Obesity

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has

Obesity
accumulated to an extent that it may have a negative effect on
health.[1] People are generally considered obese when their
body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a
person's weight by the square of the person's height, is over
30 kg/m2; the range 25–30 kg/m2 is defined as overweight.[1]
Some East Asian countries use lower values.[8] Obesity
increases the likelihood of various diseases and conditions,
particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes,
obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis,
and depression.[2][3]

Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of

excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic
susceptibility.[1][4] A few cases are caused primarily by genes,
endocrine disorders, medications, or mental disorder.[9] The Silhouettes and waist circumferences
view that obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow representing optimal, overweight, and obese
metabolism is not medically supported.[10] On average, obese Specialty Endocrinology
people have a greater energy expenditure than their normal
Symptoms Increased fat[1]
counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an
Complications Cardiovascular diseases, type
increased body mass.[10][11]
2 diabetes, obstructive sleep
Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social apnea, certain types of
changes and personal choices.[1] Changes to diet and exercising cancer, osteoarthritis,
are the main treatments.[2] Diet quality can be improved by depression[2][3]
reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as those Causes Excessive food, lack of
high in fat or sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary exercise, genetics[1][4]
fiber.[1] Medications can be used, along with a suitable diet, to
Diagnostic BMI > 30 kg/m2[1]
reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption.[5] If diet, exercise,
method
and medication are not effective, a gastric balloon or surgery
may be performed to reduce stomach volume or length of the
Prevention Societal changes, personal
intestines, leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to
choices[1]
absorb nutrients from food.[6][12] Treatment Diet, exercise, medications,
surgery[1][5][6]
Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with
Prognosis Reduced life expectancy[2]
increasing rates in adults and children.[1][13] In 2015, 600
million adults (12%) and 100 million children were obese in 195 Frequency 700 million / 12% (2015)[7]
countries.[7] Obesity is more common in women than men.[1]
Authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century.[14] Obesity is stigmatized in
much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at
other times in history and still is in some parts of the world.[2][15] In 2013, the American Medical Association classified
obesity as a disease.[16][17]

Contents
 Classification
Effects on health
Mortality
Morbidity
Survival paradox
Causes
Diet
Sedentary lifestyle
Genetics
Other illnesses
Social determinants
Gut bacteria
Other factors
Pathophysiology
Public health
Reports
Management
Epidemiology
History
Etymology
Historical attitudes
The arts
Society and culture
Economic impact
Size acceptance
Industry influence on research
Childhood obesity
Other animals
References
Cited sources
Further reading

Classification
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the
extent that it may have an adverse effect on health.[19] It is defined by body BMI (kg/m2) Classification[18]
mass index (BMI) and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the from up to
waist–hip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors.[20][21] BMI is closely
18.5 underweight
related to both percentage body fat and total body fat.[22] In children, a healthy
18.5 25.0 normal weight
weight varies with age and sex. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined
not as an absolute number but in relation to a historical normal group, such 25.0 30.0 overweight
that obesity is a BMI greater than the 95th percentile.[23] The reference data on 30.0 35.0 class I obesity
which these percentiles were based date from 1963 to 1994, and thus have not 35.0 40.0 class II obesity
been affected by the recent increases in weight.[24] BMI is defined as the
40.0 class III obesity  
subject's weight divided by the square of their height and is calculated as
follows.