Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Concrete in Compression
Concrete in Tension
Concrete in Compression
Concrete in Tension
Concrete in Tension
PRECOMPRESSION
By PRESTRESSING
Compressive and tensile normal
stresses due to bending
Load Tension Load
Tension Tension
Passive steel to take tension in
concrete
Tension
Tension Tension
Stress-strain diagram:
RC and prestressing steel
Stress-strain response of basic materials Usable stress-strain response after bonding of tendon
Main effects of prestressing
1. Precompression
– Less cracks → higher stiffness
2. Balancing of external loads
– Less elastic and creep deformation
– Slender members
3. Use of high strength steel
– Less congestions
– Less material to handle
1. Prestressing
a. Structural effects of prestressing
b. Partial prestressing concept
c. Corrosion protection of prestressing steel
2. Why to prestress building floors
3. Design specifics when designing and detailing
prestressed floors in buildings
4. PT hardware for prestressing floors in buildings
5. Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using BS8110 and
EC2
Partial Prestressing Passively
Prestressing Full
non cracked cracked Reinforced
Normal stress
Bridges
Buildings
Cracking N N N Y YY
Deflection zero ↓ ↓↓ ↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓
P/A ++++ +++ ++ + zero
Compression at Y Y N cracked
tendon level
Partial Prestressing Concept
• Magnitude of prestressing force P can vary
from P=0 (passively reinforced concrete)
to a P large enough to balance with a
suitable tendon profile fully bending
moments due to a given external loading.
• What is a sensible amount of prestressing
force P depends on type of structure and
on loading.
TYPES OF PRESTRESSING
Pretensioning Posttensioning
Internal External
1. Prestressing
a. Structural effects of prestressing
b. Partial prestressing concept
c. Corrosion protection of prestressing steel
2. Why to prestress building floors
3. Design specifics when designing and detailing
prestressed floors in buildings
4. PT hardware for prestressing floors in buildings
5. Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using BS8110 and
EC2
Corrosion protection of prestressing steel (internal
and bonded prestressing)
Initial approach
• Pretensioning strands:
– by alkaline characteristics of concrete, strands are embedded in
– Confinement concrete can have structural/restraint perimeter
cracks, as long such cracks are small enough not to comprise
corrosion confinement function of concrete.
• Posttensioning strands:
– by alkaline characteristics of grout around strands in tendon
duct and of concrete, tendons are embedded in
– Confinement concrete can have structural/restraint perimeter
cracks, as long such cracks are small enough not to comprise
corrosion confinement function of concrete and grout.
Corrosion protection of prestressing steel (internal
and bonded prestressing)
Today’s approach
66 m
1800 x 500 Edge Beam
32 m
300
Stressing
Flying forms
Reinforcement
Tendons
Concreting
Curing
Columns
Day 1 AM: Stressing of PT tendons
Day 1 PM: Stripping of forms
Day 1 PM: Flying of table forms
Day 2 AM: Installation of rebar & tendons
Day 3 AM: Concreting
Day 4: Curing of concrete & Casting columns
Fast-Track Construction Traditional Construction
Prestressing layout
PL1 PL2
BS8110 EC2
Surya Kusuma
Fabian Graber
• Presented example is not an optimized
design.
• For all items comprehensive sets of
formula are given with direct references to
the code.
The Structural Eurocode
Programme
Option 1 Option 2
PT layout – flat slab with drop panels
Option 1 Option 2
PT layout – beam & slab
Option 1 Option 2
Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8110 and EC2
1. Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts
2. Design philosophy
3. Partial factors
4. Material properties
5. Durability
6. Design input
7. Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces to be achieved
by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
Design philosophy
for design of floors in buildings
BS8110 EC2
resistance ULS: ULS:
• bending, beam and •Bending, beam and punching
punching shear, torsion shear, torsion
•(fatigue)
serviceability SLS SLS
•Crack control •Stress limitations in concrete
•Deformation and steel
•Not covered: Vibration •Crack control
•(Fatigue) •Deformation
•Durability •(Vibration)
•Fire resistance
durability •Corrosion protection of
embedded steel
•Resistance of concrete to attack
Fire resistance X
Design philosophy ULS
Effects due to design values of actions=
Effects of (partial load factor) x (characteristic
value of actions)
≤
Effects of the corresponding resistance, which is a
function of design value of the material
property ({characteristic value of the material
property}/{partial factor for material})
Design philosophy SLS
Effects due to design values of actions
≤
Limiting design values of the relevant
serviceability criterion
Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8100 and EC2
1. Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts
2. Design philosophy
3. Partial factors
4. Material properties
5. Durability
6. Design input
7. Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces to be achieved
by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
Partial factors for actions (ULS)
BS8110 EC2
adverse beneficial LC with Adverse Beneficial Accompanying
(unfavourable) (favourable) variable action
wind
BS8110 EC2
ULS ULS
Persistent/ accidental Persistent/ accidental
transient transient
Concrete 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.2
(bending/ normal
force)
Stress-strain diagram reinforcing steel: BS8110 Stress-strain diagram reinforcing steel: EC-2
Stress limitation in
reinforcement (SLS)
BS8110 EC2
Minimum For Ø16 at 200mm and
reinforcement for crack 0.3mm crack width:
control 240MPa
Slab Type of PT VSLab 6-4 and 6-5, VSLab 6-4 and 6-5,
PL1 PL2
This model is only for the calculation of static forces from vertical loading and
for calculation of secondary moment effects from load case prestressing (not for
secondary normal force effects from load case prestressing).
beam effective flange width BS8110
cracked cracked
-2.1 Mpa
-5.2 Mpa -5.2 Mpa
-1.8 Mpa
cracked cracked
fct=2.3MPa
-4.7 Mpa
-6.8 Mpa -6.3 Mpa -6.7 Mpa
-7.7 Mpa
slab BS8110
beam EC2
slab EC2
MULS for beam BS8110
2457 kN 2523 kN
→ 𝑴𝒅 = 𝟑, 𝟓𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵𝒎
2. Horizontal equilibrium (assume: reinforcement +PT are yielding; yield strength horiz. plateau):
3. Bending resistance:
∗′
𝐹𝑡,𝑠 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 ′ + 𝐹𝑡,𝑝 ∙ 𝑑𝑝 ′ 787 ∙ 744 + 5,578 ∙ 652
Position resultant tension force: 𝒅 = = = 𝟔𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝒎
𝐹𝑡,𝑠 + 𝐹𝑡,𝑝 787 + 5,578
𝑀𝑑 3,572
η= 𝑀𝑅𝑑 = 3,660 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎 → 𝑶𝑲
1. Transfer plates
2. Vertical elements
3. Foundations
4. Carbon footprint
Transfer Plate - Function
100
80
RC
60
PT
40
20
0
Concrete Rebars Fmwk Cost
Pacific Place
Technical Paper:
“Design of Concrete Slabs for Transverse Shear”,
Peter Marti, ACI Journal 87-S19
Pacific Place Transfer Plate
1. Transfer plates
2. Vertical elements
3. Foundations
4. Carbon footprint
Special Applications:
ICC: PT Out-Rigger VSL AF6-31
International Commerce Center Hong Kong
(ICC)
PLAN ELEVATION
Integrated Resort Sands
Singapore
1. Transfer plates
2. Vertical elements
3. Foundations
4. Carbon footprint
PT foundation rafts assure load
transfer in soft ground and
water tightness below water table
1. Transfer plates
2. Vertical elements
3. Foundations
4. Carbon footprint
Case study: High-rise building in Middle East
Comparison between prestressed and reinforced concrete slabs
with consideration of the effect on vertical elements.
Design Assumptions
• Design of slabs: both alternatives have been calculated
in order to avoid punching shear reinforcement
(governing aspect of the design)
• Design of columns: calculation is based only on
normal forces. Core walls used also for the building
stability are not considered here because horizontal
loads are not known. For this reason, only the circular
columns are studied here.
• Note that in seismic areas, PT solutions can reduce
walls reinforcement even more because horizontal
loads to withstands are directly linked to the weight of
the concrete elements (related to slab thickness). - Number of floors: 21
- Floor height: 4 m
- Slab area: 1072 m2
- Number of circular columns: 12
- Diameter of circular columns: 1000 mm
FRAMING PLAN
9.1m (typ)
1m dia column
S1 (typ)
S2
S3
S5
S4
0.7 x 2.6
column
S6 w 5-1
Core Wall by
U1 w 6-1 U2
w 7-1 U3 w 8-1 U4 w 9-1U5 w 10-1 U6 w 11-1 U7 w 12-1 w 2-1
F1
(400mm) by
w 4-1
Slipform
w 13-1
0.7 x 1.2
w 1-1 column
w 3-1U8 S13
w 17-1
U9 w 16-1 w 15-1 U11 w 14-1
U10
S11
S9 S10
PT RC Savings with PT alternative compared to RC
Alternative Alternative alternative
Slab thickness (mm) 300 400 25.0% Reduction of 2.1 m on general building height
Concrete quantity in 1 slab (m3) 322 429
Concrete quantities
Total Steel quantity (T) 768 1486 48.3% Reduction of 718 T on global steel quantity
• In both solutions the circular columns have the same concrete dimensions. Only reinforcement ratio
change.
• The global savings on structure weight can sensibly reduce the concrete foundation needs. This can not be
generally assessed because it depends on local conditions of each project (not known here).
Carbon footprint calculation analysis
RC PT Emissions
Field Alternative Alternative reduction
(tons eq. CO2) (tons eq. CO2)