Vfi 1/9. doz. 18/-;
Send S-A-E- rare valve enquiry.
E. R. NICHOLLS Breaking
amp., up Mark
B/-. Post HI
1/D,Type 19 Set*. Meter,
Jack Mlfl mloro-
Doz. 10/-. Post paid. Jack Socket
1/S. Poet 1/-.6d.
PostToggle
6d.
Switch
Belay Metal
Typespare 6d.
30001/9. Post Bd.
Post 1/9. Doz. 10/-. Post paid.
Mail Order and Retail Shop: Any other send 2/-plus pet Doz. 20/-. Poat paid.
to cover.
TV Sets. 13 channels. Untested but complete, 141n.
46 LOWFIELD ROAD off SHAW HEATH 80/- 17in- 60/-.
owner'a riafe:. Carr. 10/-. Well packed but sent at
RwUimed Tnb«i Six roonthi gnarantee.
KullAfd and Mazda 17/-. Carr. 7/6. I7in. SO/-. Carr- 14m.
STOCKPORT, CHESHIRE 7/6.
150
 for the Finest Value and Service to the

LaskYs HOME CONSTRUCTOR AND

radio THE ELECTRONICS ENTHUSIAST

I We consider our eonsttnclion parcels to be the finest value on the home constroctor market. If on receipt jou feel not com- I
petent to build the act. you may return it as received within 7 days, when the sum paid will be re landed less postage.
TRANSISTOR PORTABLES CONSTRUCTORS BARGAINS
THE SKYROVER AND SKYROVER DE LUXE The " Sixteen " Multirange
LONG WAVEBAND COVERAGE IS NOW AVAILABLE FOR THE METER KIT
SKYROVER and SKYROVER DE LUXE. A simi'le nihllllnnnl clrcitil vrovMee
covengo of the llt»u/l£»50>1 band tmchiilhig I;"t)(f M. Light- prognimnu1). This la This
Ill I hooUtVlandlliR underI.asky'a
Jan. *04 Injiio. WHS featured
arc now by ableI'rmfhnl UVrafrs*.
to offer the com-
InAlliwl'lliion
necewoiryincoiiiixMieiils
all exialing Slcdiuin ami Short data.
with coimtmction w.iretmiuls.
Only lU/». ^ i extra Post _ i Free.
_ pie to kit. of pans as spcclllcd by the designer.
This
beenconversion
constructed.is suitable for Skyrover and Skyrover De Luxe receivers that have already RANGE SPECIFICATION:
B.C. volts: (u2.5.25-.'i(|.25(1-5(1(1 at 211,(11111 Q/V.
A.U. volts; U-aS-Wl-aatl-.TdU at I,<miiiI2/V.
~GENERAL
transistor
bam!
SPECIHCATrOK
|Hir(al>loplus 2 (Hixlo supcrhi!, ti wnvn-
receiver.
1current: O-Sn/iA, (i-2.0-ni)-23(l
Kfsistancc: «.2(i|K4I, tl-2IIMkS2. ii-2(( MlJ.
mA.
The SKYROVER and SKYROVER r»5 Knsle
full scale ilclk-ction current is aiifiA.coll. Wilh tmiversal shunt
imiviimcut: 4(i(iA f.s.d. moving
LUXEShort coverWavulmmt
the flit] HI-MIM,
Mnlillm nidi
Wuvetmnd ttlzc/llnlsh:
ami
separate
iiIko 4 Coulvuls: 12Black plastic
iHisllinn ease—32
range switch:x separate
oj x IJin. slide switch for
l.'tkl, IUM, suit
mi ehamift I 2S.M.
bauit-spreiul riuiuce,
with llaml Spread A.U, volts—o.t;. chms: ohms
meter zero. EMennil conneclluns: Two zero adjnslnicnt
4 nun. jmt. meter;
sockets H.P. Terms: -21/.
for deposit ando! 521/-.
monthly
Tuning for accurate Hlatloa Bclectlon. test lead plugs. payments
The coll tucsemhletl,
factory pack nml timing wiredheart
and Istesled.
completely
The Jhira and eircnitavaU-
Power ritrpiirelllvlits: One 13v. and
with all parts and full constructiou details. one ].5v, batls. Complete able separately, 2/l>:
reiiiaining
under thn e liuurx from our easy to follow,in
nsselribly can be I'oaiptetcil refunded if all
stage by stage instruct ions. LASKY'S PRICE £5.19.6 v..vp.5/.. hought. Pairparts
of
SPECIFICATION: batteries 2/- extra.
The SKYROVER s>i|»-riu-.t. 4711 Kc/a.
Controls: Wnvcbiiiu! Sfclcctor, Vuttllnu
Control with oii/t»lT Switch.Tmmig ('ou- Ceramic and DkkIi'. Uses All 4 - UMullnril Traiwlslors
2 batteries, bin. BUILD A HIGH QUALITY TAPE RECORDER
iroJ. la pbistiocahinot.sizelftv III ;< ill in. read lljulMagnet Beale. I'.-M.
Itand Slwitker.
Spread Easy
Tiitdng-to Using the famous assembterf Collaro
amplifiers "STUDIO"2- or 4-trackdeckmodels.
and MARTIN pre-
with motiil trim ami corryiuji hamlJc- fuut M\V Oulpni. Telescopic Aerial and
Can now ^ ft i Q fi
be built lor I UmM ny. cxir^. Penile WAVEBAND
Koti Aerial. COLLARO STUDIO TAPE DECK.
Lulext model 3 speed. 3 iiiulors. Take Tin. reels. Filled with half-track heads.
H.P. Terms; £1 deposit and II4M ami ItamlCOVERSpreadAGE: on 13,ISO-SUTJl;
Id, I'd and 31.35 LASKY'S FRIGE £10/10/-. - Xew ami Unused. Carr. A Pack. 7/*i.
11 monthly payments of 16,6. metre Hands. COLLARO STUDIO TAPE DECK. As above but fitted with the latest
TK/v oirvoy-it/tro r»„ i Tiinc
ID© OlVYROVcK D© LUX© a rate Tune Con trol in addli [on to C' i rmiL is inenrpotntv*), with sep-qnarUT-track heads. LASKY'S PRICE £13/19/0. Carr. ft Pack. 7/6.
Volume Control. Tuning Control ami Waveband ScUxtor. in a wood cabinet, size MARTIN TAPE RECORDER AMPS. Dewgncd fornse with Collaro
II1 115 xaerial
Bill, eovcreil withml.a washable nuterial, with plastic trim and carrying handle. Studio Tlipe Deck. In ■mb-ussclublies for immediate iustallatiou. 6-raIvecircuit. Cnm-
Also cur socket lilt jireheiielvc Imdriicllunu make llioil assembly an simple as possible. Everything supplied
fnebidlng
20*1-200 v,valves, etc. HonUorlng facilities. 3-ohm output, spcetl equalising, etc. For
A.C. nmina.
XTfor <£10.19.6 i/.tcL.
H.P. Terms: 25;- deposit and 11 monthly payments of 20/-. PRICES 5-lruck Model £11/11/-. i-track Mtulel £12/12/-. T. & T. 2/5.
Data for each receiver; 2/6 extra. Kefimded if you purchase the parcel. Font 02 TaiH! I'urlahlc carrying case designed to lake the Colfani siiulio Tape Deck and the Martin
bntleries 3/4 extra. All ctliulninenls available separately. i'. w !■.Ampliller.
n/-, Fitted with 9 x Sin. speaker. I'rice complete with speaker £5/5/-. ''
REALISTIC SEVEN SPECIAL INTEREST ITEMS1
Fully tuiviMi: lone ami liieolxnm liamly. Uses 7 31utl:*rd
Transjslort: plus DioJe 0A7CJ.
STAR fiuitures: VIKING " SOUND 30" AMPLIFIER
• 7 Tmuslstor
high Suiicrhet.
llux spvakfr. # All•cuiuiiotHiiln
:in« oiitputon4m.a
»n<»iirite<l I High qnnlity guitar nod P.A- nmpiitier. A.C.
aiugln prinliil cfrculi bmirtl. size y'in. < ySin. in one 1 JIaius oprraled—30 watt output. 3 inputs. Fil-
ctmijikle assembly.
Tin. v: ll'in.#'cSlin.,
TJii^ticincabinet, with cany ins |lled
also with 4 scjiarale
bass and volume coutruls
treble controls. 15 ohmsforout.mixing
imperg '
hamUii. size blou/grey.
toreatl dial. # External socket iorciir acruaI. # i.F.«
# Ensy dance. Britiah made—.highest tpialitycomponentsc-tsIf ^1#
frouuency 4711 Kc/s. • Korrile r.nl inlcmal aerial. r . . .. , | used throughout—fully guaranteed. In strong .
• Operates from fi'P or similar ball. • Foil com- portable case, size approx. 20 x !> x Gin. f
prtrhensiTC supplied with each Kccetvcr.
coils and I.F.s etc., fully wound ready ior iniunsduitv • All ®^ ^ fi LASKY'S PRICE 35 GNS. Carr. ft Pack. 7/11 extra.
assembly. An ouistafidiug Receiver. P. A X*. 4/C. NEW! ANOTHER SINCLAIR SUPER MINIATURE
r r
REALISTIC SEVEN De Luxe !!;ke TX TlhcV®' only THE X 10(orloanwatt powerof 10amplifier fitted with integrated
Frequency pre-ainplitler.
response is flat j Requires
known Heallnt icASeven
ntodel—PLUS now available.
SUl'EKIOR WOOD With
CABINET the eaineelcclrlcnlepecilleiit
IS COSTEMl'OKARY Standard fi c}».1 mV.
Ion asSTYLING uuiimt watlsnndistortcd.
to 2(1 kc/s. Size only fix 3x Jin, Weight S oz. Built on. printed circuit.
dBIrom
covered in attractive wnebnhlc material, with snpcr-uhrolnc trim and carry'lug handle. Operabw from 12 v. D.C. at 75 mA. rnuesecnl. Circuit KIT X* C d Q 41 Post
Alan a fullONLY
styling. vision£1circular
EXTRA dial, externally mounted to further enhance the pleasant uses 7.M.A.T.a and 4 KF power transistors. PRICE SaU. I 3.U Free
AVAaABLE READY BUILT, TESTED AND GUARANTEED, £8.19.6 Post Free. 3
Both models: Battery 3/9 extra. <All components nvullublc separately.) Data tind pots, fur volume, JJiiks and Treble, 7/6 (he 3 extra. Mains power pack if required, 54/-,
instructions separately 2/6, refunded if you purchase parcel.
DEAC RECHARGEABLE NICKEL CADMIUM CELLS
SINCLAIR TWO SINCLAIR SUPER MINIATURES Rilling 1.22 v. 3.5 A.H. ill 1*1 hourrate. 1,001 uses for mode! makers,
MICRO"® THE M1CRO-6 Self-contidncd pocket radio, flizti only DEAC nilulatnre
T.V'h. tapeelectronic eiptlpmeot,photo
rccs.. trnnseclvera, portable radios,Hermetically
Hash, etc. transistor scaled.
radius,
1iiniazinc
4/5 x I 3/10 x Shu A marvd of nnxlcrn iiilnhvturiHiittim—1 mly Size Gj all r< 1 jjin. Listed at 3a/-each.
performance. AVUhont «. doubt the iiiobI ndrnucnl LASKY'S PRICE 15/- each. POST FREE. BASK of 9, 79/8.
transistor circuit ever offered to home const rue tor»—yet limy be
built in andata.
slrucllon evening.
Can beComplete with earphonu
tmiU for only j-a 'c Allandpartn^oUl
OctiilU'd con- ^KE^TLA^^Ovir^OWEW^RACK^^" "!
Mercury cell 1/11 extra (2 require!). ^ sciNintlcly. Battery eliminator
radio to A.C, mains.forReplaces
portable41radios,
v., 6 v.etc.andConverts
9 v. batte.yourSize
battery
only /(
Sin. x 2m. X 21iu. State voltage required when ordering. (
THE SLI M LINE The new amazing performance 2-(ninsistur pocket radio size LASKY'S PRICE 29/6 p. A r. (
only 2 Jin. x 15 x I fin. Jliuro alloy transtatmjseil ami ,n >c Ail itnmponcnts av-
printetl circuit. Easy to assemble. CAN BE BOILT FOR o nllnblu separately. ALL-BRAND NEW
TRANSFILTERS By BRUSH CRYSTAL CO. Available Itom stock. TRANSISTORS AND GUARANTEED
TO—Oil! 4*13 kc/s. ± 2 kc/s. " I TO—021)470 kc/s. ± 1 kc/s. c 'g EACM CtET OC 7u,81.GOtJHT
70, «S,
OC OUT(match
81 85 2/6;ladr837.4.
10/6); 8741'
AF 3/6; QC4S.OCOC71,
117, 5/8; 7S, OCOC81D 4/8;SOU
I'D. OU OQ8/6;
44.
TO—OID 470 kc/s. +: 2 kc/s. TP—OIM 463 kc/s. ± a ke/s, " ®
TO—02B 4U5 kc/s. ± 1 ke/s. 1 TF—OlD 470 ko/i. 4- 2 kc/s. P, & P. 6®. OC 23. OU 42, OU 43, OU 73. OU 3214 7/6; OU 3UI. OC 204 15/-; OC 205, OC 206 19/6;
OC 23 24/6.
207 EDGWARE ROAD. LONDON, W.2. 33 TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, W.T. 152;3 FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.C.4.
Near Praed St. PADDINGTON 3271/2 Nearest Stn-, Goodge St. MUSEUM 260S Telephone: Fleec Street 2833
BO Til OP EX AIL DA T A'.-l T. Eartg Closing Th u .Waff Orrfera (« Ifejd. /'.tl*., 207 Edg'rare Hi., lf.2. OPKX A LL DA Y TUUP.SDA F. Early Clotlng Sat. J

LASKY'S FOR SPEEDY MAIL ORDER SERVICE

151
TYOAK FRET (Con(cm. pal.), 12 X 12m. MULLARD "3-3 HI-FI AMPLIFIER TRANSISTOR COMPONENTS
2,'-: 12 x l-Hin.3/-:
EXPANDED 12 x 24in.
ANODISED 4/-, etc.
UETAL—Attrac- Midget I-F-'s—105 Kc/s-feta. dlara S/3
tive gilt llnish } In. x 5 tn. Jininond mesh 3 VALVES 3 WATT One.
Midget CoilDriver
M. A Trans.
LAV. 3.5:1 5/9
6/9
4/6
4ii. »<|y. .3ft..
ft. MnKiplcs
plusofcan.
47/6,COPPER 6 In. cut. Sins, size 3 ohm and IS ohm Outpnt. A Midget Output Trans. Push-Pull—
ENAMELLED WIRE—lib. reels 3 ohms 6/9
really first-class Amplifier giving Elect. Condensers—Midget Type 1 nifd.-S0
SBg-Mg, 4/3; 39g-40g. 4/6,8/-:
lJg-2Mg. 2/6; 22g-2JiR. etc. IWg-Wg, Sl»; Hj-F! quality at a reasonable cost. uifd-ea. 1/9.1110 tnfd.2/-, 12V.
Condensers 150 t. working: .01 infd., .02
Mullard'a latest circuit: Valve mid..
line-up: EF8G, ELS4, EZS1. .1 mfd.,.031I-:rofd., .04 1/3;
.25 rofd., mid..5 mfd..
3d.: 1/6.
.05 etc.mfd.,
Volume Controls—UK-2 Sleg. ohms. Sin. Extra K.T. and L.T. nvallable for Midget Toning Condensers. J.B-
1>P and UGpF, 8/8: ditto with trimmers, 919."OO" 208
Spindles. Slorganile
Ouar. I year. LOO orMidget Typeless
LIN ratios 1 Jin.8w.<liam.
8/-. Tuner Unit addition. This is tho J.ii. 22(»pP and I05pF cone, slow motion
DP. 8w.Specials
HB. Turn Stereo less Sw. 8/6. DP. Ideal companion Amplifier for FJI 10/6. .TiSpP single 7/8.
Sw. 8/-. to order. inner units,
SPECIAL BARGAIN TECHNICAL Condensers—Silver Sllca. Cerarolos
All values9d-2pFTub. to
i Meg. VOL. Controls DP. Sw. 4"flatted Tone controls, SPECIFICATION—Prcq.
tnnx. treble out l2dB at 10Response:
kc/a. Mar. ±ldB. 40 c/s-35
Bass Boost ko/s.
I4dB at l.OtiOiiF,
450V T.C.C5-
Bd.each. Dittos
etc. O.Otll roFdI/-,to0.25 0-01Hunt,
and
spindle. Famous M(r». 4 for 10/-, post free. SOc/ssensUivity: lOpMV for 3W output. Output Power (at 400 c/s); 3W 0.1/330V. 9d.0.02-0.1/iM10V..
st 1% total hnctaonio distortion. Hum and Noise Level: At Least 70dB 1(0. OA T.C.C.apP-SOOpF,
1/9. elc.,8d.etc.COO-5,OOOpF,
Close Tot.
below 31V, S-'Micas—10%
BQNDACODST Speaker Catinst Acoostio COMPLETE KIT (Incl. valves, all Bronze Escutcheon Panel, Printed 1/-. 1% 2pF-tnOpF. 9d. KltlpF-fiOOpF, Ud.
Wadding (tin. thick npprox.) 12ln. wide, any components, wiring diagram and Vol., Treble, Bass, On-Off, supplied 576pF-5,«UflpP, 1/6, Resistors—Full Range
special with each kit. Speakers—R. Allen
length
WIRE.cut.lll-22g.
1/6 ft.,2/8
4/- yd,
lib. TIKKED
ERSIN COPPER
MCLTI- Trans.) auatity
BARGAIN sectional
PRICE Output
£6.19.8 Recommended
12'* with tweeter 42/6, WBHF16-12
to ohms-lO meg. ohms 20%
JW, fid. (Midget type modem rating) 1 and iW, 3d.,
COEE SOLDER. 00/48 4d. per yard. earr. 4/0. Conplete wired
tested, 8 gns. Wired power O/P and £4.7.6, Coodirans Axictte £5.5.0, 1\V, 84..2W. 9d. Hi-Slab. S% JW, iW. 84,
Cartons 2.'8, etc. socket and additional smooihing for Axiom 10 £8.5.0, Audtosn SI (100 ohuis-1 meg). Oiher values 9d. 1% JW,
Toner Unit, 10/6 extra. £8.10.0. Can*, extra. 1/8, etc., etc. '
Reduced RECORDING TAPE TRIMMERS,
New VALVES
Boxed Bargain Prices Famous American Columbia (CBS) Premier qnality tape at NEW REDUCED 30pF. 80pF, Ceramic
70pF, 94.;(Compression
lOflpF, 160pF. Type)—•
i/3;
EC083 7/- PCOS-I
,
EOL83 10/- IFCL83
91-
CF«<1 91- PRICES. A gennine recommended Quality Tape—TRY IT. Brand new, boxed 25UpF. PHILIPS.
1/6; SOOpF, 1/9,
Bee Hive Type (conc. air spaced)
6/- ECL80 »/- 10/B and fully guaranteed. Fitted with leader and stop foils. —2.8rF,I/-:3-«0pF.I/-.
EFSd 7/6 rCL84 10/-
PL8I
Standard13/- 1,200*
6' 600' Double Play
SI/6 900' Long Play17/8 SPECIAL
tape ISO', OFFER
8/9; 3'3*L.P. 225% KNOBS—Modem
Message or Ivory wilh ColdContinental types.fld.Brown
Ring; 1" dla., each:
EF8G
DAFSfl «/- KUU PLSS 9/8 9/- 51*900' 18/- 1.800* 37/6 1.200'
7" 1,200* 21/- 2,400* 47/6 1,800' 28/8 TAPE 19/8 4/9; 3* D.P.
P. per reel 6d. 300'. 6/6. I*. 4; Cenlrc, 1' dla., X0d. each; IJ". wilh
If", 1/- each: Brown or Ivory Gold
1/3 each.
EYSl 91- I'LSS
PY32 10/8 8/- REELS Mnfrs. surplus LARGE SELECTION AVAILABLE.
DK98 8/- EY86
DL9R »/- REfll 11-»/- I'YSt 8/- 7*. 2/8: Si*. 2/-; 5*. 2/-; 3', METAL RECTXPIEKS. STC Types—EMT,
0232 H/rt Post & Packnge per reel, I/- plus 6d. each for 1/3: Plasllcs spool containers, 4/9; RMS. 5/B; RMS, 7/6] RM4, 18/-*. RMS,
ECC82 7/- EM84 8/6 U25 10/8 additional reels. 5", 1/9: SJ", 2/-; 7*. 2/3, 81/-; RM4B. 17/6.
Speakers P.M.—3 ohms 2}" B.MJ- 16/8. Goodmans 3J' TUB-ELECTROIYTICS-CAN
16/8. 5* Kola 15/6. 6* Elac 16/8. 7* x 4" Goodmans 25/25V. I00/125V.50/12v.
2/-: 321/9:+8 +32/275v.
8,'4S0». 4/6;
4/6; 50/50*.
8/450v.
CO-AX 80 ohm CABLE 15/8. 8* Rota 19/6. 10* R. x A, £6/-.
9 X 6* Goodmans 22/8. E.M.X. Tweeter 22/6. 4(3507.
High grade !o«-dium. loss Strauded-Cond.
Cellular Air Spaced Jack Pings. Standard 24* Igranlo Type, 2/8. 5/6; 60,'2/3; B0.'50/350v.
250/2757. 12/8; 326/6;+ 1632/4507
+ 18/4507.
. 6/6.
Polythene—lin. Screened ditto, 3/3, Miniature scr. IJ*, 2/3, 100 + 260/2767. 12/6,
Now only 6d. yard Sub-mln. 1/3.
BARQAIN PRICES—SPECIAL LENGTHS RADIO COMPONENT SPECIALISTS
20 yds,17/8;
40 yds. 9/-: P.P. AA P,P.2/-.
1'5.Sockets
Coax.1/-;
Plugs 1/-;
60 yds. 70 Brigstock Rd., Thornton Heath, Surrey. /Toare; 9 a.«t.-6 p.m., 1 p.m.. Wed. » m.
25/-; !'• A I'. 3/-. Couplers 1/3, Eat. THO 2168. Termt C.IV.O, or C.O.O. Post and Packing up to J lb. 9d.; 1 ii. 1/3; 3 (b.
1049 2/3; 5 lb. 2/9; 816. 3/8.

GUITAR AMPLIFIERS PARKER'S SHEET METAL FOLDING MACHINES

WITH TREMOLO
Five jack socket
iuptits,' four with
separate mixing
votumc controls, and
one input "straight
through". All inputs
are o£ very high
sensitivity only 10
millivolts input is
requited for full out-
put. making them
suitable for nil types
of guitars and micro-
]>l loties. Separata
Iliiss and Treble con-
trols, giving n wide
nusgo of lift and cut.
Separate muster gain
control. Tremolo
speed and depth
controls. Jack
socket tor remote
tremolo switching.
used in the tremolo circuit. The chassis is complete with oascpinte ana
Is solidly made of 18 gauge steel, linished silver grey hammer.
Size 12 N 8 X 6! Snclies high.
PRICES—
50 watt with tremolo
50 watt less tremolo
30 watt with tremolo
30 watt less tremolo
1-5 watt with tremolo
15 watt less tremolo
Add carriage 10/- any ampUBer, Send for free descriptive leaflet.
STROUD AUDIO
PACANHHX LANE, STROUD, GLOS.
NEW BENCH AIOOEL
Capacity 3Sin. wide x IS-gauge
mild steel. Forms channels and
angles down to 45 deg., which
can be flattened to give safe edge.
Depth of fold according to height
of bench. Will form flanges.
Weight approx. 2 cwt.
Price £23/0/0, carr. free. Also the well-known vice models of;
36in, * 18-gauge capacity ... £11 10 0 ' Carriage
24in. x 18-gauge capacity ... £6 15 O free
IBin. x 16-gaugc capacity ... £6 IS 0 ,
One year's guarantee : money refunded without question if not satis-
fled. Send for details:
A. B. PARKER, Wheatcroft Works
WELUNGTON STREET, BATLEY,-YORKS. Tel. 426
HIGH QUALITY TAPE AMPLIFIER KIT
Suitable for use with tape decks having
a high Impedance record head and a
low impedance erase head. Magic eye
recording level. 3 ohm 4 watt output.
,£80.10.0 2 inputs with tone control. Provision
£19,10.0 for monitoring. Simple point to point
£15,10.0 wiring Instructions. This tape amplifier
£14.10.0
£18.10.0 is also available completety built and
£11.10.0 tested. Ideal for use with Cotlaro Kit Price E/.tO.O
and B.S.R.. decks. Ready 8mlt E9.17.6
p & p 3/4
Stroud 733 ELECTR0SURE LTD., Fore Street, Exeter

152
 CLEAR NEW LAFAYETTE FIELD TELEPHONES "F"
PLA STIC COMMUNICATION RECEIVER 2 line conneetion, generator bell ringing.
PANEL Complete
folly tested telephone Intercom.
complete Supplied
with batteries,
METERS Q MODELHA 14/19/6 per pair. Carr. 6/-.
o1?; £27.10.0.^
Pirst grade qoa!-
Ity. Moving CkiU # 7 valves plus mecat' rectifiers # 4 TE-20A R.F. SIGNAL
panel ' ■ joetert, jO'OQOCC) bands covering SSO kc/s.-3l mc/s. # GENERATOR
available ex- Illuminated "S" Meter # 1.5 Microvolt A pYedsloo signal generator of extremely
stock. 8.A,E.
lUoatrated for
leaflet. Sensitivity 0 Electrical bandjpread 0 high sccuracy and quality. Six ranges
Discounts for Aerial trimmer 0 Noise limiter 0 B.F.O. 0 R.F. stage 0 Big slide from I20kc/8tol30
with calibrated Mc/s. on
harmontcs londamental*
from 120 to 390
qunntlly- AvaiUhle follows: rule dial 0 Output or headphones or 4/a£2 speaker 0 Modern steel mc/s. 400 cps. INT. MOD. OB EXT.
Type MR. 8SP. 1 Sl/3£in. sfa»« boats. cabinet site I3in. x 7 4/5in. x lOin. 0 Operation 220/240 volt A.C. MOD. OUTPUTS, MOD R.F. UNMO0,
60MA
lOOfjA 32/8fl 1A
29,' D.C 22/8
6AD.C..... 22/6 S.A.E. for Full Details. Matching Speaker'in Cabinet S5/-, R.F. OR 400mv.c/s Large
audio elear
R.F.5-inch
outputdial.
in
SOOjaA ...... 27/6 3V O-O. .... 22/8 FULL RANGE OF OTHER LAFAYETTE RECEIVERS IN STOCK excess of 100
OflOpA 26/- lOVD.a .. 22/6 Handsome gray metal case with handle.
WHI-MMA 20V D.C. .. 22/8 Size 7fln,xl0iin.x41in. Complete with
100-0-XOOuA, ..28
. 27.'68 60VD.C.... 22/6 MODEL HE-40.4 Bands, 550 kc/s to 30 Mc/s. £19.19.0 « Carr, 10/-
MODEL HE-30. 9 Valves.4Bands, 550 kc/s tor»QC fl A ^
leads. Operation 220/240 volts A.C. Sup-
plied brand new and guaranteed. 412/19/8.
600-0-500uA . 22.6 100VB.C. D.C. ... 22/6 30 Mc/s. 3JOO. U.U. Carr. 10/- Carr. 6/-.
1-0-lmA 22/6 160V 300V D.C. . 82/6
82/6
1mA 22,8 MOV D.C. . 82/8 Each receiver supplied brand new and fully guaranteed complete with
2raA
6mA 22/6
22 6 760V D-C.... 82/6 manual, All models for operation on 220/240 volt A.C. S.A.E. for MARCONI TF S44G/4 STAN-
10mA 22,'fl 15V A.C. 88/8 illustrated leaflet. Generous part exchange allowances. DARD SIGN ALCENERATORS
SOmA 22/6 60V 130V A.C.
A.C. ... 82/6
22,6 First release of thisOutput
late mark. 85 iroiakc/s
100mA 22/6 to
150mA
200mA
22;8 800V
22,8 500V
A.C. . 82/8
A.G. . 28/6
MODEL DA-I TS-76 20,000 O.P.V. PUSH IfiV.25 Mc/s,±l%.
to 1 volt. Internalvariablesine wave,
300mA 22/8 "8" Meter TRANSISTORISED FULLY BUTTON MULTI-TESTER modulation 400 c/svolt
up A.C.
to 76% depth.
60flmA 22/8 ImA.... AUTOMATIC ELECTRONIC Large clear plastle Operation 200/230 Offered in
750mA 22/6 KEYER scale, simple opera- really
tested excellent condition,£26.
and guaranteed, like Cair.
new. fully
BO/-'
Type HR.sap. 231n. saaaro boats. 230V. A.C. or tion,
to D.C. volts up
SOuA 57/8 82/6 Battery oper- volts up to 1,000A.C,
1.000 v. v.
IOOUA 47;B!I JOOmA
1A D.C. ... 32/8 32/6
ated.
poralea Incor-
built-in Resistance up to
10 megohm. Current
- SILICON RECTIFIERS
280 V. P.I.V. 750mA- 3/-
600uA 37,6 300V
50-0-MftA ... 67(6 SOOVA.C. . 32/6D.C. . monitor oscil- up to 250 tnA. 400 V. P.LV. 3 amp.- 7/8
lOO-O-lOO/iA . 47(61 "8"Meter lator, speaker and keying lever. Fully Decibels —20 to 200 v. P.I.V. 6 amp 6/8
1mA 82/81 adjustable speeds giving either auto., semi + 36 db. Sire 1,000 V. P.X.V. 650 mA 7/9
lOmA 32/6 Itn A .... auto, or hold, 7 transistors, 4 diodes.
418/10/-. P. 4 P. 4/6. Bin. Complete
211n. .x d-Aln.withx 800
400 V.v. P.I.V. 600mA.
P.LY. SOOmA 5/8
3/6
Type MB.eSF 21 x Situ, boats leads, batteries and 200 V. P.I.V. 200 mA. ?/-
MuA 59/9 lOmA 1mA....... 36,'- Ml NIFLu X i-TRACK TAPE Instructions. 95 V. P.I.V. S amp. 6/6
100MA 49/8 lOOraA 36/-
35/- HEADS Bet of three, record, pjayhack, Only «;6;o. 70 v. P.LV. 1 amp. 3/8
SOOlsA ........ 39/8 erase. Only 28/6 set, P. P. 9d. 150 v. P.I.Y.
50-0-50//A ... 69,6 1A D-C
lOO-O-lOOuA.. 300V D.C. .. 36/-
35/- P. 4 P. 2/-. Dlscouots for ISfimA
quantities. 1 Fosl extra. 1/-
VU meter.... 49/8
69/6 300V A.C. .. 85/- PROFESSIONAL 4-TRACK
Type MH-85P 4iln. x FRONTS STEREO RECORD AND MINE DETECTOR No. 4A
50/iA
IQO/iA ., 89/6
69/8 1mA ....... 46/-
10mA...... 48/- Will delect all types of metals. Fully
200/iA 65/- 50mA 45/- PLAYBACK TAPE DECK portable. Complete with Instructions.
600MA 49/6 100mA 45/- Complete with 4 valre/4 transistor 89/8. Carr. 10/-. Battery 8/6 extra.
BO-O-MMA ... 89/8 16 nrop D.C... 46/- preampUfler. Will record and playback i NEW LOW IMPEDANCE
100-0-100/iA . 69/8 amp D.C., , 45/- track stereo
IPS. Twin or i track
meter level mono >1 7J digital
ludloators, or 3}
600^-600uA . 49/6 300 V A.C...' 46/- counter. Mlo/giam/tnnet Inputs. Audio HEADSET
1-0-lmA 45/- 300V D.a .. 46/- ontpnt 600 MW. Bias and Erase 80 Ko. Latest Military type. Rubber moulded
P08T EXTRA Response 40-18,000 CPS at 71: 40-12,000 fitted
boxed, 17/8. P. 4jack
with std. plug. Brand new
P. 1/8.
BAKELITE CPS at 3{ IPS, Motor 4 pole H.D. Induction,
PANEL Tape slie up to 7 in. 220('240v A.C. Size
METERS 16" x 101* x 6|'. Line up; 4 x 28EI73, MOVING COIL PHONES
First grade quality a X 12AT7, 1 X 12 A07, 1 x 12 BET. Chamois padded ear muffs, with Jack
SSln. square Ironte, SJLE. FOB FULL DETAILS PEXCB 42 GNS. CAEB. 16/-, plug. New boxed, 22,'6. P.P. 1/6. Ditto
with moving coll microphone 85/-.
emA
10mA........ 29/8 29/8 P.P. 8/0.
60mA 29/8 AR.M L.F. RECEIVERS ERSKINE TYPE (3 DOUBLE
H 100mA 29/8 BEAM OSCILLOSCOPE AUTO TRANSFORMERS
J 1A D.C. ... 89/8 New release. 75-560 Ko/s and 1,C-30J! Time base 2 c/s-760 kc/s. Calibrators at Step up or step
26f»A 65/- 6AlA D.C, ... 298
A.C. 89/8
Mc/s on 6 bands, 110/230 V. A.C. 100 kc/s and 1 Mo/a. Separate Y1 and Y2
ampllflersvoltup A.O.
to 6.6Supplied
Mc/s. InOperation 2S0;26OV, 20W.down.
8/-; Tapped 0/115/200/
60W, 12/6; 751V.
80/iA 42/6 •5AA,C. operation. Available in excellent con- 110/230 perfect 15/8: 1MW. 18/8; 200W. 27/6; 300W.
IOOJSA
SOO/iA ....... 89/8
36/- ••30A A.C. .
•10A A.C. dition, fully tested and checked. 135
each. Carr. 80/-. A few AR.80D model
working order. 127/10/-. Carriage 20/-. 42/6; 500W. 87/6:1,000W. 90/-; 1.500W,
46/19/0; S.tlOOW.* £7/10/-; 7,60OW.• *15.
89/8 DOUBLE (•Only tapped 0/U0/230V.) Post extra.
6O-0-B0,iA ... 42/6 •60A A.C. 29/8
lOO-O-lOtyiA . 39/8 SOOVD.Ow 89/6 receivers available In as new condition.
185 each. Carr, 30/-. P.P. 4/6.BEAM 0,R,T.i.KlOolPl.
Dumoot Cossor 89D. 69/8.
69/8.
60mv 39/8 P.P. 4/6. LAYFAYETTE HI-FI
lOOmv. ...... 39/8 •300V A.C. ... 38
SOOV A.C. -0/8/- STEREO HEADPHONES
1mA 29/8 VU Meter
•Moving Iron, all others moving coll .. 49/8 •fr Air cushioned
POST EXTRA. MULTI-METERS headbud * Soft
rubber ear response,
Frequenoy pmi, ir
Brand New—Fully Guaranteed -Loweii ever pricM 25 to 15,000 cycles,
Cab In " 8 " anitg. ImA"S"
ILLUMINATED haste.METERS
12l(321n. Supplied with leads, batteries, imtrnctioni qr Hi ah sensitiTity.
Impedance 8 ohms
sq. front 89/8. P. 4 P. 1/-. Ditto, MODEL PT-34. 1,000 O.P.V. 0/10/60/280/600/1,000
SAln- »q. front,39/8. P. 4 P. i/-. D.C. 0/1/100/500 MA. D.C. OAOOkfl. 39,8. P. 4 v.P.A.C.
1/8. and per
pliedphone.
oomptele Sup-
with
SEMI-AUTOMATIC BUG MODEL 500. all cables, wires,
Bttper speed D.aamp.
12 0/2.6/10/
D.C. 0/6. overload Junction
key. 7 speed box and S-connecfion plug. BZ/B. P.P. 2/9.
adloatmeota. MODEL !fH-400 10.800 MODEL KH-201 SO .000 MODEL TE-IS 20,000
O.P.V. 0/-06/6/30/I20/600/ 1 WAY RADIOS
10WPK O.P.V. o/. 3/S/30/120/300/ O.P.V. O/.25/1/I0/6C/250/ 1,200/3.000/6.000 V. D.a
as high 600/1,200 v. D.C. 0/12/80/ 600/1,000 v. D-C, 0/10/50/ 0/0/30/120/000/1,200
280/500 v. A.C. O/OOtiA/ A.O. 0/60fiA/6/60/600 MA. V. New Improved Models,
de sired. 120/300/1,200
(li/ao/soo v. A.C.
D.a0/120
MA.Meg.IX 10/250 MA. 0/5K/500K/ TYPE
Weight
Precision tooled, antl-ruat nickelsettings.
ecale for reprodnctibie plated 0/2K/20CK/2 100 6 Megfl. 99/8. P. 4 P. 2/6. a.0/6K/600K/6 Meg./60 Meg. Range J.up 3totransistor.
1 MII.B
brass and stainless steel operating parts.
Size 6|tn. x 31n. x 2 Jin. Brand New 44/10/-.
PF.—.2 MFD
P. & P. 2/8.
79/6. P. 4P.F.-2
P. 2/0.MFD. 15/19/8. ism.rij, 48A7/6 per pair.
P. 4 P. 2/6. MODEL AR-8Z0 20,000 model rn-2. ao,ooo MODEL 2507. 2,000 OP.V. TYPE 8 9 totransistor.
O.P.V. 0/10/50/850/600/ O.P.V. 0/6/26/250/600/ 0/10/60/500/2,500
0/10/50/600/2,600 V.D.O. Range
BEST BUY! 1,000 v. A.O. and D.C.
0/500jlA/10/250 MA. 0/10K 2,5001,000
v. D.C- 0/10/60/500/ 0/2 MegO.
V. A.C. 0/60ftA/35/
V,A.C. mm 421 per up
pair. 5 miles.
Send 1/- P.O. for full CataJogno and Lists. /100k/l Meg.D. 250 PF—• 250 mA. D.O. 0/60K/6 0/260 mA, Foetage extra. H.A.E. for
Open 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. every Say Boaday .02 MFD, 0.600 Henrys Meg. O. .01-3 MFD. — 20 to + 86 db. full details.
to Sainrday. Trade supplied. 82/8. P. 4 F. 2/6. 82/6. P. 4 P. 2/6. 94/6. F J. 2/6.
f/Ars'"'
(RADIO) LIMITED
PAone; GERHARD 8204/9155
Cables: SMITHEX LESQUARE
3-34 LISLE STREET. LONDON, W.C.2

153
 HEAVY DUTY SHROUDED L.T. TRANSFORMERS
T615 PORTABLE AUTO TRANSFORMERS, 240- Pri. tapped 200-260 v. Sec. tapped
110 V. Fitted with 2 pin American servatively30.rated,
28, 29, 3! v. 25 amps, carr. con-
12v. TRANSISTOR sockets or terminal
which type. Brand pew blocks. State Pri. 200-250 v. £6,19.6.
and Guar- Sec. 25-0-25 v.
10/-;
AMPLIFIER anteed. 1.000 watts. £4.15.0, carr. 7carr. amps,7;6;pri. Pri.
earthtapped
shielded,200£5.17.6,
, 225,
5/-:
300 500
watts.watts. £3.10.0,
carr. carr.
3/6; 4/-;
150 240 v. Sec. tapped
15wh OUTPUT
£2.7.0.
watts, £1.17.6.carr. 3/-. 36 v, 1012, 18, £5.15.0,
amps, 24, 30,
2 KV. In metal case, We have London's lar- Sec. carr. 7/6: Pri. 240 v.
INBUILT MICROPHONE with handle, 2 Ameri- gest selection of Low v. 200capped amps. 4,£10,19,6,
6, II
can socket outputs, Tension Transformers,
Variable Voltage "Trans- See. carr. 10/-: Pri. 240 v.
£9.10.0. Carr. 7/6. capped
PRE-AMPL1FIER EX-MINISTRY IN- formers, Smoothing
Chokes .Capacitors, Slid- v,carr.6 7/6; amps,53.5, 55,2
£3.17.6,
DUSTRIAL TYPES. ing Resistors, Low Ten- Pri. 220-240
v. Sec.
Tapped 250, 240, 230, sion D.C. Supply Units. 20 amps, £3.12.6, carr. tapped 6-12 v.
Detai/s and Nearest Stockist from; 220. 120, 115, 110, I OS Send for lists now, or 6/-, Pri. 230 v. Sec. 70
volts 10KVA, £19.10.0; visit our walk round v. 5 amp. "C" core
5warehouse.
KVA £19.10.0. Ex dept., where wo have sealed. £4.5.0, c. 7/6.
Both types
Messrs. E. K. ELECTRONICS (I.A.) LTD. thousands of genuine Hundreds more avail-
enclosed in heavy electronic
metal case. bargains. able. Send for list now.
BROTHERTON HALL, BROTHERTON SAMSON'S ELECTRONICS LTD.
9-10 CHAPEL STREET
KNOTTINGLEY, YORKSHIRE Tel. PAD 7851 LONDON, N.W.I. Tel. AMB 5125

All you need to know for a sound grasp of electronics—

in one comprehensive volume . . .

ELECTRONICS POCKET
Edited by J. P. Hawker and J. A. Reddihough
Specialist Contributors: Ian D. L. Ball, B.Sc.. Maurice C. Bumstead, A.M I.E.E., A.M.Brit.I.R.E.
BOOK " John Gilbert, Assoc.Brit.l.R.E.. Terence L. Squires, A.M.Bnt.l.R.fc.
FULLY COVERS... . ^ . .
FUNDAMENTALS: Behaviour of Electrons in Electric and Magnetic Fields—Emission of EJ=ccr°^"~5nT pnCnmHp<—
Current-Voltage Relationships. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS:, Diodes-Therm,omc TnQ^s-Tecrodes ^_Pentodes
Thyratrons-TheTransistor-Four-Layer Semiconductor Deyices-Cathode-RayTubes-Elcctron
piier—Thermistors and Non-UnearElements—Photo-Electr.c Multiphers OfsVlOfcb-
Cells—Transducers. ELECTRO-MAGNETIC Hall Multi
294 pages Solenoids—Relavs AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS; Voltage Amplification—Distortion—Bandwidth—Power Amplifiers
O ass i ficat i o n of Am pi ifi ers—Fe e d bac k—S p e ci a I Circuits-iDC. Amplifiers.- PULSE CmCUITS: SolfjO-.Uating Pu^e
203 diagrams Generators—Single-Stroke Pulse Generators—Sawtooth Voltage Generators—Wtde-Range ^"erap°r;
FURTHER ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS: Electronic Switching—Diode Clamps—Phase-Sensitiva Detectors Pulse
Modulation- COUNTING DEVICES AND CIRCUITS: Counting Circuits—Radiation Dete«oFs. POWER
SUPPLIES: A.C. Rectification — Rectifier Circuits — Ripple Redumion—^ItageRegulation — O.C.Convercers.
THE MAGNETIC AMPLIFIER. ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AN9 }iESTtGf ,: o r^hl^n R^
Valve Voitmeters—Resistance and Impedance Measurement—Measurement of Quant'"®8 r "Jl°f •5?^
OsciUoscopes—Frequency Measurement. INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC CONTROL: Thyratron Control-The
evltr n—
Silicon Controlled Rectifier—Electronic Ward-Leonard Systems—The Ignitron—The N ° ^'.^^^llATION
Sensing Systems. ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS: Digital Computers—Analogue Computers. INSTALLATION
AND MAINTENANCE: Installation—Maintenance. UNITS.
Only 2ls. FROM ALL BOOKSELLERS
or, in case of difficulty 22s. 3d. by pose from George Newnes Ltd., Tower House. Southampton St., London, W.C.2. NEWNES

"PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS" ——
BATTERY ELIMINATORS CONSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNS T.V. TUBES
The ideal way of running your TRANSISTOR All specified 1st grade
RADIO,
AMPLIFIER,RECORD
etc. PLAYER, TAPE RECORDER,
Types available: 9v: 6v: 4Jv Metalwork, full range Components,
of Materials, complete
engraved 17in. - 35/- Uin.-15/-
(single output) 39/6 each. P. & P. 2/9, Panel Plates, Ancillary Equipment
bled Units. Comprehensive lists available and for
Assem-
each Most makes and types available. Set Tested,
9y + 9v, 42/6
6v +each.
6v: orP.41v-(- " P.E." Constructional Article. Guaranteed good picture. Ex Rental Service
outputs) & P.41v
2/9.(two separate
Please state Please send 6d in stamps for each design Dcpts. Stock, Carriage 5/- extra.
SEND FOR LATEST FREE LIST
output required. All the above units are MALVYN ENGINEERING WORKS
completely isolated from mains
wound transformer ensuring 100% safety,by double Ktujineets to the Jcmlio and Electronic Industries DUKE & CO. (LONDON) LTD.
R.C.S. PRODUCTS (RADIO) LTD. 7CURR1E STREET. HERTFORD, HERTS 621/3 Romfoid M., Manor Paik E.12 ILFurd 6001-2-3
II Oliver Road. London, Es.17 _ TELBPHOXK ; HERTFORD 22C4
TRAINING FOOTBALL
AN EXTRA ROOM IN Full-time courses in RADAR and RADIO-
YOUR LOFT TELEGRAPHY for prospective marine Radio POOL COMPUTER
Make your toft Otlicers. Govt, approved exam, centre.
usable. Fit a Benson Also courses in basic ELECTRONICS, RADIO, Novel low-cost circuit ,
disappearing toft lad- TELEVISION and PRACTICAL SERVICING. for forecasting
der. Rigidly con- Apply;—Director, British School of Telegraphy, Analogae analogue.
Computer. Simple
MuilliilieaUoo nnd ofdivision by
P structed. Folds out of 20 Penywern Road, Earls Court, London, 8.W.5 eleetrlea! domonstratioa computer
u sight. Closes trap auto- principles. Both above circuits for 8/8 post free.
matically. Wougbts
tions for and Crosses Macbine.
our fabulous design 3/8*FullCannot
circuitbeand Uwtrac-
beatenl
ONLY £12-19-6 "art Multimeter Kit. 18,000 O-p.V. 25 range kit with Weston
50 (xA meter, only 65/-. (2.5A range 4/- extra). Stamp
Handrails 35/- each extra RES/GAP. BRIDGE ML (or details.
ALL TYPES OF LADDERS SOLD Checks all types of resistors, condensers Mnltimefers.
o.p.v. 33/-. postIllua.
1/6: leaflet
EP10K.on10,000
request.
o.p.v.TK20A,
69/8, post1,000
1/6;
Write now for illustrated brochure, floor r" 6 RANGES BPS OK, 30,000 o.p.v. 05/6, post 2/-; EP50K, 5O,OO0 o.p.v.
strengthening details and terms—oil post free Built in 1 hour. Direct reading 130/-, post 2/6.
BEADY CALIBRATED High Stab, Eesistota, 137,1%, 2/-.
BENSON (loft) UDDERS Stamp for details of this and other kits
(Dept. P.E.], Ponfofract Ave., Ponie- RADIO MAIL (Dept. CB) ' PLANET INSTRUMENT CO.
iroct Lane, York Road, Leeds 9 Raleigh Mews, Raleigh St., Kottingham 25 DOMINION AVENUE, LEEDS 7
Tel. 34918 (2 linesl
154
 tMBYTHINfi you NEED.--

from
The DTV Group hold the largest stocks
of the widest range of rectifiers, valves,
test equipment, transformers, com- LTD
ponents and accessories of all kinds.
Send s.a.e. for free lists. Dept. P.E., 126 Hamilton Road, West Norwood, London, S.E,27
Terms of Business: C.W.O. or C.O.D. Telephone: GIPsy Hill 6166 (PBX)
TRANSDUCERS TRANSISTOR TESTER
As specified for use The Unique
in the Ultrasonic
Control System D.909
featured in this
issue. Tests Alpha '. GaTrV Er
Gulton Transducers - (A.C. Gain) and =
can be used forslmple Beta Gain (D.C. =
remote control with- MICRO-MOTORS Gain) with transis- S
out cables or elec- tors in place. —
tronic (inks, two units ■ # This new Sleyride Motor is precision Facilities also =
only being required. The made and prototype tested by RAE providedfor ~
Transducers are suitable Farnborough. Only I in. dia., 2 in. testing leakage S
for both transmitting and long and weighs only 1.3 o*. Rated between Collec- Ez
receiving. Ideally suited for 1/1,000 h.p., normal running speed tor and Emitter '==
the experimenter and de- and Collector S
signer for remote control systems 5,000 r.p.m. Spindle dia. 3/32 In., Base. Exclusive Variable Voltage Smoothed D.C. =
CCI or two of all kinds. Free TX/RX length 11/32 In. For l{, 6 or 12 v. Power Supply, continuously variable from 0/25 =
for £5 circuit with each order, Reversible. v. up to 2SniA. Output voltage can be used as —
each Components for use with the Transducers: centre-tapped voltage supply enabling modern =
QHFS Transformer -- .. 4/- each 25/- transistorised receivers A I rt
Set of 3 transistors .15/- each to be tested. 11 U each ^
Low current reed relay .. 24/- each (7v.9mA) plus 1/6 p. & p. Send S.A.E, for detailed leaflet =
!III[|[|[|[III!l!IIIII|[|fl!niHinil!l][ii

MICROPHONES MTOTt-RANGE
THA3SISI0KS
AC113 ... .. 5/6 OA79 ... . 3/- OC74 ... 8/- ALPHA MIC 89/1 32'8 Eagle XK30A TfeSTMETEBS £2.8.6
AC115 .. 4/- OA81 ... . 2/- OC75 ... MIO 40 19/6 Leather Case for above 19.8
AC165
AC156 ... .. 4/- OA8S OA86 ..... -• 4/-
3/- OC76 ... 5/8 RADIO SUPPLY CO. MIC 45 GK , 19/6 Eagle EP50K 19.19.6
AC154 .. 5/6 OA90 ... OC78
OC79 ... 8/8
... 81- 103 LEEDS TERRACE
Foster
Foster DFX DPI Dynamic
Dynamlo 50K
600 ohroa 39/8 Leather Case for above
ohma 39/6 Caby MI £1.9.8
£2.14.0
AOI57 . .. 7/- OA91 ... •. 3/- 3/- OC81 ... 8/- DX 62 Dynamic 69/6 Caby AIO £4,17-8
AD140 .. 25/- OA95 ... . 3/8 OC82 ... 5/8
10/- WINTOUN STREET DX 29 49/6 Althaxa
Caby B40200H £6.2.8
AF102 ocitrw . . 35/- OC8$ ... 4/- CM2I Planet 12/8 Taylor 127A £5.5.0
AF1U ... .. 11/- OCIS ... . 25,' - OC84 ... 8/- LEEDS 7 DM178 DyDarole 49/6 Leather Case for above £10.10.0
AFI15 ... .. 10/8 OC2C ... . 25/- OC139 ... 8/- DM IX
GCMS GuitarDymtmio 105/-
12/6 £2.5.0
AF116 .. . .. 6/- OC35 OC140 .. 19/- BM3 45/-
AF117
APilS ..., . - 9/8 OC36 ... 21/8 OCI41 .. 3V- All the above are listed and iUaatrnted
API 24 , , .... 11/-
20/- OC41 ... - 8/- OC169' .. 10/-
OC42 ... 6/- OC170 .. 8/8 \
Inmic,ourstands,
current
etc.catalogue along with
AF125 . .
API 20 .. .. 10/- 0C43 ...
AP127 .. 9/6 OC44 ... 12/6 OC17I .. 8/-
5.'- OC200 MAINS TRANSFORMERS Primaries 200/230/2SOV
BT100 .. 7/6 OC43 ... 5/- OC2UI .,.. 29/-
10/8 X
ALP HA
230-0-260V 60mA O-t-G.Sv 4A Cl-4-Sv 2A 21/9
SOO-O-SOOv 80ooA-0-6.3v 4A0-6.3V 1A 22/6
BY114... OC70 ... 6/8 00202 .. 24/8 SBO-0-35Oy 80mA 0-4-0.3 4A 0-4-5V 2A 21/9
GETU3 ,. .. 61- OC71 ...
OC72 ... 4/3 OC203 .... 13/- 2504)-260V
3604)-350v lOOmA 0-S.Sv 4A O-ov 2A 2A 27/6
6BT114 . ..-. 6/9 6/8 ocsa 6/8 MOC204'
.... . 8/- ATI DO . 19/- lOOraA 0-6,3v 4A0-5v 27/8
GBTliS . . 9/8
GET! [6 . 17/- matched 2x0072 MAT101 . 7/98/6 XfflX 350-0-300V 20QaiA O-S.Sv 4A O-Sv 3A 65/-
OA70 .... 3/- pair ..... 16/- MAT180 .. 7/9
MAT121
OA73 . .. 3/- OC73 ... 16/- ADT140 - 16/- 8/6
SETS OF TRANSISTORS , TP.703 Tape Recorder £16.16.0 UD. I9HL Microphone £12.12.0
Set No. 1: oomprioine OG44, 2 x OC45, -OCSl, matched TL.206 Intercom £3.19.6 MM4 Microphone Mixer £2.9.6
palrOCSl 80/-, TA.790 Telephone Amplifier £2.19,6 K4.I6 Volume Control 3.0
Set No. 2: comprising OC81, matched pair OC81 J2/6. I00C Microphone £1.12.6 PVC.I0S Variable Condenser 3.0
DM.614 Microphone £1.12.6 TP. 100 Telephone PU Corl 9.6
MC.70 Microphone £2.12.6 MC.I Crystal Cartridge 4.6
CATALOGDE DM.I4S . Microphone £3.2.6 EP.IOK (0,000 OPV Multimeter £3.19,6
DM.I7HC. Microphone £4.2.6 MR.2P 500 uA Panel Meter £1.9.6
Our latest 1964/65 Catalogue is now available. 'DM.I6HL Microphone £4.9.6 OMB. Capacitance Sub Box £1.2.6
Copies have been sent to many of our" regular SMD.I00 Microphone £6.19.6 OMG. Resistance Sub Box £1.12.6
customers. If yon have not received your copy
please drop us a card. Please send 1/- in stamps. IN ADDITION WE ARE NOW STOCKING;
FMT.640 P.M. Tune. £19.19.0 00.34 Standard Socket 2.0
+£3.4.0 Tax EC.36 Hi-Fi Cable 14.0
TERMS: Cash with Order or C.O.D. Postage P.3I Standard Plug 2.6 SE.2S Hi-Fi Extension Cord 18.6
and Packing Charges extra. Single valves SP,3I Standard Shield Plug 3.6 EC.25 Microphone Extension Cord £1.9.6
9d., Minimnm Parcel Post charges 21-.
Please include sufficient postage with'your MULTI-RANGE TEST METERS BB.R. Monarch UAIo, £6.19.6.Stereo Version, £7.15.0,
order. Minimum C.O.D. fees and postage Eagle TK20A, £2.9.6. Kagle EP10K, £4.9.6. Eagle E.3.B. Monarch TUIS. £3.18.0. Battery version of
3/6. These Postal Rates apply to U.K. only. EP20K. £4.19.6. Englo BPSOK,
for above. 19.6. Eagle EP30K, £9.19.6.
£6.19.8. Leather
Leather Case
Case above. £3.17.6. B.S.B. Monarch GUT, £3.17.8. Battery
For fnll terms of business see inside cover tor veralon of above, £4.4.0. B.3.R. Monarch ID2 Tape-
of catalogue. Personal shoppers 9 a.m. to Cabyabove.
B40.£1.9.6.
£8.2.6.Caby Ml, 2O0H,
Allham £2.14.0-£5.5.0.
Cnby Taylor
A10, £4.17.6.
127A, deck, 2 track, £8.8.0. 4 track version of above, £9.9.0.
Garrard Autoalim, £6.19.6. B-3.K- Monarch TD10
5 p.m. Mon. to Friday, Saturday 10 a.m. £10.10.0 Leather Case to r above, £2,5.0. Tapedeck, 2 track, £9.8.0. 4 track version of above,,
to 1 p.m. RECORD PLAYER AND TAPE DECK UNITS £10.10.0. Garrard Autos lira De Luxe Model AT6,
B.8.B. Monarch UA14. £6.6.0. Stereo Veraloo, £6.17.8. £11.5.0.
155
 TAKES HEADACHES OUT OF INSULATION TESTERS (New)
ALL SERVICING PROBLEMS CLEARANCE SAlfe 500 volt, 500 megohms. Price £12, carriage paid.
MAKE 1.000 volts. 1.000 megohms, £28. carriage paid.
SOLENOID. Overall push
iin. cn iin- Maximum length
S oz. 3iin..
li-ldV. itrpbe
D.C,
K;- operation.
P. & P. 1/6. D.C. resistance 35 ohm. Price 8/6.
DIFFERENT TRANSISTORISED FULLY AUTOMATIC
TRANSISTOR RADIOS ELECTRONIC KEYER.built-in
230V.monitor
A.C. or Battery
operated.
Speaker, Incorporates
and Keying Lever. AdjustableOscillator,
speeds.
for 35/* 7Keying either auto.,
transistors. semi-auto,
Price £16/10/- Plusor4/6hold.
P. & P.4 diodes.
Amaring Radio Construction Set! Become
radio expert for 35/-. A complete Home Radio SPECIAL REVERSING 24 VOLT D.C. QUAD-
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instructions for each design, Step-by-Step plan, Quadrant moves doors,
90 degrees
all Transistors, loudspeaker, personal phone, meal for opening etc. with
Price limit
32/6. switches,
P. & P.
knobs, screws, etc., all you need. Box size
14' X 10' X 2" (parts avail, see.). Originally £6. CARPENTER POLARISED
NOW 35/- + 3/- P. & P. (3, - C.O.D.) 5AI3 (2) 2 x 7.600 turns at 1,000RELAY.
ohms. New22/6 typa
P.Bases
8t P.forI/-.above 3/6 each.
ASTONISHING LATEST HIGH SPEED MAGNETIC COUN-
TERS,
IO0D, 4,1 4 figure,coil,10 3-6V.
impulsesD.C. peroperation.
second. Type
CIGARETTE JOOA,
Type 500ohm
I00B, ohm ohm
2,300 coil, coil.
IB-24V.
36-48V. D.C,
D.C, operation.
Type
operation.
Any type 15/. each, plus I /6 P. & P.
3RESETTABLE HIGH SPEED D,C. COUNTER-
RA
ill018/6 figure. t.SOO ohm coil, 40-S0V. operation-
Yotir most useful' on-the-Job "tool"! Yea, a perfectly Brand new. 50/-each, plus 1/6 P. & P.
Quickly and easily pln-nuints the exact ordinary packet of
trouble
700 trouble in any TV set.
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310 cross-indexed cigarettesJ —but watch your friends astonish- BUILD AN EFFICIENT STROBE UNIX
paces; 5(1 tirao-savine Cheek Charts; 290 roeol on hearing it fetch in station after station, _
The ideal, Insttument FOR ONLY 37/6 lab. or facfoty.
for workshop,
diagrams and photos: explanation of loud and dear I Still holds 10 Cigarettes—yet This wonderful device enables you to "freeze" motiona
circuits and designs. cleverly conceals highly sensitive, fully transis- and examine moving parts as stationary. We supply
SIMPLE CHECK-CHART SYSTEM torised circuit {including tiny battery). Even a simple circuit diagram and ail electrical parts including
SAVES XI.ME ! young boy can assemble it in under 2 hours. No the NSPiconstnict
quickly Strobe tube whichforwilt
a unit enablevariety
infinite you to ofeasily and
speeds,
This amazinfiiy soldering. No experience necessary. Only from 1 flash in several seconds to several thousands per
find the trouble Inpractical
any TV handbook
circuit FAST shows you how
i Simple to
cross- 16 connections to make. Ideal for taking to work
with you. From our bulging testimonial file, minute.
37/6 plus 3/- NewP. modified
& P. circuits bring price down to
index tells you in what section you'll find cause of NSP8 CV2296 STROBOTRON FLASH-TUBE
trouble. Handy Check-Charts then help
locate the EXACT trouble spot. Cut waste Time, you accurately Mr, D.8. of Huddersfield writes;—"... I have made^by Fertanti, brand new. l.O, base. Price 13/-.
eliminate hootstnofminutes.
aggravattoo, get "right to the heart fitted the ports in and it is working wonderfully ..."
of the trouble ALL PARTS including Seml-Conductors, A.B.C,
USE THIS BOOK RIGHT OX THE JOB— Plans,etc, ONLY (8,'6d. plus l/dd. post, etc.
XO NEED TO MEMORIZE! (C.O.D. I/fid. ex.) VARIABLE
This VOLTAGE
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trouble-shooting. You simply especially
turn for on-
to the G0NG0RD ELECTRONICS TRANSFORMER Posl Paid
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Check-Chart,
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repair. youNohave the troubletheory
complicated spot (P.E.I2) 9 Western Road, Hove Tamp., fully shrouded, new. Also
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School and out Published
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Don't miss any longer. Timeauthorities
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locating 2 METRES 4 SIEMENS
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T.V, faults could be saved by quick reference to this The
llghtnina
vour trial fast
copyT.V.
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decide toSend
keepforIt for uIhrilU
low anol42/6
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eartiagc and 145 ohm. H96D. 500± 500 ohm.
All above 13/6
(as we ate sure you will), pay only 5/- per week until packing, 2/6
atamped extra). envelope
addressed Tuning range 70-150copyMc/».of
for free H96E I70± 170ohm,, ex-equip, 16/6
completed. literature and full details. Newcomers to Short- 14-DAY CLOCKWORK TIME
The pricef Only 39/6 plus postage I,'6. Wave Radio Mlc lor details of the famous "Globe-
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FREE ELECTRONIC DATA HAND- JOHNSONS (Radio) A.C. AMNIETERS
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0-10 „,. 0-20
All at 21/-pach
IRONCLAD GUARANTEE VAN DE GRAAFF ELECTRO-STATIC GEN-
This book nmst be able to earn you more than Its cost ERATOR, fitted with Motot
within two weeks or your money refunded! drive for 230v. A.C giving a
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cludedK8 ifpage youoscilloscope
send casb with bookorder.
will be In- potential of approx. 50,000 volts.
BLANK CHASS S Supplied absolutely complete,
including accessories for carrying
Precision made In our own works Iroro commercial out a number of interesting experi-
quality SAME
half-bard ments, and full instructions. This
FREE TRIAL OFFER! sided. DAYAluminium.
SERVICE ofTwo, overthree or lour
20 dlttereot instrument is completely safe, and
ideally suited tor School demon-
forms made up to YOUR SIZE. strations. Price £6.6.0, plus 4/-
TERMS ONLY 5/- PER WEEK
Order EXACT size you require to nearcat 1/16' P. 6<P.
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To SIM-TECH TECHN'CAL BOOKS prempllp.
or SEND FOR
order straight away,ILLUSTRATED
working out total LEAFLETSarea of
material Kit of parts,
Relay,including ORPand.12 Cadmium Sulphide
Dept. ETV2 Is (or four-sided chassis in 18 s.w.g. (for 16 which
required and referring to table below, s.w.g. Photocell,
pius
Transistor Circuit, etc., price
2/6P.P.&&P.P. ORP .12 Including circuit, 10/6 each,
25/-
West End, Southampton, Hants. add ^th) plus 1/-
□ Please send "T.V. troubles" for a full seven days' 48 sq. In. 4/- 176 sq,sq. In.
in. 8.'- 1304
j 304 sq. In.
In, 12/- ULTRA VIOLET BULBS
free (rial. If not delighted 1 may return the manual, 80 sq.
sq. in.
En. 8,' Easy to use source of Uv for dozens of practical and
post paid without further obligation on my part. Other-
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240 sq. in. 11/-
10/- I, and
368 sq. in.rail, 14/. experimental
12 volt 36 wattuses.
AC/DC SBC 6/6, P. & P. 1/-.
144 sq. In. 7/- 272
P. & P. 2/6 P.p. & P. sq. In.
p. 2/9 I p. & r. 3/-pro 12 volt 60 watttoAC/DC SBCabove:
8/6, P. Input
& P. 1/-.
eT(ck here if enclosing full price of 41/- (which Includes Transformer suit the 200-240 A.C.
> postage). You get iree Oscilloscope Book. Same Output 12 Volt A.C 36 watt, 1S/S. P. & P, 2/6. Input
7-day moneyfullbacx guarantee. Overseas customers PLAK0E3 (1'. 1* or J') 6d. per bend. 200-240
please send amount (including Ireland). Set of four cotouts FLUORESCENTP.Paint.
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Name, above yina vtolei Bulbs, 9/6. P. & P. 1/6.
PANELS. The same matcHs) can be supplied for
panels, screen*, etc., at 4/6 sq. ft. (16 s.w.g., 6/31 SERVICE TRADING CO-
plus P. A P. (over £2 post free)
All Mail Orders also callers
H. L. SMITH & CO. LTD. 47-4? High Street, Kingston on Thames
237-280 EDOWARE SOAD, LONDON, W.l TeL KINgston 9450
Persona! callers only
PAD 6888/7695 9 Little Newport Street, London, WC2
City County., (Off Leicester Square) Tel: GERrard 0576
156
P ictical Electronic .
WKM