MIXTURE 1

2. IS MATTER AROUND US PURE

Substance-Mixtures are constituted by more than one kind of pure form
of matter, known as a substance.
A mixture contains more than one substance.
Solution-A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances.
A solution has a solvent and a solute as its components.
Solvent-The component of the solution that dissolves the other
component in it (usually the component present in larger amount) is
called solvent.
Solute- The component of the solution that is dissolved in the solvent
(usually present in lesser quantity) is called the solute.
 Examples:
1) Alloy (solid solutions) - Alloys are mixtures of two or more metals or a
metal and a non-metal and cannot be separated into their components
by physical methods. E.g. brass is a mixture of 30% zinc and 70% copper.
2) Air(gaseous solutions)
TYNDALL EFFECT-The scattering of a beam of light is called the Tyndall
effect after the name of the scientist who discovered this effect.
- Tyndall effect can be observed when sunlight passes through the
canopy of a dense forest. In the forest, mist contains tiny droplets of
water, which act as particles of colloid dispersed in air.
Q1. Differentiate between solution, colloids and suspension.
PROPERTIES SOLUTION COLLOIDS SUSPENSION
i. Appearance A solution is a A colloidal solution is Suspension is a
homogeneous and a heterogeneous and heterogeneous and
transparent mixture. translucent mixture opaque mixture.

ii. Particle size The particles of a The size of particles Particle size is more
solution are smaller of a colloid is too than 100nm
than small.
1nm (10-9m) in (1nm-100nm)
diameter. So they
cannot be seen by
naked eyes.
iii. Visibility Particles are not It is individually seen The particles of a
visible even with a by naked eyes. suspension can be
powerful microscope Particles can be seen seen by the naked
with a high power eye.
microscope.

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iv. Tyndall effect They do not scatter a Colloids are big The particles of a
(scattering beam of light passing enough to scatter a suspension scatter
Of beam of through the solution. beam of light passing a beam of light
Light) That is they do not through it and make passing through it
show Tyndall Effect. its path visible. and make its path
So the path of light is visible. But when
not visible. the particles settle
down, the
suspension breaks
and it does not
scatter light any
more.
v. Separation The solute particles They cannot be They can be
cannot be separated separated from the separated from the
from the mixture by mixture by the mixture by the
the process of process of filtration. process of filtration.
filtration But a special
technique of
separation known as
centrifugation can be
used to separate the
colloidal particles.
vi. Stability The solute particles They do not settle The solute particles
do not settle down down when left settle down when a
when left undisturbed, that is a suspension is left
undisturbed. That is, a colloid is quite stable.undisturbed, that is,
solution is stable. a suspension is
unstable.
vii. Diffusion Diffuse rapidly Diffuse slowly Do not diffuse
viii. Examples a. Salt +water Milk+ water Sand+water
b. Sugar +water Ink+water Muddy water
c. Lemonade Blood Chalk
d. Vinegar Starch solution powder+water
(Acetic acid+water) Tincture of Oil +water
e. Aerated drinks iodine(iodine+alcohol Wheat flour+water
(soda water ) Salt in benzines
i.e.CO2+water) Milky glass Sulphure+water
f. Filtered tea Aluminium paint
g. Solution of Egg albumin+water
potassium toothpaste

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permanganate All of table of

h. Sea water colloids.
i. Lime water
j. Coke
k. Solution of
CuSo4
l. Alum + water
m. Glucose + water

Saturated solution- At any particular temperature, a solution that

has dissolved as much solute as it is capable of dissolving, is said
to be a saturated solution. OR When no more solute can be
dissolved in a solution at a given temperature, it is called a
saturated solution.
Solubility-The amount of the solute present in the saturated
solution at this temperature is called its solubility.
Unsaturated solution-If the amount of solute contained in a
solution is less than the saturation level, it is called an unsaturated
solution.
Q How would you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you is
pure water?
If the liquid boils at exactly 373K that is 373-273=1000C at 1 atm
pressure then it is pure water, if its boiling point is more that this
then it is contaminated.
Concentration of solution OR
Mass percentage (%) of a solution=Mass of solute X 100
Mass of solution
Q.1 A solution contains 40 g of common salt in 320 g of water. Calculate
the concentration in terms of mass by mass percentage of the solution.
Ans- Data: Mass of solute (common salt) -40g
Mass of solvent (water)-320g
So the Mass of solution- 40g+320g=360g

Mass % =mass of solute X100

Mass of solution

=40 X100
360
=11.1%

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Q. To make a saturated solution, 36g of sodium chloride is dissolved in

100g of water at 293K. Find its concentration at this temperature.
Mass%=mass of solute/mass of solutionX100
= 36____ X100
36+100
=------%
 SUSPENSION
Non-homogeneous systems, in which solids are dispersed in liquids, are
called suspensions. Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the
solute particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the
bulk of the medium.
 COLLOIDS (A COLLOIDAL SOLUTION)
The particles of a colloid are uniformly spread throughout the solution. A
colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture, e.g. milk
Because of the small size of colloidal particles, we cannot see them with
naked eyes. These particles can easily scatter a beam of visible light i.e.
show Tyndall Effect.
Q2. What are the components of a colloidal solution?
Ans -The components of a colloidal solution are the dispersed phase and
the dispersion medium.
-The solute like component of the dispersed particles in a colloid form
the dispersed phase,
-The component in which the dispersed phase is suspended is known as
the dispersing medium.
 COLLOIDS
TYPE DISPERSED DISPERSING EXAMPLE
PHASE MEDIUM
(SOLUTE) (SOLVENT)
i. Aerosol Liquid in gas Fog, clouds, mist
ii. Aerosol Solid in gas Smoke,
automobile(vehicle)
exhaust
iii. Foam Gas in liquid Shaving cream
iv. foam Gas in solid Foam(used in
pillow or
sofa),rubber,
sponge, pumice
(stone of erupted
by volcano)
v. Emulsion Liquid in liquid Milk, face cream

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vi. sol Solid in
vii. Solid sol Solid in
viii. Gel Liquid in
Q3. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
i. It has uniform composition
ii. No distinct boundaries of
separation.
iii. e.g. sugar in water
Q4. Differentiate between mixtures and compounds
MIXTURES
i. Elements of compounds
mix together to form a
mixture
ii. No new compound is
formed
iii. A mixture has variable
composition.
iv. A mixtures shows the
properties of the
constituting elements or
compounds
v. The constituents can be
separated easily by
physical methods.
Ex Fe+S= mixture of Fe and S
Q5. Differentiate between elements and compounds
ELEMENTS
i. Do not have composition.
ii. It cannot be broken down
to simpler substances
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MIXTURE 5
liquid Milk of
magnesia(used in
ingestion),mud
solid Coloured
gemstone(used in
finger rings),milky
glass
solid Jelly, cheese, butter
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES
i. It has non-uniform
composition
ii. Distinct boundaries of
separation.
iii. e.g. sand and salt
COMPOUNDS
i. Elements react to each
other to form a compound
when heated or used
another method like
sunlight, electrochemical
method.
ii. New compound is formed
iii. A new compound has
always fixed composition.
iv. A new compound has
totally different properties.
v. The constituents can be
separated only by chemical
or electrochemical reaction.
Ex Fe+S heat →FeS
COMPOUNDS
i. Have a fixed composition.
ii. It can be broken down into
elements by chemical or

iii. Ex copper(Cu),Oxygen(O)
iv. It shows properties of
element
Q6. Differentiate between physical and chemical change
PHYSICAL CHANGE
i. The properties that can be
observed and specified like
colour, hardness, rigidity,
fluidity, density, melting point,
boiling point etc. are the
physical properties.
ii. Chemical properties of new
substance do not change.
iii. The interconversion of states
is a physical change because it
occurs without a change in
composition. No change in the
chemical nature of the
substance. So ice, water and
water vapour all look different
and display different physical
properties, they are
chemically the same.
iv. Melting of wax candle is a
physical change
v. Another examples are
formation of cloud,
Magnetizing an iron bar,
cutting of trees, melting of
butter in a pan, boiling of
water to form steam,
dissolving common salt in
water, making a fruit salad
with raw fruits, freezing of
water.
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MIXTURE 6
electrochemical reactions.
iii. Ex water(H2O),CO2
iv. Properties of a compound
are different from its
constituent’s elements.
CHEMICAL CHANGE
i. The properties like odour,
inflammability are different
ii. Chemical change brings
change in the chemical
properties of matter and we
get new substances. So it is
also called a chemical reaction
iii. One substance reacts with
another to undergo a change
in chemical composition.
iv. Burning of wax candle is a
chemical change.
v. Another examples are Burning
of fuels, Digestion of food,
rusting of almirah or iron,
passing of electric current
through water and the water
breaking down into hydrogen
and oxygen gases, burning of
paper and wood, growth of
plant, cooking of food
 MIXTURE 7

Q7. Differentiate between pure substance (element and compounds)

and impure substance (mixtures)
PURE SUBSTANCE
o It is not mixture.
o It can be elements of
compounds
o An element cannot be
broken down by chemical
reactions into simpler
substances. A compound is
a substance composed of
elements which is
chemically combined in a
fixed proportion can be
broken down into elements
by chemical method.
o Elements are divided into
metals, metalloids, and non-
metals. Compounds did not
divide
o Ex copper (element-metal),
oxygen (element-non-
metal), water (compound).
SEPARATING THE COMPONENTS OF A MIXTURE
1) EVAPORATION—
IMPURE SUBSTANCE(mixtures)
o It is a mixture contains more
than one substance mixed in
any proportion.
o It can be homogenous or
heterogeneous
o It can be separated into pure
substances using separation
techniques
o Mixtures are of two types
Homogeneous mixture and
Heterogeneous mixtures (it is
divided into suspensions and
colloids.)
o Example : air(homogeneous
mixture), mixture of sand and
salt(suspension),milk
(colloids)

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We can separate the volatile components (evaporate or vaporizing

easily) or solvent from its non-volatile solute by the method of
evaporation.
E.g. i) by taking ink, separating a dye from the water.
ii) To separate sodium chloride from its solution in water.
2) CENTRIFUGATION---
The mixtures are separated by this centrifugation in which the
principle is that the denser particles are forced to the bottom and the
lighter particles stay at the top when spun rapidly. E.g. This process is
(i) used for blood and urine tests.
(ii) Used in dairies and home to separate butter from cream.
(iii) To separate cream from milk.
(iv) Used in washing machines to squeeze out water from wet
clothes.
(v) To separate fine mud particles suspended in water.

3) SEPARATING FUNNEL—

In this the principle is that immiscible (that do not mixed) liquids

separate out in layers depending on their densities.E.g.
i. To separate mixture of oil and water or to separate mustard oil
from water.
ii. In the extraction of iron from its ore, the lighter slag is
removed from the top by this method to leave the molten iron
at the bottom in the furnace.
iii. To separate carbon disulphide from water.

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4) SUBLIMATION—

Some substances changes directly from solid to gaseous state on

heating. Such to separate such mixtures that contain a sublimable
impurity, the sublimation process is used. (Some examples of solids
which sublime are ammonium chloride, camphor, naphthalene and
anthracene (insecticides) E.g.
i. Separating of ammonium chloride and common salt
(sodium chloride)
ii. To separate camphor from sand or to separate camphor
from salt.
III. To separate iodine from sand.
5) CHROMATOGRAPHY (Kroma means colour)—Chromatography is the
technique used for separation of those solutes that dissolve in the
same solvent. E.g.
1) To separate colour in a dye.
2) To separate pigments from natural colours.
3) To separate drugs from blood.
4) To separate dye from blue ink.
6) DISTILLATION—

This method is used for the separation of components of a

mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil without

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decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling

points.E.g.
i. Separation of two miscible liquids (which can be mixed) that
is water and acetone.
ii. To separate alcohol from water.
7) FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION—to separate a mixture of two or more
miscible liquids for which the difference in boiling points is less than
25K.Fractional Distillation process is used.E.g.
(i) For separation of different gases from air
Boiling point of oxygen is -1830C
Boiling point of Argon is-1860C
Boiling point of Nitrogen is -1960C

(ii) To separate nitrogen from air

(iii) For separation different factions from petroleum Products.
8) CRYSTALLISATION—It is a process that separates a pure solid in the
form of its crystals from a solution.E.g.
i. Purification of salt that we get from sea water.
ii. Separation of crystals of alum (phitkari) from impure samples.
OTHER SEPERATING METHODS ARE:
SEDIMENTATION-
DECANTATION- (i) to separate oil from water (ii) To separate mercury from
water.
MAGNETIC SEPARATION- (i) to separate metal pieces from engine oil of car
(ii) To separate iron pins from sand
WINNOWING-To separate wheat grains from husk
FILTERING—to separate metal pieces from engine oil of a car
To separate tea leaves from tea
To separate salt from sand
HANDPICKING - To separate stones from rice.
SIEVING-To separate gram from wheat flour

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