Safety Instrumentation Module - 3 Safety Integrity Level (Amount of Risk Reduction)

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DEPT OF ELECTRONICS and INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

IEEI821 Safety Instrumentation
SAFETY INSTRUMENTATION
Module -3 SAFETY INTEGRITY LEVEL
(Amount of Risk Reduction)
Dr V S Krushnasamy
Associate Professor
3/8/2019 Dept of Instrumentation Technology 1

DESCRIBE SAFETY INTEGRATED LEVEL SIL-0 TO SIL-4 :
 A safety integrity level (SIL) is defined as a discrete level for
specifying the safety integrity requirements of safety functions.
 A SIL is a measure of safety system performance, or probability of
failure on demand (PFD) for a SIF or SIS.
 Safety integrity level (SIL) is defined as a relative level of risk-
reduction provided by a safety function, or to specify a target level
of risk reduction.
 The SIL is a measure of the amount of the risk reduction provided
by a safety Instrumented Function, with SIL4 having the highest
level of safety integrity and SIL 1 the lowest level.
 SIL means safety integrity level according to IEC/EN 61508 and
describes the integrity of a safety related function.
The SIL classification methodology will take account of the following
consequences of the
Failure of the SIF in relation to:
 The safety of people, The environment,
 Asset damage and production loss,
 Company
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Major Factors for SIL

Failure Rate in a Loop

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 The higher the SIL level, the lower the probability of

failure on demand for the safety system and the better
the system performance. It is important to also note
that as the SIL level increases, typically the cost and
complexity of the system also increase.
 A safety integrity level is derived from an assessment
of risk; it is not a measure of risk. It is a measure of the
intended reliability of a system or function.
 To satisfy the requirements of a given SIL, the PFDavg
should be less than the upper limit.
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THE TYPICAL SIL TARGET LEVELS THAT WILL BE DEFINED IN THE
METHODOLOGY ARE:
1.SIL 0/NONE – LOWEST RISK:
 No safety requirement for the function because of lowest risk.
2.SIL 1 – 95% OF THE SIF:
 Probability of failure on demand between 10-1 and 10-2.
 It need to have 95% of Safety Instrumented Function to reduce the
risk.
3.SIL 2 – 5% OF SIF:
 It need to have 5% of Safety
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Instrumented Function to reduce8 the
Dept of Instrumentation Technology
risk.
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4.SIL 3 – < 1% OF SIF:
 This level not likely useful in refineries, but possibly can be use in
off-shore platforms or nuclear.
 The basic specification stated that the PLC system was required to
be certified to SIL3.
 It need to have 1% of Safety Instrumented Function to reduce the
risk.
5.SIL 4 – HIGHEST RISK:
 SIL4 useful for nuclear industry.
 Its Probability of failure on demand between 10-4 and 10-5.
 SIL 4 is the highest level of risk reduction that can be obtained
through a Safety Instrumented System.
PROBABILITY OF
SIL SAFETY FAILURE ON DSCE
RRF
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AVAILABILITY and INSTRUMENTATION
DEMAND
Avg [PFDavg]
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SIL 4 >99.99% 10-4 to
IEEI821 10-5 Instrumentation
Safety 104 to 105
SIL 3 99.90% to 10-3 to 10-4 103 to 104

99.99%
SIL 2 99.00% to 10-2 to 10-3 102 to 103

99.90%
SIL 1 90.00% to 10-1 to 10-2 101 to 102

99.00%
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SAFETY AVAILABILITY :
 The availability of a SIS to perform the task for which it was
designed as presented in % in order of magnitude steps from 90%
to 99% for SIL 1 up through 99.99% to 99.999% for SIL 4.
PROBABILITY OF FAILURE ON DEMAND AVERAGE [PFDAVG ] :

 Probability that a SIS component will not be able to perform its
safety action when called upon to do so. SIL is based on a PFD
average of the safety function.
RISK REDUCTION FACTOR [RRF] :

 Defined as 1/ PFDavg , the number of times that risk is reduced as a
result of the application of a safeguard [typically a more
convenient for describing SIF effectiveness than SIL or availability].
Event Tree without SIS(BPCS&IPL)

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RISK

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DEFINE RISK WITH REFERENCE TO SAFETY

INTEGRATED SYSTEM :
 Risk is usually defined as the combination of
probability and the severity of an unplanned
event.
 A Risk is defined as the probability that a hazard
will cause harm, too.
 Examples of events and their associated risks in
manufacturing operations include loss of life or
limb, environmental impact, loss of capital
equipment, and loss of production.
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Factors that Increase Risk :

 Operating plant & machinery close to their limits
 Transient operation states [start-up, shutdown,
shift change, work force transitions]
 Use of hazardous raw materials
 Manufacture of hazardous intermediates
 Presence of untrained personnel
 Absence of safety culture
 wherever there are hazardous or toxic materials
stored, processed, or handled.
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Factors that Reduce Risk:

Higher environmental awareness
Increased regulatory considerations
Emergence of safety standards
Basic process control systems, along with
process alarms and facilities for manual
intervention.
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Extent of Damages

EXTENT OF DAMAGES:
S1: Minor injuries of a person; minor harmful influences
on the environment.
S2: Serious, irreversible injuries of one or more persons or
death of a person; temporary major harmful influences
on the environment.
S3: Death of several persons; lasting major harmful
influences on the environment.
S4: Catastrophic effects, many dead persons.
HOW OFTEN/LONG DO PERSONS STAY:
A1: Seldom to once in a while, A2: Frequently to
permanently
RISK AVOIDANCE :
G1: Possible under special conditions, G2: Hardly
possible
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Risk assessment is the process where you:

 Identify hazards.
 Analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that
hazard. Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or
control the hazard.
How to assess the risks in your workplace :
 Identify the hazards,
 Decide who might be harmed and how,
 Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions,
 Record your significant findings,
 Review your assessment and update if necessary.
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When thinking about your risk assessment,

remember:
A Hazard is anything that may cause harm,
such as chemicals, electricity, working from
ladders, an open drawer etc.
The Risk is the chance, high or low, that
somebody could be harmed by these and
other hazards, together with an indication of
how serious the harm could be.
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RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY:

There are 8 steps to carrying out a risk assessment:
 Identify the hazards,
 Identify those at risk,
 Identify existing control measures,
 Evaluate the risk,
 Decide/Implement control measures,
 Record assessment,
 Monitor and review,
 Inform
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FORMULA :
RISK = HAZARD FREQUENCY X HAZARD CONSEQUENCE EVENT
EXAMPLE of a simple 1-5 risk ranking system :
 How probably is it that the hazard may result in harm? Is it;
1- Highly Unlikely, 2- Unlikely,3- Possible,4- Probable,5- Certain
 If the hazard does result in harm, how severe would the
injury be?
1- Scratch (trivial), 2- Cut (Minor injury),3. Fracture (Major
injury - Over 3 day injury),4- Amputation (Major injury),5. Death
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To carry out a risk ranking simply multiply the

probability by the severity,

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• After the multiplication you will be left with a
number from 1 to 25 which you can match against
the following table to get the Residual Risk i.e. the
risk that remains after the controls are in place.
PRIORITY
01 URGENT ACTION – [RISK NO. 15-25]
02 HIGH PRIORITY – [RISK NO. 10-12]
03 MEDIUM PRIORITY – [RISK NO. 05-09]
04 LOW PRIORITY – [RISK NO. 02-04]
05 VERY LOW PRIORITY – [RISK NO. 01]

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 The risk ranking will now give you your residual risk
either Low, Medium, or High.
 If the risks are acceptable (Low Risk) then you may
wish to skip the next part, if the risk are still
Moderate/High (Medium/High Risk) then you must
do something to bring the risk to a "tolerable" level,
you can also prioritize your actions from 1 - 5.

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The total risk reduction provided by the safety

instrumented function(s) together with any other
protection layers has to be such as to ensure that:
 The failure frequency of the safety functions is
sufficiently low to prevent the hazardous event
frequency from exceeding that required to meet
the tolerable risk; and/or
 The safety functions modify the consequences of
failure to the extent required to meet the
tolerable risk.
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 Process risk – the risk existing for the specified

hazardous events for the process, the basic process
control system and associated human factor issues –
no designated safety protective features are
considered in the determination of this risk;
 Tolerable risk (process safety target level) – the risk
which is accepted in a given context based on the
current values of society.
 Residual risk – in the context of this standard, the
residual risk is the risk of hazardous events occurring
after the addition of protection layers.
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DEPT OF ELECTRONICS and INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

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 The higher the SIL level, the lower the probability of

SIL 3 99.90% to 10-3 to 10-4 103 to 104

SIL 2 99.00% to 10-2 to 10-3 102 to 103

SIL 1 90.00% to 10-1 to 10-2 101 to 102

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PROBABILITY OF FAILURE ON DEMAND AVERAGE [PFDAVG ] :

RISK REDUCTION FACTOR [RRF] :

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DEFINE RISK WITH REFERENCE TO SAFETY

Factors that Increase Risk :

Factors that Reduce Risk:

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Risk assessment is the process where you:

When thinking about your risk assessment,

RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY:

To carry out a risk ranking simply multiply the

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The total risk reduction provided by the safety

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 Process risk – the risk existing for the specified

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