OBJECTIVE

To investigate the static and dynamic balance condition of a rotating body

THEORY

Nowadays, the high speed of engines and other machine is common phenomenon.
Thus, it is very essential that all rotating and reciprocating parts should be completely
balanced as far as possible .If not, the dynamic forces will be generated. These forces not
only increase the loads on bearings and stresses in the various members, but also produce
unpleasant and even dangerous vibrations. One of the most common sources of vibration
excitation in mechanical systems is out of balance in rotating systems.
Static balancing is a balancing of force due to the action of gravity. When a shaft
carrying several eccentric masses is in static balance, the centre of gravity of the system
lies in the axis of the shaft so that the shaft and attached masses remain in any position in
which it is place. When the shafts rotate, however centrifugal forces act upon the masses
and if these are not rotating in the same plane, couple also acts upon the shaft. Therefore,
for complete dynamic balancing, the resultant force acting upon the shaft must be zero
and the resultant couple acting upon the shaft must be zero.

General equation:

STATIC BALANCING
w2 ∑ MR = 0

DYNAMIC BALANCING
w2 ∑ MRd =0
RESULTS

Mass of the fixing set (1 bolt + 2 nuts) = 0.42lb

EXPERIMENT 1

Plane Additional Total mass, Radius,R MR Angle,

mass (lb) M (lb) (in) (lb.in) Ө
A 1 1.42 5 7.1 100°
B 1.5 1.92 3 5.76 310°
C 2 2.42 4 9.68 190°
D 1.36 1.78 4 7.12 352.7°

Table 1

EXPERIMENT 2

Plane Additional Total Radius,R MR Distance,d MRd Angle,

Mass (lb) mass,M(lb) (in) (lb.in) (in) (lb.in.in) Ө
A 0.75 1.17 5 5.85 0 0 62°
B 2.25 2.67 3 8.01 7.38 59.1 270°
C 1.5 1.92 4 7.68 13.38 102.7 180°
D 1 1.42 4 5.68 20.75 117.8 30°

Table 2
DISCUSSION

1) The magnitude and position of the balancing mass be found out by:

i. Analytically method
ii. Graphically method
For this experiment, we used analytically method to solving balancing. Below is the
sample of calculation for this method.

EXPERIMENT 1

From Table 1

7.1cos100° + 5.76cos310° + 9.68cos190° + 4MDcosӨD + 1.68cosӨD = 0

4MDcosӨD + 1.68cosӨD = 7.063…….1

7.1sin100° + 5.76sin310° + 9.68sin190° + 4MDsinӨD + 1.68sinӨD = 0

4MDsinӨD + 1.68sinӨD = -0.899…….2

Solving both equations (2 divide 1)

tan ӨD = -0.1273
ӨD = -7.2537° @ 352.7°

From equation 1, we used ӨD to determine MD value.

4MDcosӨD + 1.68cosӨD = 7.063
(4MD + 1.68)cos (352.7°) = 7.063
MD = 1.36 lb

EXPERIMENT 2

From Table 2

59.1cos270° + 102.7cos180° + (83MD +34.86)cosӨD = 0

(83MD +34.86)cosӨD = 102.7…..1

59.1sin270° + 102.7sin180° + (83MD +34.86) sinӨD = 0

(83MD +34.86) sinӨD = 59.1…….2

Solving both equations (2 divide 1)

tan ӨD = 0.5754
ӨD = 30°
From equation 1, we use ӨD = 30° to calculate MD

(83MD +34.86)cosӨD = 102.7

(83MD +34.86)cos 30° = 102.7

MD = 1 lb

Calculation for MA value

(5MA + 2.1)cosӨA+ 8.01cos270° + 7.68cos180° + 5.68cos30 = 0

(5MA + 2.1) cos ӨA = 2.7609……3

(5MA + 2.1)sinӨA+ 8.01sin270° + 7.68sin180° + 5.68sin30 = 0

(5MA + 2.1) sin ӨA = 5.170……...4

tanӨA =1.87
ӨA = 62°

From equation 1, we use ӨA = 62° to calculate MA

(5MA + 2.1) cos ӨA = 2.7609
(5MA + 2.1) cos 62° = 2.7609
MA = 0.75 lb

2) It is need that all rotating and reciprocating parts should be completely balance as far
as possible. If these parts are not properly balanced, the dynamic forces will be
generating. These forces not only increase the loads and bearings and stresses in the
various members, but also produce unpleasant and even dangerous vibrations.

3) Static balance is a balance of force due to the action of gravity. When a shaft carrying
some eccentric masses is in static balanced, the centre of gravity of a system lies in
the axis of the shaft, thus the shaft and attached masses remain in a position in which
it is place. When the shaft rotates, however, centrifugal forces act upon the masses,
and if these are not rotating in the same plane, couple also acts upon the shaft.
Therefore, for dynamic balance, the resultant force acting upon the shaft must be zero
and the resultant couple acting upon the shaft must be zero.
Summarize from explanation above:

Static balancing : ∑ F = 0
Dynamic balancing: ∑ F = 0, ∑M = 0
4) The procedure of balancing an unbalanced shaft
 i. The shaft with several masses attached on it was tested whether it balance or
not.
ii. If not, use a method known as analytical method or graphically method to
determine appropriate mass that should be added or remove from the shaft
(have been discussed before) as well its position.
iii. Then, test it again to confirm that the rotor is balanced.

5) The similarities between balancing of reciprocating bodies (engine) and balancing of

rotor is both of it used a same method which are analytical method and graphical
method in solving unbalanced system problems. There are several forces acting
present on the reciprocating parts of engine. The resultant of all forces acting on the
engine body due to inertia forces only which known as unbalanced or shaking force.
Therefore, if the resultant of all the forces is zero, unbalanced force does not exist.
Unfortunately, unbalance couple or shaking couple will be present. It can be reduce
by adding appropriate mass, but it is not practical to remove them completely.
Meanwhile, it is differing to balancing of rotors in which the system must completely
balanced as well as possible. Besides, it is needed to consider static and dynamic
balancing condition (has been discussed before) in solving the problems.

CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the objective for this experiment in which is to investigate the static and
dynamic balance condition of a rotating body has studied. From both experiment, we
have been applied static and dynamic balancing condition in solving the problems. There
are two methods, which are analytical and graphical method to determine the magnitude
and position of the balancing mass. We have choose analytical method to solve some
unknowns mass that should be added or remove from the system. The values that we got
from our calculation will be testing whether it will balance the system. So that, it is
important to apply static and dynamic balance conditions to solve unbalanced system.