اللغة الإنجليزية PDF

GRAMMAR
‫ا ا ــــــــــ ا‬
Prepared by: Mulla (2002)

May 2002 (version 0)
Reference: “Grammar For All Levels”
Levels” By Adnan Naim
Main Menu ‫ا ا‬

English Alphabetic '()*+,-.‫(' ا‬0,12‫ا‬ – Past Continuous Tense U=[9=7‫ ا‬pc8=7‫ا‬
Parts of Speech ‫م‬567‫م ا‬89:‫أ‬ – Future Continuous Tense U=[9=7‫< ا‬tv[9=7‫ا‬
Sentences <=ُ,7‫@اع ا‬-‫أ‬ – Present Perfect Tense ‫م‬8[7‫رع ا‬8^=7‫ا‬
Verb to BE “‫@ن‬6(”
‫@ن‬6(” <CD – Past Perfect Tense ‫م‬8[7‫ ا‬pc8=7‫ا‬
Verb to DO “<=C(”
<=C(” <CD – Future Perfect Tense ‫م‬8[7‫< ا‬tv[9=7‫ا‬
Verb to HAVE “H+=(”
H+=(” <CD – Present Perfect Continuous U=[9=7‫م ا‬8[7‫رع ا‬8^=7‫ا‬
Nouns ‫ء‬8=J2‫ا‬ Imperatives UQ2‫' ا‬V*f
– Countable Nouns ‫ودة‬0C=7‫ء ا‬8=J2‫ا‬
– Spelling Rules for Plurals P=,7‫ء ا‬5Q‫ إ‬0S‫@ا‬: Modals 'w:8Y7‫ل ا‬8CD2‫ا‬
– Uncountable Nouns ‫ودة‬0C=7‫ ا‬U*V7‫ء ا‬8=J2‫ا‬ Comparing Adjectives ‫ت‬8bw7‫' ا‬-‫ر‬8vQ
– Definite & Indefinite Articles ‫ة‬U6Y7‫ و ا‬Z(UC[7‫أدوات ا‬
Adverbs ‫@ال‬x2‫وف ا‬Uz7‫ا‬
Pronouns U]8=^7‫ا‬
– Object Pronouns `1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫ ا‬U]8=c Active & Passive ‫{@ل‬,=+7 pYt=7‫@م و ا‬+C=+7 pYt=7‫ا‬
– Reflexive Pronouns '*J86C-e‫ ا‬U]8=c Transitive & Intransitive Verbs ‫' و‬Q‫ز‬57‫ل ا‬8CD2‫ا‬
– Relative Pronouns <f@7‫ ا‬U]8=c '(0C[=7‫ل ا‬8CD2‫ا‬...
‫ل‬8CD2‫ا‬...
Making Questions '+iJ2‫ ا‬j(@6k
Prepositions U,7‫وف ا‬Ux
‫ت‬e8=C[J‫ ا‬How

some/nC1
some/nC1 any/‫أي‬
any/‫أي‬ Question-
Question-Tags '+(~=7‫' ا‬+iJ2‫ا‬
Making Negative pbY7‫ ا‬j(@6k Conditional “if”
if” ”'*U7‫@“ ا‬7
“@7
TENSES 'YQ‫ز‬2‫ا‬ Reported Speech ‫@ل‬vY=7‫م ا‬567‫ا‬
– Present Simple Tense s*9t7‫رع ا‬8^=7‫ا‬
– Past Simple Tense s*9t7‫ ا‬pc8=7‫ا‬ Countries and Nationalities ‫ت‬8*9Y,7‫ان و ا‬0+t7‫ا‬
– Future Simple Tense s*9t7‫< ا‬tv[9=7‫ا‬
– Present Continuous Tense U=[9=7‫رع ا‬8^=7‫ا‬
English Alphabetic
!"#‫ ا‬$!%&‫ا‬
1. Capital Letters ‫ة‬U*t67‫*)(' ا‬+,-.‫(' ا‬0,12‫ا‬

A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
2. Small Letters ‫ة‬U*Vw7‫*)(' ا‬+,-.‫(' ا‬0,12‫ا‬

a b c d e f g h i j k l m
n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Consonant Letters 'Y‫آ‬897‫وف ا‬U7‫ا‬

b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z
Vowels Letters '‫آ‬U[=7‫وف ا‬U7‫ا‬

a e i o u
Parts of Speech
‫م‬-.‫ م ا‬/‫أ‬
>7? ‫=<ل‬
Noun Ahmed, book
BC‫ا‬
Pronoun <( ‫ أو‬J‫ ا‬+S ‫ل‬0( 8Q @‫ ه‬I, he, she, it, etc. ……..
……..
@ `+Q
Verb pD ‫ء‬p ‫وث‬0x +S ‫ل‬0( 8Q @‫ ه‬Play, played, will play

678 8Q :‫و‬
Adjective Je‫ ا‬Zwk '=+‫ آ‬jS ‫رة‬8tS @‫ ه‬rich man pY <‫ر‬
:; `+t: ‫@ن‬6k‫و‬ Je‫ ا‬vtJ 8Y‫' ه‬bw7‫ أن ا‬xe
p[7‫*' ا‬1UC7‫' ا‬V+7‫ ا‬6C1 ‫@ف‬f@=7‫ا‬
‫@ف‬f@=7‫ ا‬Je‫ ا‬0C1 'bw7‫ ا‬8{*D ‫@ن‬6k
Adverb ‫< أو‬Cb7‫ ا‬Zwk '=+‫ آ‬jS ‫رة‬8tS @‫ ه‬Ahmed writes quickly.
‫ل‬4 ً8x@c‫' و‬bw7‫ ا‬0()k .'SU91 [6( 0=x‫أ‬
Parts of Speech
‫م‬-.‫ م ا‬/‫أ‬
>7? ‫=<ل‬
Preposition ‫ أو‬Je‫ ا‬PQ pkk '=+‫ ه@ آ‬Ahmed goes to school
!‫ف ا‬4 ‫ى‬U‫=' أ‬+61 `[:5S j*t[7 U*=^7‫ا‬ 'J‫ر‬0=7‫ ا‬7‫ (~ه إ‬0=x‫أ‬
They traveled by plane

‫ة‬U]8781 ‫وا‬UD8J ‫ه‬
Conjunction ‫=' و‬+‫ آ‬j*1 8Q <wk '=+‫ ه@ آ‬Ali and Ahmad visited us yesterday.
>H7‫ف ا‬4 . '+=‫' و‬+= ‫=' أو‬+‫آ‬ Q‫ أ‬8-‫ زارو‬0=x‫ و أ‬p+S
Interjection ‫ت‬8*f ‫@ات أو‬f‫ أ‬jS ‫رة‬8tS @‫ ه‬Alas!

Alas! She died.
E!7? ‫ف‬4 ,C[7‫ ا‬jS UtCk .k8Q 0v7 ! ZJ7 8(
Parts of Speech
‫م‬-.‫ م ا‬/‫أ‬
>7? ‫=<ل‬
Article 'V+7‫ ا‬pD ‫ث أدوات‬5¤ ‫ك‬8Y‫ه‬
‫أداة‬ :'()*+,-.‫ا‬
a, an, the
‫ة‬U6Y7‫ ا‬Je‫< ا‬t: a ‫م‬0¡[9k This is a book.
.j‫آ‬8J ‫ف‬U1 ‫أ‬0t( ‫~ي‬7‫ا‬ .‫ب‬8[‫ه~ا آ‬
‫ة‬U6Y7‫ ا‬Je‫< ا‬t: an ‫م‬0¡[9k This is an apple.

.‫ك‬U[Q ‫ف‬U1 ‫أ‬0t( ‫~ي‬7‫ا‬ .'x8bk ~‫ه‬
.Z(UC[+7 the ‫م‬0¡[9k This is the book I bought yesterday.

.Q‫([` أ‬U[‫~ي ا‬7‫ب ا‬8[67‫ه~ا ه@ ا‬
: L4-=
‫[@ي‬k ‫ وأن‬01e '()*+,-.‫' ا‬+=,7‫ أن ا‬U‫~آ‬781 U(0,7‫ا‬

8{*D ‫@ن‬6k 0: p[7‫*' ا‬1UC7‫' ا‬V+7‫ف ا‬5 <CD +S
(*t p+S): <¥Q <CD ‫ون‬01 ‫=*' أي‬J‫' ا‬+=,7‫ا‬
: ‫@ل‬v- 8*DUx '()*+,-.‫ ا‬7‫ إ‬8{[=Uk 8-‫@ أرد‬7‫و‬
Ali doctor.
+S 8{]‫[@ا‬x‫م ا‬0C7 'i8 '()*+,-‫' إ‬+= ~‫وه‬
: ¦tw[D <CD 8{7 P^- ‫*¦ أن‬w7‫< وا‬CD
Ali is a doctor
Sentences
6ُ!‫اع ا‬P"‫أ‬
Simple Sentences '*91 <=
Compound Sentences 't‫آ‬UQ <=
Complex Sentences ‫ة‬0vCQ <=

Simple Sentences
H % 6R
:svD 0x‫< وا‬CD +S ‫[@ي‬k p[7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬p‫ه‬
:‫ل‬8¥Q
1) I saw a boy.
2) The boy was riding a bicycle.
:'*91 ‫ة‬0x‫' وا‬+= ‫@ن‬6Y7 j*[+=,7‫ ا‬s1‫ ر‬j6=(

I saw a boy riding a bicycle.
Compound Sentences
S‫ =آ‬6R
'+f 8={7 j*[*91 j*[+= jQ ‫آ‬U[k p[7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬p‫ه‬
[( §*x <v[9Q YCQ 8={YQ <67‫ و‬nCt7‫ ا‬8={^Ct1
:<¥Q ZS ‫ف‬U1 8={1‫ر‬
and/ but /or
and: 8={^C1 j*1 ':5S 8={7 j*[+= s1Uk: >H7‫واو ا‬

Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.
: ‫ة‬0x‫' وا‬+= ‫@ن‬6Y7 j*[+=,7‫ ا‬s1‫ ر‬j6=(
Ahmed did his homework and Anas helped him.
Compound Sentences
S‫ =آ‬6R
but: j*^:8Y[Q ‫ أو‬j*b+[¡Q j*i* jS j*[+= s1Uk: V.
Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.
:‫ة‬0x‫' وا‬+= ‫@ن‬6Y7 j*[+=,7‫ ا‬s1‫ ر‬j6=(
Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.
or: ‫ر‬8* 8={*D ‫@ن‬6( j*[+= s1Uk: ‫أو‬

We can play football. We can watch TV.
: ‫ة‬0x‫' وا‬+= ‫@ن‬6Y7 j*[+=,7‫ ا‬s1‫ ر‬j6=(
We can play football or we can watch TV.
Complex Sentences
‫ة‬$7= 6R
't‫آ‬UQ ‫ و‬0x‫< وا‬CD jQ U¥‫ أآ‬+S ‫[@ي‬k p[7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬p‫ه‬
:j*[+= jQ
Main Clause '*J8J‫' أ‬+=
:‫@اع‬-‫' أ‬¤5¤ p‫ وه‬Subordinate Clause '(@-8¤ '+=

Noun Clause '*=J‫' أ‬+=
Adjectival Clause '*bf‫' و‬+=
Adverbial Clause '*DU¨ '+=
Clause & Phrase
!‫ ا‬YSZ ‫ا! و‬
A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and
has a complete meaning.
:‫ل‬8¥Q .‫م‬8k YCQ 8{7 ‫< و‬CD +S ‫[@ي‬k ‫ت‬8=+‫' آ‬S@=,Q p‫' ه‬+=,7‫ا‬
I saw the man who was carrying a stick.
A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the

sentence but without a verb.
.<CD ‫ون‬01 '+=,7‫ ا‬jQ ً‫@ن )ءا‬6k ‫ت‬8=+‫' آ‬S@=,Q jS ‫رة‬8tS '+=,7‫` ا‬t
:‫ل‬8¥Q
I saw the man carrying a stick.
Verb to BE “‫ن‬P.” 678
It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
: 0S89Q‫ و‬p9*]‫< ر‬Cb‫م آ‬0¡[9(

Subject Present Past Past participle
6h8 ‫رع‬g= e@= ‫ل‬P7:‫ ا‬BC‫أ‬
I am was been
He, She, It is was been
We, They, are were been

You
Verb to BE “‫ن‬P.” 678
.'[18¤ ©]8vx ‫دات أو‬8S jS U*tC[+7 ‫رع‬8^=7‫' ا‬V*f ‫م‬0¡[9-
pD {[-‫< وا‬wx ‫ء‬p jS U*tC[+7 pc8=7‫' ا‬V*f ‫م‬0¡[9-

.pc8=7‫ا‬
:Examples '+¥Q‫أ‬
1. I am a pupil.
2. They are boys.
Negative Sentences with the verb to BE

“‫ن‬P.” 67:% :i‫ ا‬6!‫ا‬
We make negative statements with the verb to BE
by using the word not after the verb to be.
'=+‫ آ‬Pc@1 (‫@ن‬6() <CD PQ '*bYQ <= ‫@ن‬6-
. 0C1 (not)
Affirmative Negative
‫ت‬Sk‫إ‬ e:"
I am at home. I am not at home.
You are tall. You are not tall.
Making Questions with the verb to BE
“‫ن‬P.” 678 o= ‫ال‬p ‫ ا‬VP.?
“Yes” or “No” questions and short answers

:‫ة‬Uw[¡Q ‫ت‬818.‫( و ا‬e) ‫( و‬C-)‫' ب‬+iJ2‫ا‬
“Yes” or “No” questions Short Answers
e ‫ و‬C- ‫ـ‬1 8{[18‫' إ‬+iJ‫أ‬ ‫ة‬Uw[¡Q ‫ت‬818‫إ‬
Be +Subject + Complement Yes + Subject No + Subject +

<S8D '+=6k + Be Be + not
Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Were the boys at school? Yes, they were. No, they were
not.
Verb to DO “67” 678

: 0S89Q <CD‫ و‬p9*]‫< ر‬Cb‫م آ‬0¡[9(
6h8 ‫رع‬g= e@= ‫ل‬P7:‫ ا‬BC‫أ‬
I, you, we, do did done

they
He, She, It does did done

.pc8=7‫ ا‬pD {[-‫< وا‬wx ‫ء‬p jS U*tC[+7 pc8=7‫' ا‬V*f ‫م‬0¡[9-
Verb to HAVE “s ” 678

: 0S89Q <CD‫ و‬p9*]‫< ر‬Cb‫م آ‬0¡[9(
6h8 ‫رع‬g= e@= ‫ل‬P7:‫ ا‬BC‫أ‬
I, you, we, have had had

they
He, She, It has had had

.pc8=7‫ ا‬pD {[-‫< وا‬wx ‫ء‬p jS U*tC[+7 pc8=7‫' ا‬V*f ‫م‬0¡[9-
Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE

as a main verb
e ‫ ر‬67:‫“ آ‬s ” 678 o= :i‫ ا‬6!‫ا‬
Subject + + not + have +

6h8 do/does/did Complement
.?
I do not have a car.
He does not have A new watch.
They did not have breakfast this

morning.
Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a
main verb
e ‫ ر‬67:‫“ آ‬s ” 678 o= ‫ال‬p ‫ ا‬VP.?
“Yes”
Yes” or “No”
No” questions Short Answers
e ‫ و‬C- ‫ـ‬1 8{[18‫' إ‬+iJ‫أ‬ ‫ة‬Uw[¡Q ‫ت‬818‫إ‬
Do/Does/Did +Subject +have + Complement Yes + Subject + No + Subject +

<S8D '+=6k do/does/did do/does/did
+not
Do you have a car? Yes, I do. No, I do not.
Does he have a new watch? Yes, he does. No, he does not
Did they have Breakfast this Yes, they did. No, they did not.
morning?
Verb to HAVE as a helping verb

$h = 67:‫ “ آ‬s ” 678
Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the

perfect tense.
.‫م‬8[7‫رع ا‬8^=7‫ ا‬jQ‫@ن ز‬6*7 0S89Q <Cb‫ آ‬H+=( <CD ‫م‬0¡[9(
:'+¥Q‫أ‬
They have lived here for two years.
Adel has just finished his work.
Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE
as a helping verb
$h = 67:‫“ آ‬s ” 678 o= :i‫ ا‬6!‫ا‬
.<Cb7‫ ه~ا ا‬0C1 not P^- H+=( <CD PQ pb- j(@6[7
:'+¥Q‫أ‬
I have lived here for a long time.
I have not lived here for a long time.
Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a

helping verb
$h = 67:‫“ آ‬s ” 678 o= ‫ال‬p ‫ ا‬VP.?
“Yes” or “No” questions and short answers

:‫ة‬Uw[¡Q ‫ت‬818.‫ و ا‬e ‫ و‬C- ‫ـ‬1 '+iJ2‫ا‬
‫م‬0v- 0S89Q <Cb‫ آ‬H+=( <CD PQ ‫ال‬J j(@6[7
.<S8b7‫ ا‬+S <Cb7‫ه~ا ا‬
:‫ل‬8¥Q
They have lived here for a long time.
Have they lived here for a long time?
Yes, they have. No, they have not.
Other Uses of Verb to HAVE
“s ” 678 o= ‫ى‬x‫ا=ت أ‬$yzC‫ا‬
To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to,
had to.
:‫ل‬8¥Q .pc8=7‫رع و ا‬8^=7‫ ا‬pD ‫ورة‬U^7‫ ا‬jS UtC*7
I have to leave now.
____________________________________________________
With some model auxiliaries.
:‫ل‬8¥Q .'w:8Y7‫ل ا‬8CD2‫ ا‬nC1 PQ
You had better see a doctor.
____________________________________________________
To show that something is caused by another person.
:‫ل‬8¥Q .U‫' ¡¯ ا‬J‫@ا‬1 <wx 8Q ً8i* ‫ أن‬j*t*7
I have my shoes cleaned every week.
Nouns ‫ء‬C&‫ا‬
Nouns are words we use to name:
: U‫~آ‬7 8{Q0¡[9- p[7‫ت ا‬8=+67‫ ا‬p‫ء ه‬8=J2‫ا‬
.‫@ر‬C ، ‫ر‬86D‫ أ‬، ‫ن‬86Q ، ‫ء‬p ، ¯¡ ، +S ، J‫ا‬
‫ص‬8¡‫أ‬ People man, father, teacher, neighbor, …

‫ء‬8*‫أ‬ Things book, table, sugar, fruit, …
j‫آ‬8Q‫أ‬ Places school, street, city, house, …..
‫ر‬86D‫أ‬ Ideas freedom, honesty, truth, ….
‫@ر‬C Feelings happiness, anger, boredom, joy, ….
Countable & Uncountable Nouns
‫ودة‬$7‫ودة و | ا‬$7‫ء ا‬C&‫ا‬
Countable Nouns: are things that be

counted as one, two, three, and so on.
، 0x‫ـ وا‬1 8‫ه‬0S j6=( p[7‫ء ا‬8*2‫ ا‬p‫ ه‬:‫ودة‬0C=7‫ء ا‬8=J2‫ا‬
.‫~ا‬6‫' وه‬¤5¤ ، ‫ن‬8Y¤‫ا‬
Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.

j6=( e ‫ أي‬8‫ه‬0S j6=( e p[7‫ ا‬p‫ ه‬:‫ودة‬0CQ U*V7‫ء ا‬8=J2‫ا‬
.8{+t: :‫ ر‬Pc‫و‬
Countable Nouns
‫ودة‬$7‫ء ا‬C&‫ا‬
These nouns have singular and plural forms.
.P= ‫دة و‬UbQ ²*f 8{7 ‫ء‬8=J2‫ ا‬ ~‫ه‬
Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an.
. (a/an) ‫ام‬0¡[J‫ ا‬P*[9k ‫ودة‬0C=7‫دة ا‬Ub=7‫ء ا‬8=J2‫< ا‬t:
You cannot use singular countable nouns alone

without words such as:
a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.
‫ون‬01 8‫ده‬Ub=1 ‫ودة‬0CQ ‫دة‬UbQ ‫ء‬8=J‫ام أ‬0¡[J‫ ا‬P*[9- e
.'v1897‫ت ا‬8=+67‫ا‬
Spelling Rules for Plurals
o!‫ء ا‬-=‫ إ‬$h‫ا‬P/
We form plurals of most nouns by adding “s”
to the singular noun.
'D8c³1 ‫ء‬8=J2‫ ا‬zCQ jQ P=,7‫@ّن ا‬6-
.‫د‬Ub=7‫ ا‬J57 “s”
Singular Plural
one book two books
one horse many horses

o!‫ء ا‬-=‫ إ‬$h‫ا‬P/
‫;ــــــــــــــ‬x ‫ـــــــــ~ت‬4
es >g" sh, ch, z, x, s ‫وف‬% ezi? ez‫ء ا‬C&‫ا‬
Singular Plural
match matches
bus buses
dish dishes
box boxes
o!‫ء ا‬-=‫ إ‬$h‫ا‬P/
ies >g"‫ و‬y ‫ ?ف‬،V‫آ‬C ‫ف‬4 YSC‫و‬ y ‫ف‬% ezi? ez‫ء ا‬C&‫ا‬
Singular Plural
city cities
baby babies
.8 s >g" ،‫ك‬z= ‫ف‬4 YSC‫و‬ y ‫ف‬% ezi? ez‫ء ا‬C&‫ا‬
Singular Plural
boy boys
key keys

o!‫ء ا‬-=‫ إ‬$h‫ا‬P/
es >g" ،V‫آ‬C ‫ف‬4 YSC‫و‬ o ‫ف‬% ezi? ez‫ء ا‬C&‫ا‬
Singular Plural
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
.8 s >g" ،‫ك‬z= ‫ف‬4 YSC‫ و‬o ‫ف‬% ezi? ez‫ء ا‬C&‫ا‬
Singular Plural
radio radios
zoo zoos
o!‫ء ا‬-=‫ إ‬$h‫ا‬P/
es >g"‫و‬ ، v ‫ف‬4 ‫ إ‬P" fe ‫ أو‬f ‫ف‬% ezi? ez‫ء ا‬C&‫ا‬
Singular Plural
knife knives
shelf shelves
: x&‫ ا‬BC~‫ ا‬E 4 o!? S‫ء اآ‬C&‫ا‬
Singular Plural
classroom classrooms
policeman policemen

o!‫ء ا‬-=‫ إ‬$h‫ا‬P/
:‫ء اذة‬C&‫ ا‬7% ‫ك‬i‫ه‬
Singular Plural
man men
woman women
child children
person people
foot feet
tooth teeth
goose geese
mouse mice
Uncountable Nouns
‫ودة‬$7‫ء ا ا‬C&‫ا‬
Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.
es , s 'D8c³1 8{7 P= e p[7‫ ا‬p‫ه‬
:'‫ــــــ‬+¥Q‫أ‬
salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood.
‫ء‬8=J2‫< ا‬t: an ‫أو‬ a ‫ام‬0¡[J‫ ا‬P*[9k e

‫ودة‬0C=7‫ ا‬U*V7‫ا‬
Uncountable Nouns
‫ودة‬$7‫ء ا ا‬C&‫ ا‬V= ً‫ا‬$=

flour ©*:‫ د‬salt ¦+Q meat 7
information ‫ت‬8Q@+CQ coffee ‫{@ة‬: knowledge 'DUCQ
butter 01‫ ز‬food ‫م‬8C tea ‫ي‬8
sugar U6J gold ‫ ذه‬blood ‫دم‬
news ‫ر‬8t‫ أ‬glass ‫ج‬8‫ ز‬cheese jt
milk *+x paper ‫ ورق‬bread )t
rice ‫ رز‬wood furniture ‫ت‬8‫و‬UbQ
rain UQ steel 0(0x grass S
cloth ‫ش‬8=: music v*J@Q marble ‫م‬8‫ر‬
Uncountable Nouns
.‫د‬Ub=7‫' ا‬+Q8CQ <Q8Ck ‫ودة‬0C=7‫ ا‬U*V7‫ء ا‬8=J2‫ ا‬P*=
:'+¥Q‫أ‬
Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.
Milk has many minerals.
U*V7‫ ا‬Je‫< ا‬t: '*=67‫ ا‬+S ‫ل‬0k ‫ت‬8=+‫ آ‬Cc‫@ و‬7 j67 ‫و‬
.P=,7‫' ا‬+Q8CQ <Q8C( `-D ‫ود‬0CQ
Two cups of tea are not enough for me.
Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.
Definite & Indefinite Articles

‫ة‬.i‫> و ا‬7z‫أدوات ا‬
a/an
are used as indefinite articles. .‫ة‬U6- ‫ن آدوات‬8Q0¡[9k
The
is used as definite articles. .Z(UC[+7 ‫م آداة‬0¡[9k
We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound.

.j‫آ‬8J ‫ف‬U1 ‫أ‬0tk p[7‫ء ا‬8=J2‫< ا‬t: a P^-
We put “an”
an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound.
.‫ك‬U[Q ‫ف‬U1 ‫أ‬0tk p[7‫ء ا‬8=J2‫< ا‬t: an P^-
Indefinite Articles “a” & “an”
‫ة‬.i‫أدوات ا‬
We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant
sound.
.j‫آ‬8J ‫ف‬U1 ‫أ‬0tk p[7‫ء ا‬8=J2‫< ا‬t: a P^-
We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel

sound.
.‫ك‬U[Q ‫ف‬U1 ‫أ‬0tk p[7‫ء ا‬8=J2‫< ا‬t: an P^-
: '‫آ‬U[=7‫وف ا‬U7‫ ا‬Vowels

a–e–i–o-u

We use a/an:
Before a singular ‫دة‬Ub=7‫ء ا‬8=J2‫< ا‬t: a table
countable noun. .‫ودة‬0C=7‫ ا‬an egg
Before a job, a ‫' أو‬b*¨@7‫< ا‬t: Saleh is a doctor
particular group of jQ 'Y*CQ 'S@=,Q He is an engineer.
people or a nationality. .'*9Y,7‫س أو ا‬8Y7‫ ا‬She is an English
women.
With numbers that pYCk p[7‫م ا‬8:‫ر‬2‫ ا‬PQ He washes his
mean every. “<‫ ”آ‬hands ten times a
day. (means every
day).
We DO NOT use a/an:

No article is used with PQ ‫م أي أداة‬0¡[9k e Love, beauty,
abstract nouns and the ‫@(' و‬YC=7‫ء ا‬8=J2‫ ا‬hatred, wood,
.‫دن‬8C=7‫ء ا‬8=J‫أ‬
names of metals. silver, gold
No article is used ‫م أي أداة‬0¡[9k e There are books on

before plural or ‫ء‬8=J2‫ أو ا‬P=,7‫< ا‬t: the table.
uncountable nouns.
.‫ودة‬0CQ U*V7‫ ا‬Milk is good for you.
The Definite Article “The”

“‫> ”أل‬7z‫أدوات ا‬
The is used before: :<t: “‫ ”أل‬Z(UC[7‫م أداة ا‬0¡[9k
A noun that is the only jQ 0@( e ‫~ي‬7‫ ا‬Je‫ ا‬The river Nile
one of its kind. .svD 0x‫@ى وا‬J `S@- The Ka’
Ka’aba
Names of rivers, seas, ‫ر و‬8{-2‫ء ا‬8=J‫ أ‬The Arabian Gulf
oceans, etc…
etc…. .»7‫ا‬........‫ر‬8t7‫ ا‬The Red Sea
A noun which is the `1 ‫@ل‬CbQ ‫@ن‬6( ‫~ي‬7‫ ا‬Je‫ ا‬Umar answered the
object of a sentence. .'+=,7 question.
The names of musical .'*v*J@=7‫ت ا‬eº‫ء ا‬8=J‫ أ‬Can you play the duff?
instruments.
The is used before: :<t: “‫ ”أل‬Z(UC[7‫م أداة ا‬0¡[9k
Names of some .‫ان‬0+t7‫ ا‬nC1 ‫ء‬8=J‫ أ‬The United Kingdom

countries. The U.S.A.
With some time +S '7‫ا‬07‫ ا‬U*18C[7‫ ا‬nC1 PQ at the weekend

expressions. .:@7‫ ا‬in the evening
With dates. .»(‫[@ار‬7‫ ا‬PQ On the first day of every
month.
With some general .'Q8C7‫ات ا‬U*tC[7‫ ا‬nC1 PQ Listen to the radio/news.

expressions. Go to the market/desert.

Use article with the name ‫ أل‬Z(UC[7‫م أداة ا‬0¡[9- I saw a man. The man
that is repeated. ‫ة‬U=+7 U‫~ي ذآ‬7‫ ا‬Je‫ ا‬PQ was young.
.'*-8¥7‫ا‬
No article is used with the PQ ‫م أي أداة‬0¡[9k e I do not like science. My
names of studies of .'*J‫را‬07‫=@اد ا‬7‫ء ا‬8=J‫ أ‬favorite subject is
subjects. mathematics.
No article is used before <t: ‫م أي أداة‬0¡[9k e I am going to school.
such words as school, ،'J‫ر‬0Q <¥Q 'Y*CQ ‫ء‬8=J‫ أ‬I always go to bed early.
home, bed, work, etc. ....<=S ،U(UJ ،‫)ل‬YQ
No article is used before PQ ‫م أي أداة‬0¡[9k e on Monday, in June
such words such as day ‫م و‬8(2‫< ا‬¥Q 'Y*CQ ‫ء‬8=J‫ أ‬in summer (sometimes
and month names. . ‫{@ر‬7‫ ا‬in the summer).
before breakfast.
Pronouns g‫ا‬
A pronoun replaces a noun . Je‫< ا‬Q <( U*=^7‫ا‬
Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns Pronouns
<S8b7‫ ا‬U]8=c `1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫ ا‬U]8=c '*6+=7‫ت ا‬8bf '*6+=7‫ ا‬U]8=c ‫س‬86C-e‫ ا‬U]8=c
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
We us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
Pronouns g‫ا‬
• We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or
what we are talking about .
‫ أي‬jS ‫ أو‬jQ PQ +S +S ‫@ن‬6- 8Q0YS Je‫ ا‬jQ e01 U*=^7‫م ا‬0¡[9-
.‫ث‬0[- ‫ء‬p
Examples '+¥Q‫أ‬
Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests.
Object Pronouns
Y% ‫ل‬P7:‫@ ا‬
We use an object pronoun . `1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫ ا‬U*=c ‫م‬0¡[9-
– After a preposition. U,7‫وف ا‬Ux 0C1

Do you live near them?
Send the box directly to me.
– After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend,
pass, take, show.
The little boy made it for her.
Reflexive Pronouns
C.7"~‫@ ا‬
Reflexive pronouns are used: .'*J86C-.‫ا‬U]8=c ‫م‬0¡[9-
– for emphasize 0*‫[آ‬+7
Did you do the decorations yourself ?

I did the painting myself.
– With some special expressions 'f8¡7‫ ا‬U*18C[7‫ ا‬nC1 PQ
Help yourself .
Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
I live by myself. (I live alone)
Relative Pronouns
6;P‫@ ا‬
• The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.
.nCt1 8{^C1 <=,7‫ ا‬s1U7 <f@7‫ ا‬U]8=c ‫م‬0¡[9k

:'*kº‫¡@ات ا‬7‫ ا‬Ptk‫=< ا‬,7‫ ا‬s1U7 ‫و‬
.8{C:@Q jS §t- ¤ '*-8¥7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬pD ‫رة‬U6[Q '=+‫ آ‬jS §t- -١

who <=C[9- ً5:8S ً5S8D -8‫ذا آ‬³D
.<Cb7‫ ا‬0C1 '=+67‫@@د ا‬1 H7‫ف ذ‬UC- ‫ و‬whom <=C[9- ً5:8S `1 ًe@CbQ -8‫وإذا آ‬
. which <=C[9- <:8S U* -8‫و إذا آ‬
<^b- e 8Y-‫ أ‬e‫' إ‬v1897‫ت ا‬8=+67‫ ا‬jQ '=+‫ل أي آ‬01 ‫م‬0¡[9[D that 8Q‫أ‬
.<=,7‫ ا‬P*= pD 8{78=C[J‫ا‬
. whose '=+‫=< آ‬C[9- '*6+=+7 -8‫و إذا آ‬
pD `+¥Q D~x ‫~ي‬7‫ ا‬Je‫ ا‬Pc‫*' و‬-8¥7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬jQ ‫رة‬U6[=7‫=' ا‬+67‫~ف ا‬x‫ ا‬-٢
.7‫و‬2‫' ا‬+=,7‫ا‬
Relative Pronouns
6;P‫@ ا‬
Who [6/7‫ ا‬6h: ] ez‫ ا‬،‫اي‬
.'+=,7‫ أول ا‬ ‫@@د‬1 <S8b7‫ف ا‬UC- ً8Ct ‫< و‬:8C7‫< ا‬S8b7‫< ا‬Q <[7 who ‫م‬0¡[9k
:p78[7‫ل ا‬8¥=7‫ ا‬xe
Here is the man. The man is a doctor.
'+=,7‫ ا‬P^- ¤ who 8{YQ ًe01 P^- ‫*' و‬-8¥7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬jQ The man '=+‫~ف آ‬-
:¦tw[D 7‫و‬2‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬pD 8{+¥Q 8YD~x p[7‫=' ا‬+67‫ ا‬0C1 '*-8¥7‫ا‬
Here is the man who is a doctor.
:'+¥Q‫أ‬
1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.
The man who was here is a doctor
2) My friend swims well. He lives here.
My friend who lives here swims well.
Relative Pronouns
6;P‫@ ا‬
Whom [6/7‫ ا‬Y% ‫ل‬P7:‫]ا‬ ez‫ ا‬،‫اي‬
‫@@د‬1 `1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫ف ا‬UC- ً8Ct ‫< و‬:8C7‫` ا‬1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫< ا‬Q <[7 whom <=C[9k
:p78[7‫ل ا‬8¥=7‫ ا‬xe .<Cb7‫ ا‬0C1
The man came here. I visited him.
P^-‫ و‬،'*-8¥7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ أول ا‬whom P^- ¤ '*-8¥7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬jQ him '=+‫~ف آ‬-
8{*7‫@د إ‬C( p[7‫ )ا‬8{+¥Q 8YD~x p[7‫=' ا‬+67‫ ا‬0C1 '*-8¥7‫' ا‬+=,7‫@ل و ا‬f@=7‫ ا‬Je‫ا‬
:¦tw[D (U*=^7‫ا‬
The man whom I visited came here.
:'+¥Q‫أ‬
1) The man was working with me. I paid him.
The man whom I paid was working with me.
2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.
This is the girl whom you gave a flower.
Relative Pronouns
6;P‫@ ا‬
Which [Y% ‫ل‬P7:‫ أو ا‬6h:‫] !د ا‬ ez‫ ا‬،‫اي‬
‫ أول‬ ‫@@د‬1 <S8b7‫ف ا‬UC- ً8Ct ‫< و‬:8S U*V7‫@ل ا‬Cb=7‫< أو ا‬S8b7‫< ا‬Q <[7 which <=C[9k
:p78[7‫ل ا‬8¥=7‫ ا‬xe .<Cb7‫ ا‬0C1 0@*D `1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫ ا‬8Q‫' أ‬+=,7‫ا‬
He found his book. He lost it yesterday.

‫ أول‬pD which 8{YQ ًe01 P^- ‫ و‬8{D~YD his book '=+‫ آ‬+S ‫@د‬Ck him '=+‫ى أن آ‬U-
8{+¥Q 8YD~x p[7‫=' ا‬+67‫ ا‬0C1 '*-8¥7‫' ا‬+=,7‫@ل و ا‬f@=7‫ ا‬Je‫ ا‬P^- ¤ '*-8¥7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ا‬
:¦tw[D (U*=^7‫ ا‬8{*7‫@د إ‬C( p[7‫)ا‬
He found his book which he lost yesterday.
:'+¥Q‫أ‬
1) This is the house. I live in it.
This is the house which I live in.
2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.
This book which is very useful is cheap.
Relative Pronouns
6;P‫@ ا‬
That [Y% ‫ل‬P7:‫ أو ا‬6h:‫ ا‬6/7‫ و | ا‬6/7 ] ez‫ ا‬،‫اي‬
‫< و‬:8C7‫` ا‬1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫< أو ا‬S8b7‫< ا‬Q <[7 that <=C[9k

xe .8{xU ©tJ ‫< أي أداة‬Q <k ‫< أي‬:8S U*
:'*78[7‫' ا‬+¥Q2‫ا‬
This is the boy. You met her.

This is the boy that (whom) you met.
I have a bird. It sings.

I have a bird that (which) sings.
Relative Pronouns
6;P‫@ ا‬
Whose [. ] ez‫ ا‬،‫اي‬
:p78[7‫ل ا‬8¥=7‫ ا‬xe .'*6+=+7 whose <=C[9k
This is the man. His car hit the boy.

This is the man whose his car hit the boy.
‫*' و‬6+=7‫ ا‬U*=c ‫~ف‬YD the man ‫ـ‬7 '‫@آ‬+=Q car '=+‫ أن آ‬0,- 8Y‫ه‬
. car '=+‫ آ‬8‫ه‬0C1 P^- ¤ whose ‫@ل‬f@=7‫ ا‬Je‫` ا‬YQ ًe01 P^-
Making Questions
C&‫ ا‬VP.?
pD 0S89=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬P^- ‫ال‬J 7‫(' إ‬Ut¡7‫' ا‬+=,7‫[@(< ا‬7
:'(‫ا‬0t7‫ا‬
:p‫ة ه‬0S89=7‫ل ا‬8CD2‫ا‬Helping Verbs
am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had –
will – would – shall – should – can – could – may –
might – must – ought to
:'‫ـــــــــ‬+¥Q‫أ‬
They are doctors. Are they doctors?
She can help us? Can they help us?
I will go to the market? Will you go to the market?
Making Questions
C&‫ ا‬VP.?
0S89Q <CD '+=,781 j6( 7 ‫إذا‬
: do ‫م‬0¡[9- s ‫ون‬01 ‫رع‬8^=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬PQ (١
They play tennis. Do they play tennis?
I write books. Do you write books?
0S89=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫@@د ا‬7 H7‫ول( و ذ‬2‫ ا‬Z(Uw[7‫` )ا‬+f‫ أ‬7‫< إ‬Cb7‫دة ا‬8S‫ إ‬xe
: does ‫م‬0¡[9- s `1 ‫~ي‬7‫رع ا‬8^=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬PQ (٢

ِAhmed
Ahmed plays tennis. Does Ahmed play tennis?
Huda watch TV. Does Huda watch TV?
Making Questions
C&‫ ا‬VP.?
0S89Q <CD '+=,781 j6( 7 ‫إذا‬
: did ‫م‬0¡[9- pc8=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬PQ (٣
They watched TV last night.
Did they watch TV last night?
I played football yesterday.
Did you play football yesterday?
:'‫ــــــــ‬zx5Q
‫داة‬1 ‫أ‬0tk 7 8{-2 H7‫ و ذ‬No ‫ أو‬Yes ‫ـ‬1 8{[18‫@ن إ‬6k 'v1897‫' ا‬+iJ2‫ ا‬P*=
.‫ال‬J
Making Questions
C&‫ ا‬VP.?
:=9k p[7‫*' و ا‬78[7‫ال ا‬97‫ى أدوات ا‬0x³1 ‫أ‬0t( ‫ أن‬,*D 'Y*CQ 'Q@+CQ ‫ء‬8S‫ال إ‬97‫ ا‬jQ ‫ف‬0{7‫ن ا‬8‫إذا آ‬
Wh Questions
Where? j(‫أ‬ ‫ن‬86=7‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7
When? [Q ‫ن‬8Q)7‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7

Why? ‫ذا‬8=7 t97‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7
What? ‫ذا‬8Q /8Q ‫ء‬p jS ‫ال‬9+7
Which? ‫أي‬ j*i* j*1 ‫ر‬8*[57
Who? jQ <:8S <S8D jS ‫ال‬9+7
Whom? jQ <:8S `1 ‫@ل‬CbQ jS ‫ال‬9+7

Making Questions
C&‫ ا‬VP.?
Wh Questions (Cont.)
Whose? j=7 '*6+=7‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7
How? Z*‫آ‬ '787‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7
How many? ‫د‬0S ‫آ‬ ‫د‬0C7‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7
How much? '*=‫آ آ‬ '*=67‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7
How long? ‫آ @ل‬ ‫@ل‬7‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7
How old? U=S ‫آ‬ U=C7‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7
How far? 0C1 ‫آ‬ 'D89=7‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7
Steps for Making a Question

‫ال‬p ‫ ا‬VP.? ‫ات‬PHx
:<¥Q ،`YS ‫ال‬97‫اد ا‬U=7‫)ء ا‬,+7 'tJ8Y=7‫ال ا‬97‫ أداة ا‬U[‫( ا‬١
When, Where, Why………..etc
‫ أداة‬0C1 ‫< أي‬S8b7‫< ا‬t: (0‫ )إن و‬helping verb 0S89=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬Pc (٢
.‫ة‬U8tQ ‫ال‬97‫ا‬
:‫م‬0¡[J‫ ا‬0S89Q <CD '+=,781 j6( 7 ‫( إذا‬٣
do ‫م‬0¡[9- s ‫ون‬01 ‫رع‬8^=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬PQ *
does ‫م‬0¡[9- s `1 ‫~ي‬7‫رع ا‬8^=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬PQ *
did ‫م‬0¡[9- pc8=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬PQ *
‫ً أو‬5f‫' أ‬+=,781 ‫=@@د‬7‫@اء ا‬J 0S89=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬0C1 <S8b7‫ ا‬Pc (٤
`+f‫ أ‬7‫< إ‬Cb7‫دة ا‬8S‫' إ‬zx5Q PQ 8-0YS jQ 8‫ه‬8YQ0¡[J‫ ا‬p[7‫ا‬
.‫ول‬2‫` ا‬b(Uwk ‫أي‬
.‫ال‬97‫` @اب ا‬-2 `YS ‫ال‬97‫اد ا‬U=7‫)ء ا‬,7‫~ف ا‬x‫( ا‬٥
: '‫ــــــــــــــــــــــ‬+¥Q‫أ‬
They are going to eat meat.
What are they going to eat?
meat '=+‫ آ‬8YD~x ¤ 0S89=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬p‫ ه‬8{-2 they +S are 8YQ0: 8Y-‫ أ‬xe *
.‫ال‬97‫ ا‬+S ‫@اب‬,7‫ ا‬8{-2
They played tennis at school.

Where did they play tennis?
‫ و‬.pc8=7‫ ا‬pD <Cb7‫ن ا‬2 ‫ و‬0S89Q <CD ‫م و@د‬0C7 did 8YQ0¡[J‫ ا‬8Y-‫ أ‬xe *
at school 8YD~x 8Y-‫ أ‬xe ‫ و‬.`+f‫ أ‬7‫` أ‬k‫د‬8S. <Cb7‫ ا‬jQ ed ‫~ف‬x ً8^(‫ أ‬xe
.‫ال‬97‫ ا‬+S ‫@اب‬,7‫ ا‬8{-2

:'zx5Q
:<¥Q YC=7‫ ا‬PQ J8Y[k p67 U]8=^7‫ ا‬nC1 U**Vk xe
I ¦twk you you ¦twk I
your ¦twk my you ¦twk we
jQ ً‫ا‬0S89Q ً5CD ‫م‬0¡[9- e <S8b7‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬97‫ن ا‬8‫إذا آ‬

‫ً و‬5:8S <S8b7‫ن ا‬8‫ إذا آ‬who ‫ال‬97‫ أداة ا‬P^- <1 8-0YS
.ً5:8S U* <Cb7‫ن ا‬8‫ إذا آ‬what
:'+¥Q‫أ‬
Ahmed broke the window. Who broke the window?
The book describes accidents. What describes accidents?
‫~ت‬7zC‫ا‬
How
He was very pleased to meet his friend. jS ‫ال‬9+7 How

How was he to meet his friend? ‫' أو‬787‫ا‬
'*b*67‫ا‬
Thirty boys are in this class. jS ‫ال‬9+7 How
How many boys are in this class? ‫د‬0C7‫ا‬ many
I am twenty years old. jS ‫ال‬9+7 How
How old are you? U=C7‫ا‬ old
You paid five pounds for this coat. jS ‫ال‬9+7 How
How much did you pay for this coat? '*=67‫ا‬ much
‫~ت‬7zC‫ا‬
How
It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh. jS ‫ال‬9+7 How

How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh? ‫ت‬8D89=7‫ا‬ far
This rope is two meters long. jS ‫ال‬9+7 How
How long is this rope? ‫@ال‬2‫ا‬ long
This fence is four meters high. jS ‫ال‬9+7 How
How high is this fence? ‫ت‬8S8bk‫ر‬.‫ا‬ high
Sami is meter and a half tall. jS ‫ال‬9+7 How
How tall is Sami? ‫أ@ال‬ tall
‫ص‬8¡2‫ا‬
some/7%
any/‫أي‬
.‫ال‬97‫*' أو ا‬bY=7‫ ا‬9*7 ‫(' و‬Ut¡7‫=< ا‬,7‫ ا‬pD 8{k‫و أ@ا‬ some ‫م‬0¡[9k
1) We had some books. 2) Somebody was there.

3) He is somewhere.
.pbY7‫ال و ا‬97‫ ا‬PQ 8{k‫و أ@ا‬ any ‫م‬0¡[9k‫و‬

:‫ال‬97‫ ا‬PQ
1) Do you have any books? 2) Is anybody at home?
3) Is he anywhere?
:pbY7‫ ا‬PQ
1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody.
3) He is not anywhere.
Making Negative
e:i‫ ا‬VP.?
<Cb7‫ ا‬0C1 not '=+‫ آ‬P^- pb- 7‫(' إ‬Ut¡7‫' ا‬+=,7‫[@(< ا‬7
:0S89=7‫ا‬
:p‫ة ه‬0S89=7‫ل ا‬8CD2‫ا‬Helping Verbs

am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will
– would – shall – should – can – could – may –
might – must – ought to
They are happy. They are not happy?
He can help us? He can not help us?
Making Negative
e:i‫ ا‬VP.?
Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be
(Affirmative) ‫ت‬8t¤.‫ ا‬pD (Negative) pbY7‫ ا‬pD
Long Forms Short Forms Long Forms Short Forms
I am I’m I am not I’m not
He is He’s He is not He’s not
She is She’s She is not She’s not
It is It’s It is not It’s not
You are You’re You are not You’re not
We are We’re We are not We’re not
They are They’re They are not They’re not
Making Negative
e:i‫ ا‬VP.?
.8-0YS jQ 0S89Q <Cb1 pkYD 0S89Q <CD '+=,7‫ ا‬pD j6( 7 ‫إذا‬
(not) P^- ¤ (do, does, did) :p‫ة ه‬0S89=7‫ل ا‬8CD2‫ ا‬ ~‫وه‬
.‫ول‬2‫ ا‬Z(Uw[7‫` أي ا‬+f‫ أ‬7‫< إ‬Cb7‫دة ا‬8S‫' إ‬zx5Q PQ 0C1
:p78[7‫ول ا‬0,7‫ ا‬pD 8=‫=' آ‬+67‫ ا‬pbY1 '+=,7‫ ا‬pbYYD '+=,7‫ ا‬pD '*kº‫ت ا‬8=+67‫ى ا‬0x‫ إ‬-8‫ إذا آ‬:'zx5Q
Affirmative ‫ت‬8t¤‫ا‬ Negative pb-

some nC1 no, any
both……
both……and
and ‫و‬....jQ <‫آ‬ neither…………
neither………….nor
.nor
either…
either…..or ‫أو‬......8Q‫إ‬ neither…………
neither………….nor
.nor
sometimes ً8-8*x‫أ‬ never
as………
as………as
as <¥Q.......`+¥Q not so…………
so…………..as
..as
all <‫آ‬ not all
every <‫آ‬ no, not every
TENSES i=‫ا&ز‬
1. Present Simple Tense S‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬
.©]8v7‫رات و ا‬0v7‫ و ا‬0*78v[7‫دات و ا‬8C7‫ ا‬jS U*tC[+7 jQ)7‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(

.‫د‬U,=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫< أي ا‬Cb+7 ‫ول‬2‫ ا‬Z(Uw[7‫ ا‬jQ jQ)7‫@ن ه~ا ا‬6[(
:<¥Q ‫ت‬8=+‫ آ‬PQ ‫دة‬8S jQ)7‫ ه~ا ا‬pk(
every <‫آ‬ always ً8=]‫دا‬ usually ‫دة‬8S

generally 8ًQ@=S often ً8t78 sometimes ً8-8*x‫أ‬
rarely ‫درا‬8- never ً‫ا‬01‫أ‬ from time to time

Uº j*x jQ
1. 1.
Present
PresentSimple
Simple Tense
Tense S‫ا‬
S‫ا‬‫رع‬g‫ا‬
‫رع‬g‫ا‬
'‫ــــــــــــــــــــــ‬+¥Q‫أ‬
1. I go to school everyday.
2. They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m.
3. We often drink coffee in the morning.
4. She is never late to school.
.<Cb+7 ‫دة‬8(‫ ز‬s Z*^- ]8 ‫د‬UbQ <S8b7‫ن ا‬8‫ إذا آ‬:'zx5Q
1. Ali drinks milk every morning.
2. A cow gives us milk.
Past Simple Tense S‫ ا‬e@‫ا‬
2. Past Simple Tense S‫ ا‬e@‫ا‬
.pc8=7‫ ا‬pD P:‫ث و‬0x jS U*tC[+7 jQ)7‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(

PQ ed 'D8c‫< أي إ‬Cb+7 p-8¥7‫ ا‬Z(Uw[7‫ ا‬jQ jQ)7‫@ن ه~ا ا‬6[(
.‫ذة‬87‫ل ا‬8CD2‫' ا‬zx5Q
yesterday Q‫أ‬ last pc8=7‫ا‬ ago ^Q
in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH: <¥Q pc8=7‫ ا‬pD »(‫ر‬8k ‫أو أي‬
2. Past Simple Tense S‫ ا‬e@‫ا‬
I, He, She, it was

They, We, You were
1. I watched television last night.

2. They visited their uncle yesterday.
3. We went to Makkah two months often.
3. Future
3. Future Simple
Simple Tense 6Sz ‫ا‬
Tense S‫ ا‬6Sz ‫ا‬
S‫ا‬
.<tv[9=7‫ ا‬pD `¤‫و‬0x P:@[Q ‫ث‬0x jS U*tC[+7 jQ)7‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(
.<Cb+7 ‫ول‬2‫ ا‬Z(Uw[7‫ ا‬¤ shall ‫ او‬will jQ jQ)7‫@ن ه~ا ا‬6[(
.U]8=^7‫ ا‬p:81 PQ pk[D will 8Q‫ أ‬we ‫ و‬I +6[=7‫ ا‬U*=c PQ shall pkk
PQ 8{701 will '=+‫ آ‬+x 0:‫' و‬¥(07‫*)(' ا‬+,-.‫ ا‬pD 8{Q‫ا‬0¡[J‫ر ا‬0- shall j67‫و‬
.U]8=^7‫ ا‬P*=
tomorrow ً‫ا‬0 next ‫دم‬8v7‫ا‬ in the future <tv[9=7‫ ا‬pD
in 2010 AD, in 1425 AH:

AH: <¥Q <tv[9=7‫ ا‬pD »(‫ر‬8k ‫أو أي‬
3. Future Simple Tense S‫ ا‬6Sz ‫ا‬
1. I will go to school tomorrow.
2. They will play foot ball next Friday.
3. He will join the army in the future.
:‫ام‬0¡[J81 s*9t7‫< ا‬tv[9=+7 U‫ أ‬j(@6k ‫ك‬8Y‫ه‬
am , is , are going to
4. Present
4. Present Continuous
Continuous Tense Tense
z ‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬
. svD ‫ن‬º‫ ا‬Pv( ‫ث‬0x jS U*tC[+7 jQ)7‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(
: jQ jQ)7‫@ن ه~ا ا‬6[(
am / is / are + <CD + ing
I am + verb + ing
He, she, it is + verb + ing
They, we, you are + verb + ing
: <¥Q ‫ت‬8=+‫ آ‬PQ ‫دة‬8S jQ)7‫ ه~ا ا‬pk(
now ‫ن‬º‫ا‬ at the moment 'z+7‫ ا‬ ~‫ ه‬pD look Uz-‫ا‬
listen P=[J‫ا‬ at the present time Uc87‫ ا‬:@7‫ ا‬pD
4. Present Continuous Tense z ‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬
1. I am reading a story at the moment.

2. They are watching television now.
3. Look! the bus is coming.
4. Present Continuous Tense z ‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬
pc8=7‫ أو ا‬U=[9=7‫رع ا‬8^=7‫@اء ا‬J ‫ار‬U=[Je‫ ا‬pD Pvk ‫ أن‬j6=( e ‫ل‬8CD2‫ ا‬nC1
: ‫ل‬8CD2‫ ا‬ ~‫ ه‬jQ‫س و‬89x.‫ذى وا‬2‫@ر وا‬C7‫ ا‬jS UtCk ‫ل‬8CD2‫ ا‬ ~‫ وه‬U=[9=7‫ا‬
like ( love ( want 0(U( prefer <^b(
wish Y=[( hate U6( dislike U6( feel UC(
hope <Q( hear P=9( think 0v[C( seem ‫و‬0t(
appear U{z( fear ¡( consider Ut[C( fit J8Y(
believe ‫ق‬0w( trust ©¥( understand {b(
4.Continuous
٥. Past Present Continuous
Tense Tense
z ‫ ا‬e@‫ا‬
. U‫< أ‬CD ‫@ع‬:‫ء و‬8Y¤‫ أ‬pc8=7‫ ا‬pD P:‫< و‬CD jS U*tC[+7 jQ)7‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(
was / were +<CD + ing : jQ jQ)7‫@ن ه~ا ا‬6[(
when 8Q0YS while 8=Y*1 as ‫*§ أن‬x because ‫ن‬2
:'¨@+Q
pc8=7‫< ا‬+¡k ‫~ي‬7‫ و ا‬s*9t7‫ ا‬pc8=7‫ ا‬jQ‫` ز‬CQ pk( 8Q ‫دة‬8S jQ)7‫ه~ا ا‬
.`¤‫و‬0x ‫ء‬8Y¤‫ أ‬P:‫~ي و‬7‫ أي ا‬U=[9=7‫ا‬
5. Past Continuous Tense z ‫ ا‬e@‫ا‬
While I was sleeping , a thief entered my room.
U=[9Q pc8Q s*91 pc8Q
j*¤0x +S ‫[@ي‬k '+=,7‫ ا‬ ~‫( ه‬p[DU ¯7 <‫ د‬، ً8=]8- Y‫ آ‬8=Y*1)
‫~ي‬7‫' ا‬DUV7‫¯ ا‬+7‫ د@ل ا‬Uº‫@م وا‬Y7‫ وه@ ا‬U=[9Q pc8Q 8=‫ه‬0x‫أ‬
. ‫@م‬Y7‫ء ا‬8Y¤‫< أ‬wx
When we were eating , my father came .
U=[9Q pc8Q s*91 pc8Q
8=‫ه‬0x‫ أ‬j*¤0x +S ‫[@ي‬k '+=,7‫ ا‬ ~‫ي( ه‬07‫ء وا‬8 ، <‫آ‬- 8Y‫ آ‬8=Y*1 )
<‫آ‬2‫ء ا‬8Y¤‫< أ‬wx ‫~ي‬7‫ي ا‬07‫ء وا‬p,Q Uº‫آ< وا‬2‫ وه@ ا‬U=[9Q pc8Q
.
¦tw[D YC=7‫ ا‬U*V[( ‫' دون أن‬+=,7‫ ا‬sJ‫ و‬s1U7‫ أداة ا‬Pc‫ و‬j6=( :'zx5Q
: p+( 8=‫' آ‬v1897‫ن ا‬8[+=,7‫ا‬
A thief entered my room while I was sleeping .

s*91 pc8Q U=[9Q pc8Q
ً8=]8- Y‫ آ‬8=Y*1 p[DU ¯7 <‫د‬
My father came when we were eating .

s*91 pc8Q U=[9Q pc8Q <‫آ‬- 8Y‫ آ‬8=Y*1 ‫ي‬07‫ء وا‬8
:'zx5Q
‫~ف‬k‫ و‬while '=+61 '+=,7‫أت ا‬01 ‫' إذا‬+f8b7‫[ ا‬6k
. 7‫و‬2‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬Zw[YQ pD C:‫إذا و‬
<(@ ‫ول‬2‫ن ا‬5CD 8{1 while ‫ة‬0S8: ‫ً أن‬8=]‫ دا‬U‫~آ‬k
.s*91 pc8Q @‫ وه‬Ê8bQ Uº‫ و ا‬U=[9Q
4. Present
6. Future Continuous
Continuous Tense Tense
z ‫ ا‬6Sz ‫ا‬
. ‫ة‬U[b7 U=[9(‫< و‬tv[9=7‫ ا‬pD `¤‫و‬0x P:@[Q ‫ء‬p jS U*tC[+7 jQ)7‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(
: jQ jQ)7‫@ن ه~ا ا‬6[(
( will + be +<CD + ing )
at jQ)+7 0YS by ‫@ل‬+1 in ‫ ^@ن‬pD
from…to 7‫إ‬..jQ all P*=، <‫ آ‬after 0C1

6. Future Continuous Tense z ‫ ا‬6Sz ‫ا‬
1. By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo.

2. They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock .
4. Present
7. Present Continuous
Perfect Tense Tense‫م‬z‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬
‫ت أو‬8z7 <t: {[-‫ و ا‬pc8=7‫ ا‬pD <wx ‫ث‬0x jS U*tC[+7 jQ)7‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(
.‫ن‬º‫[ ا‬x ‫@@دة‬Q ‫ر‬8¤Í 7‫زا‬e ‫ و‬pc8=7‫ ا‬pD {[-‫ا‬
has / have +<Cb+7 §78¥7‫ ا‬Z(Uw[7‫ا‬ I :jQ jQ)7‫@ن ه~ا ا‬6[(
since ~YQ for ‫ة‬0=7 just @[7‫ ا‬pD

yet ‫ن‬º‫[ ا‬x ever 012‫ ا‬pD never ً‫ا‬01‫أ‬
recently ً8¥(0x already ً8Q8=k

7. Present Perfect Tense ‫م‬z‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬
1. I have lived in Riyadh for six years.

2. I have not visited him since 1995.
3. Ahmed has already finished his homework.
4. She has written three letters just now.
Since & For
• Since means “from some definite point or period n the past up to now”
now”
.‫ن‬º‫[ ا‬x ‫ و‬pc8=7‫ ا‬pD ‫دة‬0Q ‫ة‬U[D ‫' أو‬v- jQ ً‫را‬8t[S‫“ ا‬i=” '=+‫ آ‬pYCk
• For means “a definite period of time”

time”
.'*YQ‫ة ز‬U[D +S “‫ة‬$” '=+‫ آ‬pYCk
since ~YQ For ‫ة‬0=7
2 o’
o’clock a moment
Monday 3 minutes
yesterday an hour
last night many hours
last week/ last month/ last year 3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months
1996 a year
last century 10 years
he came…………
came………… a century
4. Present
8. Past PerfectContinuous
Tense Tense
‫م‬z‫ ا‬e@‫ا‬
jQ‫ ز‬pD 8Q 'z7 pD {[-‫< و ا‬wx ‫ث‬0x jS U*tC[+7 jQ)7‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(
.pc8=7‫ا‬
had +<Cb+7 §78¥7‫ ا‬Z(Uw[7‫ا‬ I :jQ jQ)7‫@ن ه~ا ا‬6[(
after ~YQ before ‫ة‬0=7
which ‫ن‬º‫[ ا‬x as soon as 012‫ ا‬pD
8. Past Perfect Tense ‫م‬z‫ ا‬e@‫ا‬
1. I had washed before I prayed.
2. They went home after they had finished their work.
3. Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought.
4. As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah.
‫ث‬0x ‫~ي‬7‫ ا‬s*9t7‫ ا‬pc8=7‫ ا‬jQ‫` ز‬CQ pk( 8Q ً8t78 jQ)7‫ أن ه~ا ا‬xe
.‫م‬8[7‫ ا‬pc8=7‫ء ا‬8{[-‫ ا‬0C1
4. Present
9. Future PerfectContinuous
Tense Tense
‫م‬z‫ ا‬6Sz ‫ا‬
pD 8Q jQ‫ ز‬pD ‫ؤ‬8{[-‫` و ا‬¤‫و‬0x P:@[Q ‫ث‬0x jS U*tC[+7 jQ)7‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(
.<tv[9=7‫ا‬
will + have +<Cb+7 §78¥7‫ ا‬Z(Uw[7‫ ا‬I :jQ jQ)7‫@ن ه~ا ا‬6[(
by ‫@ل‬+1 at 0YS
9. Future Perfect Tense ‫م‬z‫ ا‬6Sz ‫ا‬
1. By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my

work.
2. At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters.
4. Present
١٠. Present Perfect Continuous
Continuous Tensez ‫م ا‬z‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬
Tense
`Y67 ‫ و‬pc8=7‫ ا‬pD k ‫` و‬YQ ‫ )ء‬P:‫ث و‬0x jS U*tC[+7 jQ)7‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(
.‫ن‬º‫[ ا‬x U=[9Q
has / have + been +<CD+ ing I :jQ jQ)7‫@ن ه~ا ا‬6[(
for ‫ة‬0=7 since ~YQ
١٠. Present Perfect Continuous Tense z ‫م ا‬z‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬
1. I have been studying English for six years.

2. She has been sleeping since 2 o’clock.
١٠. Present Perfect Continuous Tense z ‫م ا‬z‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬
: Present Perfect ‫م‬8[7‫رع ا‬8^=7‫ و ا‬U=[9=7‫م ا‬8[7‫رع ا‬8^=7‫ ا‬j*1 ‫ق‬Ub- p67
:'*78[7‫' ا‬+¥Q2‫ ا‬xe
• Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now
one hundred cakes on the table.
:‫@ّن‬6- j*[+=,7‫ ا‬ ~‫ ه‬jQ
Present Perfect Continuous Tense z ‫م ا‬z‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬
• She has been making cakes for three hours.

Present Perfect Tense ‫م‬z‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬
• She has made 100 cakes.

cakes.
Imperatives =&‫; ا‬
• Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences

either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions,
invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do.
‫ت‬8t¤.‫ ا‬pD ‫@ن‬6k 8Q‫=< أ‬,7‫ا(' ا‬01 pD ‫م‬0¡[9k ‫ل‬8CD‫ أ‬p‫ ه‬UQ2‫' ا‬V*f
¯¡ ‫ر‬8t‫ت أو إ‬8zx5=7‫رات و ا‬8.‫ ا‬،‫@ى‬S07‫ ا‬،‫ت‬8=*+C[7‫ ا‬jS UtC[7
.<Cb( ‫ذا‬8Q
• The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as:
walk, read, open,….etc.
.‫ول‬2‫ ا‬Z(Uw[7‫< أي ا‬Cb+7 '*9t7‫' ا‬V*w7‫ ا‬UQ2‫' ا‬V*f ‫م‬0¡[9k
Give Instructions ‫ت‬8=*+Ck ‫ء‬8S‫إ‬
• Mix the flour and the sugar. (Affirmative ‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
• Take two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative ‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
Make Invitations ‫@ى‬S07‫' ا‬V*f

• Come in; make yourselves at home. (Affirmative ‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
• Please start; do not wait for me. (Negative pb-)
pb-)
Tell someone what to do `+Cb*J 8Q ¯¡ ‫ر‬8t‫إ‬

• Open your book. (Affirmative ‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
• Do not forget to post the letter. (Negative pb-)
pb-)
Give Warnings ‫ات‬U(~k ‫ء‬8S‫إ‬
• Keep out. Danger. (Affirmative ‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
Make Signs & Notices ‫ت‬8zx5Q ‫رات و‬8‫ إ‬j(@6k

• Push. (Affirmative ‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
• Insert 2 X 50 SR. (Affirmative ‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
• Keep off the grass. (Affirmative ‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
Make Requests +7‫ ا‬j(@6k

• Please open the door. (Affirmative ‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
‫ت‬8t¤‫)إ‬
Modals /i‫ل ا‬78&‫ا‬
A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can
have several meanings and time frames, depending on the
context in which it is used.
‫ و‬p-8CQ ‫ة‬0S `7 j67‫ص و‬8¡2‫ ا‬P*= PQ ‫ة‬0x‫' وا‬V*f `7 ¯:8Y7‫< ا‬Cb7‫ا‬
.`*D ‫م‬0¡[9k ‫~ي‬7‫=[@ى ا‬7‫ ا‬9x '*YQ‫ل ز‬86‫أ‬
Form 'V*w7‫ا‬
shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to +
(<Cb+7 ‫ول‬2‫ ا‬Z(Uw[7‫)ا‬
Modals have no infinitives or past participles.

.§78¤ Z(Uwk ‫ر أو‬0wQ ¯:8Y7‫< ا‬Cb+7 *7

Modals Expresses: Example
/i‫ل ا‬78&‫ا‬ :Vh S7? ‫=<ل‬
shall
Promise You shall take a reward.
0S‫و‬
Determination He does not want to obey me: but he
*=wk shall.
shall.
Threat You shall be punished if you come late.

0(0{k
should
Duty You should obey your teachers.
‫@ا‬7‫ا‬
Advice or opinion You should stop smoking.
‫أي‬U7‫*' أو ا‬wY7‫ا‬
will
The simple future tense. He will visit us tomorrow.
s*9t7‫< ا‬tv[9=7‫' ا‬V*f
Determination or promise I will travel when I like.
0S@7‫=* أو ا‬w[7‫ا‬ We will do as you wish.
/i‫ل ا‬78&‫ا‬ :Vh S7? ‫=<ل‬
might Possibility
'*-86Q.‫ا‬
I hoped that I might succeed.
I thought that the weather might
might change
can, am/is/are Ability He can do it carefully.

‫رة‬0v=7‫ا‬ He is able to solve the problem.
able to
shall be able, Ability in the future I shall be able to help you.
<tv[9=7‫ ا‬+S ‫رة‬0v=7‫ا‬
will be able
could Past, present or future possibility

<tv[9=7‫ ا‬/ ‫رع‬8^=7‫ ا‬/pc8=7‫ ا‬pD '*-86Q.‫ا‬
Fahad could drive his car a year ago.
Ali is not in class today. He could be sick.
Do not leave now. It could rain now.
must Necessity
‫ورة‬U^7‫ا‬
You must listen to your teachers.
had to The past form of must :past necessity

pc8=7‫ ا‬pD ‫ورة‬U^7‫ا‬
Faisal could not come to our dinner party.
He had to stay home to study.

/i‫ل ا‬78&‫ا‬ :Vh S7? ‫=<ل‬
ought to Advice
'*wY7‫ا‬
You ought to help the poor.
ought to Actions that were advisable in the past

pD 8{+=S j9[9=7‫ ا‬jQ ‫ن‬8‫اث آ‬0x‫أ‬
You ought to have studied.
(You did not. That was a mistake)
have pc8=7‫ا‬
Affirmative Negative Question Short Answers

‫ت‬Sk‫إ‬ e:" ‫ت‬Sk‫إ‬ ‫ة‬zy= ‫ت‬%R‫إ‬
They should eat They should not Should they eat Yes, they should.
should. No, they should not.
not.
now. eat now. now?
He will leave. He will not leave. Will he leave? Yes, he will.

will. No, he will not.
not.
He would He would not Would he leave? Yes, he would.

would. No, he would not.
not.
succeed. succeed.
I might succeed. I might not Might I succeed?

succeed.
I may sleep. I may not sleep. May I sleep?
Affirmative Negative Question Short Answers

‫ت‬Sk‫إ‬ e:" ‫ت‬Sk‫إ‬ ‫ة‬zy= ‫ت‬%R‫إ‬
I can do it. I can not do it. Can I do it? Yes, you can.
can. No, you can not.
not.
He could talk. He could not Could he talk? Yes, he could.

could. No, he could not.
not.
talk.
We could have a We could not Could we have a Yes, you could.

could. No, he could not.
not.
test tomorrow. have a test test tomorrow?
tomorrow.
You must go now. You must not go Must you go now? Yes, I must.
must. No, I must not.
not.
now.
You ought to help You ought not to Ought you to help Yes, I ought to.
to. No, I ought not.
not.
them. help them. them?
Comparing Adjectives
‫ت‬:‫=ر" ا‬
4. Present
1. Comparing Continuous Tense
Short Adjectives ‫ت اة‬:‫=ر" ا‬
:VyZ ‫ أو‬VZ V% "‫ ار‬.١
than '=+‫ آ‬¤ ‫ة‬U*wv7‫ت ا‬8bw7‫ ا‬+2 er 'vx57‫' ا‬D8c‫ إ‬x5- '-‫ر‬8v=7‫ ا‬jQ ‫@ع‬Y7‫ ه~ا ا‬pD
• Ali is older
older than Ahmed.
• My Car is faster
faster than yours.
.svD r Z*^- 8Y-D e ‫ف‬U1 'bw7‫[{ ا‬-‫إذا ا‬

• safe
safe safer
safer than
• simple
simple simpler
simpler than
.‫دة‬8C78‫آ‬ er Z*^- ¤ i 7‫ إ‬y ‫ ال‬+v- 8Y-D y ‫ف‬U1 'bw7‫[{ ا‬-‫إذا ا‬

• easy
easy easier
easier than
• heavy
heavy heavier
heavier than
‫ت‬:‫=ر" ا‬
4. Present
1. Comparing Continuous Tense
Short Adjectives ‫ت اة‬:‫=ر" ا‬
:VyZ ‫ أو‬VZ V= <‫ أآ‬V% "‫ ار‬.٢
.‫ة‬U=7‫ ا‬ ~‫ ه‬est 'D8c‫ إ‬x5( ‫' و‬-‫ر‬8v=7‫' ا‬bw7‫© ا‬t9k p[7‫ا‬ the '=+‫ أه=*' آ‬8Y‫ ه‬x5-
• Everest is the highest
highest mountain.
• This is the biggest
biggest building in Riyadh.
.‫ة‬0(0 e Z*^- e 8Y-D e ‫ف‬U1 'bw7‫[{ ا‬-‫إذا ا‬

• safe
safe the safest
safest
.‫دة‬8C78‫آ‬ est Z*^- ¤ i 7‫إ‬ y ‫ ال‬+v- 8Y-D y ‫ف‬U1 'bw7‫[{ ا‬-‫إذا ا‬

• easy
easy the easiest
easiest
‫ت‬:‫=ر" ا‬
2. Comparing Long Adjectives PH‫ت ا‬:‫=ر" ا‬
:VyZ ‫ أو‬VZ V% "‫ ار‬.١

j*‫آ‬U[Q j*DUx jQ U¥‫ أآ‬+S ‫ ([@ي‬PvQ <‫ آ‬،PvQ jQ U¥‫ أآ‬jQ 'bw7‫@ن ا‬6[k 8Y‫ه‬
.j(0S8t[Q
beautiful <*= difficult Cf
dangerous U correct ¦*f
Important {Q Fluent ¦*wD
. est e ‫ و‬er <tv( e ‫ت‬8bw7‫ ا‬jQ ‫@ع‬Y7‫ه~ا ا‬

than '=+‫ آ‬¤ more '=+‫ت آ‬8bw7‫ ا‬ ~‫© ه‬t9k j*i* j*1 '-‫ر‬8v=7‫' ا‬78x pbD
• Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh.

• French is more difficult than English.
‫ت‬:‫=ر" ا‬
:VyZ ‫ أو‬VZ V= <‫ أآ‬V% "‫ ار‬.٢
the most '=+‫ت آ‬8bw7‫ ا‬ ~‫© ه‬t9k j*i* jQ U¥‫ أآ‬j*1 '-‫ر‬8v=7‫' ا‬78x pD
• Amal is the most beautiful girl in her class.
• This is the most important subject in this book.
‫ت‬:‫=ر" ا‬
:‫ــــــــــــ‬L4-=
YC=7‫ا‬ 'bw7‫ا‬ j*Y¤‫ أ‬j*1 '-‫ر‬8vQ j*Y¤‫ أ‬jQ U¥‫ أآ‬j*1 '-‫ر‬8vQ
0* good better than the best
Ê*J bad worse than the worst
(‫ود‬0C=+7) U*¥‫آ‬ many more than the most
(‫ود‬0C=7‫ ا‬U*V7) U*¥‫آ‬ much
(‫ود‬0C=7‫ ا‬U*V7) <*+: little less than the least
0*C1 far farther than the farthest
• Adel is better than his brother at school.

• This girl is the worst one in her class.
as……..as (Sg%) 6<= Y <=

not as….as 6<= Y <= £
as……..as (Sg%) 6<= Y <=
.j*[bf j*1 ‫واة‬89Q ‫ و@د‬j*x ‫ح‬5fe‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(

• Ali is as tall as his brother.
• This bag is as big as my bag.
not as……..as 6<= Y <= £
.j*[bf j*1 ‫واة‬89Q ‫م و@د‬0S '78x pD ‫ح‬5fe‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(

• Ali is not as tall as his brother.
• This bag is not as big as my bag.
Adverbs [‫ال‬P4&‫وف ]ا‬L‫ا‬
• An Adverb always modifies a verb.

ً8=]‫< دا‬Cb7‫ ا‬Zw( ‫ف‬Uz7‫ا‬
• Most adverbs are formed by adding ly to the adjectives.
.'bw+7 ly 'D8c³1 ‫@ّن‬6k ‫وف‬Uz7‫ ا‬zCQ
slow slowly nice nicely

happy happily careful carefully
There are many kinds of adverbs:

:‫وف‬L‫ ا‬V= ‫اع‬P"‫ة أ‬$h ‫ك‬i‫ه‬
١. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done.

.‫ث‬07‫@ع ا‬:‫*' و‬b*‫ آ‬jS UtCk p[7‫وف ا‬Uz7‫ا‬: ‫ك‬P ‫ ا‬h ‫ا‬$‫وف ا‬L‫ا‬
• I closed the window carefully.

• The soldier fought bravely.
2. Adverbs of time: express the time when an action is or was done.

.<Cb7‫وث ا‬0x jQ‫*' ز‬b*‫ آ‬jS UtCk p[7‫وف ا‬Uz7‫ا‬: ‫وف ا=ن‬¤
• I’m going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.

• What’s going to happen next?
3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.

.‫ث‬07‫@ع ا‬:‫ن و‬86Q jS UtCk p[7‫وف ا‬Uz7‫ا‬: ‫ن‬.‫وف ا‬¤
• I shall stand here.

• I’ve looked everywhere for my lost pen.
Some words that end in ly can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer to time.
+S ‫ل‬0k ‫ت‬8=+67‫ ا‬ ~‫ ه‬zCQ .‫ت‬8bf ‫وف أو‬U¨ ‫@ن‬6k ‫ أن‬j6==7‫ ا‬jQ ly ‫ـ‬1 p{[Yk p[7‫ت ا‬8=+67‫ ا‬nC1
:<¥Q .:@7‫ا‬
daily ً8*Q@( weekly ً8*S@tJ‫أ‬
monthly ً8(U{ yearly ً8(@YJ
• A daily newspaper is published daily.

• We get up early to catch an early train.
4. Adverbs of frequency: tell how often we do something.

~‫ ه‬jQ‫ و‬.‫ء‬p7‫وث ا‬0x ‫ات‬UQ ‫د‬0S jS 8-Ut¡k p[7‫ا‬: ‫ار‬.z‫ ا‬h ‫ا‬$‫وف ا‬L‫ا‬
:‫وف‬Uz7‫ا‬
always ً8=]‫دا‬ often ً8t78
usually ‫دة‬8S sometimes ً8-8*x‫أ‬
seldom ً‫درا‬8- Rarely ً‫ا‬0 ً‫درا‬8-
Never ً‫ا‬01‫أ‬ Occasionally Uº px jQ
Verb to BE: 0S89=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬0C1 ‫ار‬U6[7‫ف ا‬U¨ pk( :‫@ن‬6( <CD
Ali is always on time.
Other Verbs: ‫دي‬8C7‫< ا‬Cb7‫< ا‬t: ‫ار‬U6[7‫ف ا‬U¨ pk( :‫ى‬U2‫ل ا‬8CD2‫ا‬
Ali sometimes reads a book.
Adverbial Clause of Time
¦/P‫ ا‬h ‫ا‬$‫ ا‬8L‫ ا‬6!‫ا‬
Conjunctions: %‫أدوات ا‬
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with

the main sentence.
.'*9*]U7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬PQ :@7‫ ا‬+S '7‫ا‬07‫*' ا‬DUz7‫=< ا‬,7‫ ا‬s1Uk ~‫ ه‬s1U7‫أدوات ا‬
:‫ل‬8¥Q
• I found a watch. I was walking in the street.
• I found a watch while I was walking in the street.
Adverbial Clause of Place

‫ن‬.‫ ا‬h ‫ا‬$‫ ا‬8L‫ ا‬6!‫ا‬
where, wherever
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of place with

the main sentence.
.'*9*]U7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬PQ ‫ن‬86=7‫ ا‬+S '7‫ا‬07‫*' ا‬DUz7‫=< ا‬,7‫ ا‬s1Uk ~‫ ه‬s1U7‫أدوات ا‬
:‫ل‬8¥Q
• Wherever he goes his brother follows him.
Adverbial Clause of Cause
ES ‫ ا‬h ‫ا‬$‫ ا‬8L‫ ا‬6!‫ا‬
because, since, as
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of cause with

the main sentence.
.'*9*]U7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬PQ t97‫ ا‬+S '7‫ا‬07‫*' ا‬DUz7‫=< ا‬,7‫ ا‬s1Uk ~‫ ه‬s1U7‫أدوات ا‬
:‫ل‬8¥Q
• I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.
Adverbial Clause of Manner

‫ك‬P ‫ ا‬h ‫ا‬$‫ ا‬8L‫ ا‬6!‫ا‬
As, as if, as through
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with the
main sentence.
.'*9*]U7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬PQ ‫@ك‬+97‫ ا‬+S '7‫ا‬07‫*' ا‬DUz7‫=< ا‬,7‫ ا‬s1Uk ~‫ ه‬s1U7‫أدوات ا‬
.pv*vx U* pc8Q as if 0C1 pk( ً8=]‫دا‬
:‫ل‬8¥Q
• He speaks as if he were a king.
.‫ل‬8* ‫د‬U,Q ‫*' و‬v*vx U* 8{-2 was jQ ًe01 were ‫ام‬0¡[J‫ ا‬xe
• It looks as if it would rain.
.P:@k ‫د‬U,Q 8{-‫ و أ‬pv*vx U* pc8Q @‫وه‬ will jQ ًe01 would ‫ام‬0¡[J‫ ا‬xe
Adverbial Clause of Purpose
‫ اض‬h ‫ا‬$‫ ا‬8L‫ ا‬6!‫ا‬
that, so that, in order that
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence.
.'*9*]U7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬PQ ‫ض‬UV7‫ ا‬+S '7‫ا‬07‫*' ا‬DUz7‫=< ا‬,7‫ ا‬s1Uk ~‫ ه‬s1U7‫أدوات ا‬
a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.
.<tv[9=7‫رع أو ا‬8^=7‫ ا‬pD p9*]U7‫< ا‬Cb7‫@ن ا‬6( 8Q0YS (‫ر‬$‫ا‬+%‫م )ر‬0¡[9-
:‫ل‬8¥Q
He works hard. He wishes to succeed.
He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.
b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.
.s*9t7‫ ا‬pc8=7‫ ا‬pD p9*]U7‫< ا‬Cb7‫@ن ا‬6( 8Q0YS (‫ر‬$‫ا‬+%‫م )ر‬0¡[9-
:‫ل‬8¥Q
He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.
Adverbial Clause of Result

!zi‫ ا‬h ‫ا‬$‫ ا‬8L‫ ا‬6!‫ا‬
We use: so + adverb + that such + noun+ that

to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result.
.'*9*]U7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬PQ ',*[Y7‫ ا‬+S '7‫ا‬07‫*' ا‬DUz7‫=< ا‬,7‫ ا‬s1U7 ‫ت‬8V*w7‫ ا‬ ~‫م ه‬0¡[9k
:‫ل‬8¥Q
• The man is so weak that he can not walk.
• He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.
Adverbial Clause of Contrast
/iz‫ ا‬h ‫ا‬$‫ ا‬8L‫ ا‬6!‫ا‬
though, although
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast

with the main sentence.
.'*9*]U7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬PQ n:8Y[7‫ ا‬+S '7‫ا‬07‫*' ا‬DUz7‫=< ا‬,7‫ ا‬s1Uk ~‫ ه‬s1U7‫أدوات ا‬
:‫ل‬8¥Q
• He is poor. He is happy.
• Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.
Adverbial Clause of Contrast

"‫ ار‬h ‫ا‬$‫ ا‬8L‫ ا‬6!‫ا‬
as….as, so……as
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast

with the main sentence.
.'*9*]U7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬PQ '-‫ر‬8v=7‫ ا‬+S '7‫ا‬07‫*' ا‬DUz7‫=< ا‬,7‫ ا‬s1Uk ~‫ ه‬s1U7‫أدوات ا‬
:‫ل‬8¥Q
• Nabeel is as clever as his father.
• Sami is not so strong as his brother.
Adverbial Clause of Condition
‫ ا‬h ‫ا‬$‫ ا‬8L‫ ا‬6!‫ا‬
if, unless
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition with the
main sentence.
.'*9*]U7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬PQ '787‫ ا‬+S '7‫ا‬07‫*' ا‬DUz7‫=< ا‬,7‫ ا‬s1Uk ~‫ ه‬s1U7‫أدوات ا‬
:‫ل‬8¥Q
• If we are ill, we go to bed.
• If we work hard, we will succeed.
• If we worked hard, we would succeed.
• If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself.
• Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.
as……..as [ Sg%] 6<= Y <=

not as….as 6<= Y <= £
as……..as [ Sg%] 6<= Y <=
.j*78x j*1 ‫واة‬89Q ‫ و@د‬j*x ‫ح‬5fe‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(
• Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.
not as……..as 6<= Y <= £
.j*78x j*1 ‫واة‬89Q ‫م و@د‬0S '78x pD ‫ح‬5fe‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(
• Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.

Active & Passive
‫ل‬P! eiS‫م و ا‬P 7 eiS‫ا‬
.ً=P 7= h8 ‫ن‬P. ez‫ ا! ا‬P‫م ه‬P 7 eiS% $

‫م‬P 7= | h8 ‫ن‬P. ez‫ ا! ا‬P‫ل ه‬P! eiS% $
.‫ ا&ه‬6 / ‫أو‬
:‫ل‬P! eiS‫م و ا‬P 7 eiS‫ ا‬V= ‫اع‬P"‫ة أ‬$h ‫ك‬i‫ه‬
• Statements Sy‫ ا‬6!‫ا‬

• Questions ‫ ـــــــــــ‬C&‫ا‬
• Command ‫ا&=ـــــــــــــ‬
Active & Passive

A. Statements Sy‫ ا‬6!‫ا‬
Ahmed broke the window yesterday.

@‫@م وه‬+CQ 8{*D <S8b7‫ن ا‬2 H7‫ وذ‬Active ‫@م‬+C=+7 pYtQ '+=,7‫ ا‬ ~‫ه‬
.
Ahmed
______________________________________________________
The window was broken yesterday.
The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.
‫@م‬+CQ U* 8{*D <S8b7‫ن ا‬2 H7‫ وذ‬Passive ‫{@ل‬,=+7 pYtQ '+=,7‫ ا‬ ~‫ه‬
`1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫ن ا‬86Q Pc‫ أو و‬7‫و‬2‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬pD 8=‫ آ‬Ahmed @‫وه‬
.'*-8¥7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬pD 8=‫ آ‬by ‫ــ‬1 8ً:@t9Q
Active & Passive
‫{@ل‬,=+7 pYt=7‫ ا‬7‫ إ‬Active ‫@م‬+C=+7 pYt=7‫ ا‬jQ <(@[+7

:'*78[7‫¡@ات ا‬7‫ ا‬Pt[- '(Ut¡7‫=< ا‬,7‫' ا‬78x pD Passive
(‫ة‬U8tQ <Cb7‫ ا‬0C1 ‫@@د‬1 `1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫ف ا‬UC() .ً5S8D ¦tw( `1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫ا‬ .١

.`1 ‫@ل‬Cb=+7 ً8tJ8YQ '+=,7‫ ا‬jQ‫ ز‬b- pD to be <CD P^- .٢
.§78¥7‫ ا‬Z(Uw[7‫ ا‬pD p+f2‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬Pc .٣
.ً‫ا‬U*=c ‫ن‬8‫ ( إذا آ‬0:‫ و‬by ‫ــ‬1 ً8:@t9Q <S8b7‫ ا‬P^- .٤
.U**Vk ‫' دون‬+=,7‫(' ا‬8{- pD @‫ ه‬8=‫ آ‬Pc@( '+=,7‫ ا‬pD ‫دة‬8(‫أي ز‬ .٥
Active & Passive

:'‫ـــــــــــــــــــ‬+¥Q‫أ‬
Active ‫م‬P 7 eiS= Passive ‫ل‬P! eiS=
Ali writes letters. Letters are written (by Ali).
Huda wrote the lesson. The lesson was written (by Huda).
Saleh will buy a car. A car will be bought (by Saleh).
Khaled is helping Ahmed. Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
She has eaten the apple. The apple has been eaten (by her).
Active & Passive
:p+( 8=‫' آ‬b+[¡=7‫' ا‬YQ‫ز‬2‫ ا‬PQ to be <CD ‫ف‬Uw(

am, is, are S‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬
was, were S‫ ا‬e@‫ا‬
shall be, will be S‫ ا‬6Sz ‫ا‬
am being, is being, are being z ‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬
was being, were being z ‫ ا‬e@‫ا‬
has been, have been ‫م‬z‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬
had been ‫م‬z‫ ا‬e@‫ا‬
can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought $h = 678 6‫آ‬
to be
Active & Passive

B. Questions C&‫ا‬

: '*78[7‫¡@ات ا‬7‫ ا‬Pt[- '+iJ2‫' ا‬78x pD Passive
(‫ة‬U8tQ <Cb7‫ ا‬0C1 ‫@@د‬1 `1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫ف ا‬UC() .ً5S8D ¦tw( `1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫ا‬ .١

.‫ال‬97‫ ا‬jQ‫ ز‬b- pD to be <CD P^- .٢
.§78¥7‫ ا‬Z(Uw[7‫ ا‬pD p+f2‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬Pc .٣
.ً‫ا‬U*=c ‫ن‬8‫ ( إذا آ‬0:‫ و‬by ‫ــ‬1 ً8:@t9Q <S8b7‫ ا‬P^- .٤
.U**Vk ‫' دون‬+=,7‫(' ا‬8{- pD @‫ ه‬8=‫ آ‬Pc@( '+=,7‫ ا‬pD ‫دة‬8(‫أي ز‬ .٥
Active & Passive
B. Questions C&‫ا‬
Does Ahmed write letters? Are Letters written (by Ali)?
Did he eat the cake?. Was the cake eaten (by him)?
Will Ali buy a new car? Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?
Why is he using a pen? Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
Who broke the window? By whom the window was broken?
Active & Passive

C. Command =&‫ا‬

: '*78[7‫¡@ات ا‬7‫ ا‬Pt[- UQ2‫' ا‬78x pD Passive
.'+=,7‫ أول ا‬pD let '=+‫ آ‬Pc .١
(‫ة‬U8tQ <Cb7‫ ا‬0C1 ‫@@د‬1 `1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫ف ا‬UC() .ً5S8D ¦tw( `1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫ا‬ .٢
. be ‫@ن‬6*D UQ2‫ أي ا‬jQ)7‫ ا‬b- pD to be <CD Pc .٣
.§78¥7‫ ا‬Z(Uw[7‫ ا‬pD p+f2‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬Pc .٤
Active & Passive
C. Command =&‫ا‬
Write the lesson. Let the lesson be written.
Open the door. Let the door be opened.
Send this letter to your friend. Let this letter be sent to your friend.
Active & Passive

‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــ‬L4-=
,( ‫~ا‬7 ً5(~Q ًe‫ا‬J ‫*' أو‬bYQ ‫{@ل‬,=+7 pYt=7‫ ا‬7‫ إ‬8{+(@k ‫اد‬U=7‫' ا‬+=,7‫@ن ا‬6k 0:
.‫{@ل‬,=+7 pYt=7‫ ا‬7‫[@(< إ‬7‫ ا‬0YS <*(~[7‫ال أو ا‬97‫' ه~ا ا‬V*f +S 'zD8=7‫ا‬
'‫ـــــــــــــــــــ‬+¥Q‫أ‬
Ali does not write letters Letters are not written (by Ali).
Dickens wrote those novels, didn’

didn’t he? Those novels were written by Dickens,
weren’
weren’t they?
Dickens didn’
didn’t write that play, did he? That play wasn’
wasn’t written by Dickens, was it?
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
$7z‫ل ا‬78&‫ز= و ا‬-‫ل ا‬78&‫ا‬
:Intransitive Verbs (=‫ز‬-‫ل ا‬78&‫)ا‬
:<¥Q .`1 ًe@CbQ ~k e p[7‫ ا‬p‫ه‬
The sun rises.
:Intransitive Verbs (=‫ز‬-‫ل ا‬78&‫)ا‬
.U¥‫اً أو أآ‬0x‫` وا‬1 ًe@CbQ ~k p[7‫ ا‬p‫ه‬
Ali raised his hand.
<S8b7‫ا‬ <Cb7‫ا‬ `1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫ا‬
<=,7‫ ا‬8Q‫ أ‬،8{1 `1 ‫@ل‬CbQ ‫م و@د‬0C7 ‫{@ل‬,=+7 pYtQ 7‫ إ‬8{+(@k j6=( e 'Q‫ز‬57‫ل ا‬8CD2‫*ا‬
.‫{@ل‬,=+7 pYtQ 7‫ إ‬8{+(@k j6=*D '(0C[Q ‫ل‬8CD‫@ي أ‬k p[7‫ا‬
:‫ل‬8¥Q .‫{@ل‬,=+7 pYtQ 7‫ إ‬8{+(@k j6=( ‫~ا‬7 j*7@Cb=7 '(0C[=7‫ل ا‬8CD2‫ ا‬nC1 ‫ك‬8Y‫*ه‬
Ahmed gave Huda a flower . :j*[v(U1 Ytk
<S8b7‫ا‬ <Cb7‫ا‬ `1 ‫@ل‬CbQ `1 ‫@ل‬CbQ
a) Huda was given a flower (by Ahmed).

b) A flower was given to Huda (by Ahmed) U*k j*x Huda <:8C7‫` ا‬1 ‫@ل‬Cb=+7 to Pc‫ و‬xe
.
Prepositions
!‫وف ا‬4
$4‫ا‬P‫ن ف ا‬P. $8 ،.%z= ‫وف ا! آ<ة و‬4

‫ و‬. !‫ ا‬e8 Y7/P= E 4 s‫ وذ‬i7= V= <‫أآ‬
h ‫رب‬$z‫ ا‬e‫وف ا! ه‬4 B 7z <‫ ا‬H‫ا‬
. :i= ‫ و ¦ آوف‬6R ‫ل‬-x V=
A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object.
There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of place.
‫ دا‬R ‫وف‬4 ًg‫ أ‬$RP ‫ و‬Y% ‫ل‬P7:‫ و ا‬6h:‫ ا‬V% /-7‫ ا‬h !‫وف ا‬4 ‫ل‬$?
.‫ن‬.‫ ا‬h ‫ دا‬R ‫وف‬4 ‫ و‬V=‫ ا‬h
Use of Prepositions
!‫وف ا‬4 ‫ام‬$yzC‫ا‬
Prepositions Use ‫ام‬$yzC~‫ا‬ Example ‫=<ل‬
!‫وف ا‬4
on
Day ‫م‬8(2‫ا‬ On Monday
Day + morning, night ‫ة‬U[b7‫ ا‬+ ‫م‬8(2‫ا‬ On Friday morning
Afternoon, evening, date »(‫ر‬8[7‫ا‬ My birthday is on June 10.
Special days 'f8 ‫م‬8(‫أ‬ I will travel on National Day.
To mean above ‫@ق‬D YC=1 The tea is on the table.
Use of Prepositions
!‫وف ا‬4
in
Season <wD The trees grow in spring.
Year 'YJ I was born in 1968.
Month U{ The test is in May.
The morning ‫ح‬8tw7‫ا‬ I go to work in the morning.
The evening ‫ء‬8=97‫ا‬ I go home in the evening
To mean above <‫ا‬07‫ ا‬pD He is in the mosque.

Use of Prepositions
!‫وف ا‬4
at
Time :@7‫ا‬ I will come back at 2 o’
o’clock.
Festival ‫ت‬e8b[xe‫د و ا‬8*S2‫ا‬ I will meat you at the school festival.
Meal times ‫ت‬8t@7‫ت ا‬8:‫أو‬ I will talk to my father at lunch.
The weekend ‫@ع‬tJ2‫(' ا‬8{- We will travel at the weekend.
Noon U{z7‫ا‬ We pray at noon everyday.
Night <*+7‫ا‬ We sleep at night.
To mean place ‫ن‬86=+7 He is at the grocer’

grocer’s.
Use of Prepositions
Prepositions of Place ‫ن‬.‫ ا‬h ‫ا‬$‫وف ا! ا‬4

!‫وف ا‬4
at at an exact place ‫د‬0Q ‫ن‬86Q pD He lives at number 5, King Fahad Street.
at work <=C7‫ ا‬pD Ahmed is at work.
at the table '7‫و‬87‫ ا‬+S They are standing at the dinner table
under k YC=1 The cat is under the table.
in front of ‫م‬8Q‫ أ‬YC=1 The teacher is in front of the class.
to direction/place 8,k‫ا‬/‫ن‬86Q I go to school everyday.

Use of Prepositions

!‫وف ا‬4
in To mean inside <‫ دا‬YC=1 Put this book in the box.
In a country 0+1 pD I live in Saudi Arabia.
In a town./street ‫رع‬8 pD/'Y(0Q pD I live in Al-

Al-Madina.
in bed ‫اش‬Ub7‫ ا‬pD The baby is in bed.
In a building or area ‫ أو‬YtQ pD You were in the club last night.

'vYQ
In a chair pJU67‫ ا‬+S Ali is sitting in his chair.
Use of Prepositions

!‫وف ا‬4
with ‫ـ‬1 YC=1 I write with a pen.
from jQ YC=1 I am from Riyadh.
behind Z+ YC=1 The wall is behind the class.
between j*1 YC=1 Samah is sitting between Fatma and

Salwa.
on TV ‫)(@ن‬b+[7‫' ا‬8 +S Ali watches football on TV every Saturday.
Time ‫د‬0=7‫ ا‬:@7‫ا‬ He arrives on time.

Use of Prepositions
More Examples <=&‫ ا‬V= ً‫ا‬$=
Prepositions Example ‫=<ل‬

!‫وف ا‬4
in pD The medicine is in the bottle.
on +S The knife is on the table.
at ‫ب‬Uv781 ،0YS Someone is at the door.
near jQ ‫ب‬Uv781 Ahmed is sitting near the window.
between j*1 The house is between the school and the mosque.
opposite <18vQ The bank is opposite to the post office.
into pD ،<‫دا‬ The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
onto +S The water is spilling onto the floor.
Use of Prepositions

!‫وف ا‬4
off +S jQ The man is falling off the chair.
out of ‫@ق‬D jQ The child is falling out of the window.
across ‫ل‬5 ،UtS The carpenter cut across the wood.
over/above +S‫ أ‬،‫@ق‬D The light is over (above)

above) the table.
under/below <bJ‫ أ‬،k The fire is under (below)

below) the stairs.
through ‫ل‬5 ،UtS The ball is going through the window.
among sJ‫و‬ The teacher is sitting among the students.

Use of Prepositions

!‫وف ا‬4
in pD The medicine is in the bottle.
on +S The knife is on the table.
at ‫ب‬Uv781 ،0YS Someone is at the door.
near jQ ‫ب‬Uv781 Ahmed is sitting near the window.
between j*1 The house is between the school and the mosque.
opposite <18vQ The bank is opposite to the post office.
into pD ،<‫دا‬ The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
onto +S The water is spilling onto the floor.
Use of Prepositions

!‫وف ا‬4
round ‫@ل‬x The car is going round the tree.
in front of ‫م‬8Q‫أ‬ The child is sitting in front of the TV.
behind ‫ وراء‬،Z+ The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils.
on top of +S ،‫@ق‬D The sweets are on top of the table.
at the side of -8,1 The garage is at the side of the house.
along ‫ @ل‬+S The man is walking along the street.
next to ‫@ار‬,1 The bank is next to the baker’

baker’s.
Question-Tags
‫ ا‬C&‫ا‬
‫دل‬7? e‫ ا وه‬C&‫ ا‬h ª H C&‫ ا‬V= ‫ع‬Pi‫ها ا‬

oSz zy= ‫ال‬pC Vh ‫رة‬Sh P‫ وه‬.%7‫ ا‬% “‫؟‬s‫ آ‬£‫”أ‬
V= !‫> ه¬ ا‬y = ‫دة‬h ‫ال‬p ‫ وها ا‬YS ? Sx R
zS<= YS ? ez‫®ذا آ"¦ ا! ا‬8 .e:i‫ت أو أ‬Sk#‫ ا‬4
‫ال‬p ‫ن ا‬P. :i= ¦"‫ و إذا آ‬e:i‫ ا‬e8 ‫ال‬p ‫ن ها ا‬P.
.ًzS<=
e:i‫ت أو ا‬Sk#‫ ا‬4 V= !‫ ا‬oSz8 ‫ال‬p ‫اب ها ا‬PR =‫* أ‬
.‫ال‬p ‫> ا‬y ‫أي‬
% ‫ث‬$z‫ ا‬$ih ً‫اول آ<ا‬$z= C&‫ ا‬V= ‫ع‬Pi‫* ها ا‬
.%Pz.‫"! ا‬#‫ ا‬e8 Y=‫ا‬$yzC‫ ا‬6 Y"‫"! إ~ أ‬#‫ا‬
Question-Tags
‫ ا‬C&‫ا‬
Questions that we expect the answer “Yes”
“B7"“‫ـ‬% h %R#‫ ا‬o/Pz" C‫أ‬
:`*+S '18.‫ال و ا‬97‫ ه~ا ا‬Uz-‫ا‬
* There’s a supermarket near here, isn’t there?
Yes , there is.
8Q‫ أ‬.ً8*bYQ (<*(~[7‫ )ا‬8{*+S ‫ال‬97‫ء ا‬8 ‫~ا‬7 '[t¥Q '+= ‫ال‬97‫ ه~ا ا‬Q0vk p[7‫' ا‬+=,7‫*ا‬
. Yes ‫ت‬8t¤.81 ‫@ن‬6*D ‫@اب‬,7‫ا‬
.pbY+7 H7‫ وذ‬ 0C1 not P^- ¤ 0S89=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫م ا‬0v- ‫@ع‬Y7‫ ه~ا ا‬jQ ًe‫ا‬J ‫@ن‬6- p67‫* و‬
:p78[7‫ل ا‬8¥=7‫ ا‬Uz-‫ن ا‬º‫و ا‬

* You come from the United States, don’t you?
Yes, I do.
.0S89Q <CD ‫م و@د‬0C7 H7‫ وذ‬do ‫ام‬0¡[J81 ‫ال‬97‫~(*< ا‬k k ‫ل‬8¥=7‫ ه~ا ا‬pD*
Question-Tags
‫ ا‬C&‫ا‬
Questions that we expect the answer “No”
“~“‫ـ‬% h %R#‫ ا‬o/Pz" C‫أ‬
1) You don’t come from Saudi Arabia, do you?
No, I don’t.
2) It doesn’t take long time be car, does it?
No, it doesn’t.
.0S89Q <Cb‫آ‬ do/does 8YQ0¡[J‫~ا ا‬7 s*9t7‫رع ا‬8^=7‫ ا‬jQ‫ ز‬pD ‫ال‬97‫ أن ا‬8Y‫ ه‬xe*
٣) You didn’t travel last year, did you?

No, I didn’t.
.0S89Q <Cb‫آ‬ did 8YQ0¡[J‫~ا ا‬7 s*9t7‫ ا‬pc8=7‫ ا‬jQ‫ ز‬pD ‫ال‬97‫ أن ا‬8Y‫ ه‬xe*
Conditional “if”
³‫“ ا‬P”
١) if + present ‫رع‬8^Q will + ‫ أول‬Z(Uwk
.`S@:‫ و‬j6=Q ‫ث‬07‫ه~ا ا‬

If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. (*t7‫ ا‬pD v1J ، ً‫ا‬0 U=k ‫)إن‬
If you eat too much, you will become fat. :‫ل‬8¥Q

³‫“ ا‬P”
2) if + past pc8Q would + ‫ أول‬Z(Uwk
.`S@:‫[*< و‬9Q ‫ أو‬j6=Q U* ‫ث‬07‫ه~ا ا‬

If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English.
pc8=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬8YQ0¡[J‫ ا‬8Y-‫ً أ‬8^(‫ أ‬xe .‫*@م‬7‫ً ا‬8*x ‫@ن‬6( ‫[*< أن‬9Q U*t96 ‫ أن‬xe
.pc8=7‫ ا‬+S ‫ل‬0( e `Y67 '+= PQ s*9t7‫ا‬
:‫ة‬0S8v7‫ ا‬p‫ ه‬ ~‫' وه‬+=,7‫ ا‬jQ p-8¥7‫)ء ا‬,7‫ ا‬pD ( would + ‫ر‬0w=7‫ )ا‬8YQ0¡[J‫و ا‬
if + subject + past subject+ would + ‫ أول‬Z(Uwk
@7 [x was ‫ام‬0¡[J‫ ا‬P*[9- e ‫ة و‬0S8v7‫ ا‬ ~‫ ه‬pD were 7‫[@ل إ‬k be ‫ً أن‬8^(‫ أ‬xe
.ً‫دا‬UbQ <S8b7‫ن ا‬8‫آ‬
If I were you, I would buy a new car. :‫ل‬8¥Q
³‫“ ا‬P”
3) if + had + §78¤ Z(Uwk would have + §78¤ Z(Uwk
If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy.

happy.
If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Ka’

Ka’aba.
³‫“ ا‬P”
4) if + present ‫رع‬8^Q present ‫رع‬8^Q

.'[18¤ ‫' دا]=' و‬v*vx <Cb7‫' ا‬,*[- 8{*D ‫@ن‬6k p[7‫' ا‬787‫ ا‬pD *‫آ‬U[7‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(
If you boil water, it becomes steam. (ً‫را‬8¡1 ¦tw( `-D ،‫ء‬8=7‫ ا‬8Y*+ 8Y-‫@ أ‬7)
‫رع و‬8^=7‫ ا‬pD becomes '=+‫ءت آ‬8 ‫~ا‬7 j*CQ :@1 ‫ة‬0*vQ 9*7 ‫[' و‬18¤ 'v*vx ~‫و ه‬
.<tv[9=7‫ ا‬pD 9*7
٥) if + present ‫رع‬8^Q instructions ‫ت‬8=*+Ck

If the radio is too loud, turn it off.
off. Or Turn the radio off if it is too loud.
If you are under 17, don’

don’t drive a car. Or Don’
Don’t drive a car if you are under 17.
Reported Speech
‫ل‬Pi‫م ا‬-.‫ا‬
.U8tQ U*V7‫م ا‬567‫ً ا‬8^(‫= أ‬9( <=,7‫ ا‬jQ ‫@ع‬Y7‫ه~ا ا‬
Indirect Speech
There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech.
:U8t=7‫ ا‬U* ‫ و‬U8t=7‫م ا‬567‫ ا‬jQ ‫@اع‬-‫' أ‬C1‫ك أر‬8Y‫ه‬
1) Statement '(Ut¡7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ا‬

2) Question ‫ال‬97‫ا‬
3) Command +7‫ا‬
4) Exclamation ,C[7‫ا‬
Reported Speech
Statement Sy‫ا! ا‬
:'*78[7‫¡@ات ا‬7‫ ا‬Pt[- Reported ‫@ل‬vYQ ‫م‬5‫ آ‬7‫إ‬ Direct U8tQ jQ '(Ut '+= <(@[7 *
said ‫@ل‬v7‫< ا‬CD ¤ U*=^7‫ أو ا‬Je‫ ا‬P^- -١
.8{YS ‫ء‬8YV[Je‫ ا‬8YY6=( ‫ و‬that s1U7‫ أداة ا‬P^- -٢
:U]8=^7‫ ا‬ ~‫ و أه ه‬YC=7‫ ا‬9x U]8=^7‫@ل ا‬- -٣
I he, she we they
My his, her our their
:p+( 8=‫' آ‬YQ‫ز‬2‫@ل ا‬- -٤
Present ‫رع‬8^Q Past pc8Q
Past pc8Q Past Perfect ‫م‬8k pc8Q
:p+( 8=‫ت آ‬0‫ت إن و‬8=+67‫ ا‬nC1 ‫@ل‬- -٥
Now ‫ن‬º‫ا‬ then ~iY*x
here 8Y‫ه‬ there ‫ك‬8Y‫ه‬
Last night 8Y‫ه‬ the night before ‫ك‬8Y‫ه‬
this 8Y‫ه‬ that ‫ك‬8Y‫ه‬
yesterday 8Y‫ه‬ the day before ‫ك‬8Y‫ه‬
tomorrow 8Y‫ه‬ the following day ‫ك‬8Y‫ه‬
Reported Speech
Statement Sy‫ا! ا‬
Direct U8tQ Indirect U8tQ U*

“I live in Riyadh”
Riyadh” He said that he lived in Riyadh.
“We are happy”

happy” They said that they were happy.
She said: "I have not been in the school library She said that she had not been to the school library
recently”
recently”. recently.
He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow”
tomorrow”. He told me that he would see me the next day.
day.
:‫ف‬8c‫ أ‬pYCk p[7‫وا‬ and added that :‫رة‬8tS 8{YQ ًe01 P^- 0x‫ وا‬+6[Q ¯¡7 j*[+= j*1 (.) ‫ك‬8Y‫ن ه‬8‫إذا آ‬
They said to him: “We shall see you tomorrow. We They told him that they would see him the next day
shall visit Ahmed”
Ahmed”. and added that they would visit Ahmed.
:U]8=^7‫ ا‬pD svD ‫@ن‬6( U**V[7‫ ا‬8=-‫' إ‬+=,7‫' ا‬YQ‫ أز‬U*Vk e ~iY*x ‫رع‬8^Q say, says ‫@ل‬v7‫=' ا‬+‫ آ‬-8‫إذا آ‬
She says: “I will cook the food tomorrow”

tomorrow”. She says that she will cook the food tomorrow.
We say: “We are playing football now”

now”. We say that we are playing football now.
Reported Speech
Question ‫ال‬p ‫ا‬
:'*78[7‫¡@ات ا‬7‫ ا‬Pt[- Reported ‫@ل‬vYQ ‫م‬5‫ آ‬7‫إ‬ Direct U8tQ jQ ‫ال‬J <(@[7 *
:p+( 8=‫ آ‬p‫ وه‬، ‫ال‬97‫ ا‬jQ‫د ز‬0( asked <Cb7‫ ا‬-١
Present ‫رع‬8^Q Past pc8Q
Past pc8Q Past Perfect ‫م‬8k pc8Q
.s1‫ آداة ر‬8{9b- ‫م‬0¡[9k ‫ال‬J ‫ أداة‬+S ‫ال ([@ي‬97‫ن ا‬8‫ إذا آ‬-٢
.0S89=7‫< ا‬Cb7‫ ا‬+S <S8b7‫( ا‬0v[1 @‫(' و ه‬Ut '+= 7‫ال إ‬97‫@(< ا‬k [( -٣
.'+=,7‫ ا‬YCQ 9x U]8=^7‫ ا‬nC1 U**Vk x5( -٤
Reported Speech

“What is your name?”
name?”. He asked me what my name was.
was.
“Why are you late?”

late?” The teacher asked me why I was late.
late.
“Where is your book?”
book?”. He asked me where my book was.
was.
:‫ال‬J ‫ أداة‬+S ‫ ([@ي‬e ‫~ي‬7‫ال ا‬9+7 s1‫ آداة ر‬if ‫م‬0¡[9k
“Is your school very large?”

large?”. He asked me if my school was very large.
large.
.s*9t7‫ ا‬pc8=7‫ ا‬jQ‫ ز‬7‫< إ‬Cb7‫@ل ا‬x ‫ و‬8{D~x‫ ا‬does ‫أو‬ do +S ‫أ أو ([@ي‬0t( ‫ال‬97‫ن ا‬8‫إذا آ‬
“Where do you live”

live”. He asked me where I lived.
lived.
“Does he go to school?”
school?”. I asked him if he went to school.
Reported Speech

.( had + §78¤ Z(Uwk) s*9t7‫ ا‬pc8=7‫ ا‬jQ‫ ز‬7‫< إ‬Cb7‫@ل ا‬x ‫ و‬8{D~x‫ا‬ did +S ‫أ أو ([@ي‬0t( ‫ال‬97‫ن ا‬8‫إذا آ‬
“Where did you go yesterday?”

yesterday?”. Sami asked me where I had gone the day before.
before.
“Did Ahmed buy a new car?”
car?”. Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought a new car.
:U]8=^7‫ ا‬pD svD ‫@ن‬6( U**V[7‫ ا‬8=-‫' إ‬+=,7‫' ا‬YQ‫ أز‬U*Vk e ~iY*x ‫رع‬8^Q ask, asks ‫ال‬97‫=' ا‬+‫ آ‬-8‫إذا آ‬
“Who is your English teacher?”

teacher?”. They ask me who my English teacher is.
is.
“What are your marks?”
marks?”. He asks me what my marks are.
are.
Reported Speech
Command E H‫ا‬
‫¡@ات‬7‫ ا‬Pt[- Reported ‫@ل‬vYQ ‫م‬5‫ آ‬7‫إ‬ Direct

U8tQ jQ '*t+ '+= <(@[7 *
:'*78[7‫ا‬
.UQ2‫` ا‬1 0wv( ‫م‬567‫ن ا‬8‫ ( إذا آ‬ordered UQ‫م ) أ‬0¡[9- -١
I
.<J@[7‫ء و ا‬8U7‫` ا‬1 0wv( ‫م‬567‫ن ا‬8‫ ( إذا آ‬begged ‫ء‬8‫م ) ر‬0¡[9- ‫و‬
.'*wY7‫` ا‬1 0wv( ‫م‬567‫ن ا‬8‫( إذا آ‬ advised ¦w- ) ‫م‬0¡[9- ‫و‬
`(‫و‬89( ¯¡ 7‫ ¡¯ إ‬jQ `@Q ‫م‬567‫ن ا‬8‫( إذا آ‬ told Ut‫م ) أ‬0¡[9- ‫و‬
.'tkU=7‫ ا‬pD
<Cb7‫< ا‬t: to '=+‫ آ‬Pc ‫' و‬x@[b=7‫@اس ا‬:2‫~ف ا‬x‫ ا‬-٢

.8k0‫' إن و‬+=,7‫ ا‬jQ Please, do p[=+‫~ف آ‬x‫ ا‬-٣
.©tJ 8=‫ وآ‬YC=7‫ ا‬9x U]8=^7‫ت و ا‬8=+67‫ ا‬nC1 U* -٤
Reported Speech
Command E H‫ا‬

He said to the servant: “bring me a He ordered the servant to bring him a
glass of water”
water”. glass of water.
The son said to his father: “please , The son begged his father to give him
give me some money”
money”. some money.
The doctor said to me: “Drink a lot of The doctor advised me to drink a lot of
water”
water”. water.
He said to me: “Do not go to the He told me not to go to the market that
market tonight”
tonight”. night.
night.
Reported Speech
Exclamation E!7z‫ا‬
‫¡@ات‬7‫ ا‬Pt[- Reported ‫@ل‬vYQ ‫م‬5‫ آ‬7‫إ‬ Direct U8tQ jQ ,Ck '+= <(@[7 *
:'*78[7‫ا‬
:<¥Q 8{*+S ‫ل‬0k '=+‫ آ‬8{YQ ًe01 Pc‫ و‬,C[7‫=' ا‬+‫~ف آ‬x‫ ا‬-١
With regret ‫م‬0Y1 With anger ^V1

With joy ‫ح‬Ub1 With admiration ‫ب‬8,S³1
With sadness ‫)ن‬1
that '=+‫ آ‬Pc ‫@اس و‬:2‫~ف ا‬x‫ ا‬-٢

.'(Ut¡7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬pD ©tJ 8=‫ وآ‬YC=7‫ ا‬9x ‫ل‬8CD2‫ و ا‬U]8=^7‫ت و ا‬8=+67‫ ا‬U* -٣
how, what :<¥Q ,Ck '=+6‫=< آ‬C[J‫م ا‬8{b[J‫ف ا‬Ux 8Q‫ إ‬,C[7‫ت ا‬8=+‫ آ‬:'zx5Q
'+=,7‫(' ا‬8{- pD ,Ck 'Q5S ‫@@د‬1 8{DUCk‫و‬
.! ,C[7‫' ا‬Q5S ‫@@د‬1 8{DUCk ‫ و‬Alas, Hurrah, Oh :<¥Q 8{k‫~ا‬1 ,Ck '=+‫أو آ‬
Reported Speech
Exclamation E!7z‫ا‬

He said : “Alas! I will not find my He said with sorrow that he would not
money”
money”. find his money.
He said : “How foolish I have been”
been”. He said with regret that he had been
foolish.
Countries and Nationalities

‫ ت‬i!‫ان و ا‬$ S‫ا‬
:ً5¥Q ‫@ل‬vYD '*9Y,7‫ ا‬j(@6[7 H7‫ و ذ‬0+t7‫ ا‬Je “‫ف ”ي‬Ux Z*^- 8Q ‫دة‬8S '*1UC7‫' ا‬V+7‫ ا‬pD
‫@دي‬CJ : '(‫@د‬C97‫ا‬
:p‫' و ه‬D8cÔ7 '+=[Q ‫وف‬Ux = ‫ك‬8Y{D '()*+,-.‫' ا‬V+7‫ ا‬pD 8Q‫أ‬
i, n, ian, ish, ese
:'+¥Q2‫ ا‬nC1 ~‫ وه‬.‫وف‬U7‫ ا‬ ~{7 '[18¤ ‫ة‬0S8: ‫ك‬8Y‫* ه‬7 ‫و‬
Country Nationality Country Nationality

Saudi Arabia Saudi Britain British
Oman Omani Turkey Turkish
Algeria Algerian China Chinese
Libya Libyan Lebanon Lebanese
Palestine Palestinian France French
Syria Syrian Switzerland Swiss

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GRAMMAR

 ‫ا ا  ــــــــــ ا‬

Prepared by: Mulla (2002)

Main Menu ‫ا ا‬

1. Capital Letters ‫ة‬U*t67‫*)(' ا‬+,-.‫(' ا‬0,12‫ا‬

2. Small Letters ‫ة‬U*Vw7‫*)(' ا‬+,-.‫(' ا‬0,12‫ا‬

Consonant Letters 'Y‫آ‬897‫وف ا‬U7‫ا‬

Vowels Letters '‫آ‬U[=7‫وف ا‬U7‫ا‬

Verb pD ‫ء‬p ‫وث‬0x +S ‫ل‬0( 8Q @‫ ه‬Play, played, will play

They traveled by plane

Interjection ‫ت‬8*f ‫@ات أو‬f‫ أ‬jS ‫رة‬8tS @‫ ه‬Alas!

‫ة‬U6Y7‫ ا‬Je‫< ا‬t: an ‫م‬0¡[9k This is an apple.

.Z(UC[+7 the ‫م‬0¡[9k This is the book I bought yesterday.

‫[@ي‬k ‫ وأن‬01e '()*+,-.‫' ا‬+=,7‫ أن ا‬U‫~آ‬781 U(0,7‫ا‬

Simple Sentences '*91 <=

Compound Sentences 't‫آ‬UQ <=

Complex Sentences ‫ة‬0vCQ <=

:'*91 ‫ة‬0x‫' وا‬+= ‫@ن‬6Y7 j*[+=,7‫ ا‬s1‫ ر‬j6=(

and: 8={^C1 j*1 ':5S 8={7 j*[+= s1Uk: >H7‫واو ا‬

or: ‫ر‬8* 8={*D ‫@ن‬6( j*[+= s1Uk: ‫أو‬

Main Clause '*J8J‫' أ‬+=

:‫@اع‬-‫' أ‬¤5¤ p‫ وه‬Subordinate Clause '(@-8¤ '+=

A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the

Verb to BE “‫ن‬P.” 678

It is used as a principal and a helping verb.

: 0S89Q‫ و‬p9*]‫< ر‬Cb‫م آ‬0¡[9(

He, She, It is was been

We, They, are were been

.'[18¤ ©]8vx ‫دات أو‬8S jS U*tC[+7 ‫رع‬8^=7‫' ا‬V*f ‫م‬0¡[9-

pD {[-‫< وا‬wx ‫ء‬p jS U*tC[+7 pc8=7‫' ا‬V*f ‫م‬0¡[9-

Negative Sentences with the verb to BE

“Yes” or “No” questions and short answers

Be +Subject + Complement Yes + Subject No + Subject +

Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. No, I am not.

Verb to DO “67” 678

It is used as a principal and a helping verb.

I, you, we, do did done

He, She, It does did done

.'[18¤ ©]8vx ‫دات أو‬8S jS U*tC[+7 ‫رع‬8^=7‫' ا‬V*f ‫م‬0¡[9-

It is used as a principal and a helping verb.

I, you, we, have had had

.'[18¤ ©]8vx ‫دات أو‬8S jS U*tC[+7 ‫رع‬8^=7‫' ا‬V*f ‫م‬0¡[9-

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE

Subject + + not + have +

I do not have a car.

He does not have A new watch.

They did not have breakfast this

Do/Does/Did +Subject +have + Complement Yes + Subject + No + Subject +

Does he have a new watch? Yes, he does. No, he does not

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb

Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the

.<Cb7‫ ه~ا ا‬0C1 not P^- H+=( <CD PQ pb- j(@6[7

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a

“Yes” or “No” questions and short answers

‫ص‬8¡‫أ‬ People man, father, teacher, neighbor, …

Countable Nouns: are things that be

Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.

You cannot use singular countable nouns alone

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

:  x&‫ ا‬BC~‫ ا‬E 4 o!? S‫ء اآ‬C&‫ا‬

Spelling Rules for Plurals

‫ء‬8=J2‫< ا‬t: an ‫أو‬ a ‫ام‬0¡[J‫ ا‬P*[9k e

‫ا ا ــــــــــ ا‬

Main Menu ‫ا ا‬

1. Capital Letters ‫ة‬Ut67‫)(' ا‬+,-.‫(' ا‬0,12‫ا‬

2. Small Letters ‫ة‬UVw7‫)(' ا‬+,-.‫(' ا‬0,12‫ا‬

Consonant Letters 'Y‫آ‬897‫وف ا‬U7‫ا‬

Vowels Letters '‫آ‬U[=7‫وف ا‬U7‫ا‬

Verb pD ‫ء‬p ‫وث‬0x +S ‫ل‬0( 8Q @‫ ه‬Play, played, will play

Interjection ‫ت‬8*f ‫@ات أو‬f‫ أ‬jS ‫رة‬8tS @‫ ه‬Alas!

‫ة‬U6Y7‫ ا‬Je‫< ا‬t: an ‫م‬0¡[9k This is an apple.

‫[@ي‬k ‫ وأن‬01e '()*+,-.‫' ا‬+=,7‫ أن ا‬U‫~آ‬781 U(0,7‫ا‬

Simple Sentences '*91 <=

Compound Sentences 't‫آ‬UQ <=

Complex Sentences ‫ة‬0vCQ <=

:'91 ‫ة‬0x‫' وا‬+= ‫@ن‬6Y7 j[+=,7‫ ا‬s1‫ ر‬j6=(

and: 8={^C1 j1 ':5S 8={7 j[+= s1Uk: >H7‫واو ا‬

or: ‫ر‬8 8={D ‫@ن‬6( j*[+= s1Uk: ‫أو‬

Main Clause '*J8J‫' أ‬+=

:‫@اع‬-‫' أ‬¤5¤ p‫ وه‬Subordinate Clause '(@-8¤ '+=

Verb to BE “‫ن‬P.” 678

.'[18¤ ©]8vx ‫دات أو‬8S jS UtC[+7 ‫رع‬8^=7‫' ا‬Vf ‫م‬0¡[9-

pD {[-‫< وا‬wx ‫ء‬p jS UtC[+7 pc8=7‫' ا‬Vf ‫م‬0¡[9-

Verb to DO “67” 678

.'[18¤ ©]8vx ‫دات أو‬8S jS UtC[+7 ‫رع‬8^=7‫' ا‬Vf ‫م‬0¡[9-

.'[18¤ ©]8vx ‫دات أو‬8S jS UtC[+7 ‫رع‬8^=7‫' ا‬Vf ‫م‬0¡[9-

‫ص‬8¡‫أ‬ People man, father, teacher, neighbor, …

: x&‫ ا‬BC~‫ ا‬E 4 o!? S‫ء اآ‬C&‫ا‬

‫ء‬8=J2‫< ا‬t: an ‫أو‬ a ‫ام‬0¡[J‫ ا‬P*[9k e

‫ودة‬$7‫ء ا ا‬C&‫ ا‬V= ً‫ا‬$=

: '‫آ‬U[=7‫وف ا‬U7‫ ا‬Vowels

With some time +S '7‫ا‬07‫ ا‬U*18C[7‫ ا‬nC1 PQ at the weekend

– for emphasize 0*‫[آ‬+7

.8{C:@Q jS §t- ¤ '*-8¥7‫' ا‬+=,7‫ ا‬pD ‫رة‬U6[Q '=+‫ آ‬jS §t- -١

‫< و‬:8C7‫` ا‬1 ‫@ل‬Cb=7‫< أو ا‬S8b7‫< ا‬Q <[7 that <=C[9k

:p78[7‫ل ا‬8¥=7‫ ا‬xe .'*6+=+7 whose <=C[9k

When? [Q ‫ن‬8Q)7‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7

Which? ‫أي‬ ji j1 ‫ر‬8[57

Who? jQ <:8S <S8D jS ‫ال‬9+7

Whom? jQ <:8S `1 ‫@ل‬CbQ jS ‫ال‬9+7

How much? '=‫آ آ‬ '=67‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7

How long? ‫آ @ل‬ ‫@ل‬7‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7

How old? U=S ‫آ‬ U=C7‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7

How far? 0C1 ‫آ‬ 'D89=7‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬9+7

jQ ً‫ا‬0S89Q ً5CD ‫م‬0¡[9- e <S8b7‫ ا‬jS ‫ال‬97‫ن ا‬8‫إذا آ‬

He was very pleased to meet his friend. jS ‫ال‬9+7 How

It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh. jS ‫ال‬9+7 How

.pbY7‫ال و ا‬97‫ ا‬PQ 8{k‫و أ@ا‬ any ‫م‬0¡[9k‫و‬

1. Present Simple Tense S‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬

.©]8v7‫رات و ا‬0v7‫ و ا‬078v[7‫دات و ا‬8C7‫ ا‬jS UtC[+7 jQ)7‫م ه~ا ا‬0¡[9(

2. Past Simple Tense S‫ ا‬e@‫ا‬

2. Past Simple Tense S‫ ا‬e@‫ا‬

tomorrow ً‫ا‬0 next ‫دم‬8v7‫ا‬ in the future <tv[9=7‫ ا‬pD

3. Future Simple Tense S‫ ا‬6Sz ‫ا‬

listen P=[J‫ا‬ at the present time Uc87‫ ا‬:@7‫ ا‬pD

4. Present Continuous Tense z ‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬

4. Present Continuous Tense z ‫رع ا‬g‫ا‬

wish Y=[( hate U6( dislike U6( feel UC(

hope <Q( hear P=9( think 0v[C( seem ‫و‬0t(

appear U{z( fear ¡( consider Ut[C( fit J8Y(

believe ‫ق‬0w( trust ©¥( understand {b(

when 8Q0YS while 8=Y1 as ‫§ أن‬x because ‫ن‬2

5. Past Continuous Tense z ‫ ا‬e@‫ا‬

5. Past Continuous Tense z ‫ ا‬e@‫ا‬