STEALTH TECHNOLOGY

1. INTRODUCTION

Stealth technology also known as LOT (Low Observability Technology) is a technologies

which covers a range of techniques used with aircraft, ships and missiles, in order to make
them less visible (ideally invisible) to radar, infrared and other detection methods.[1]

From the late years of World War II to today's computer enabled design changes, stealth has
been a major factor in the improvement of reconnaissance and attack aircraft. The term
"stealth", is thought to have been coined in 1966 by Charles E. "Chuck" Myers, combat pilot
and later an exec at Lockheed. When we think of stealth today, immediately images of the B-
2 bomber or the F-117A Nighthawk fighter come to mind.

In simple terms, stealth technology allows an aircraft to be partially invisible to Radar or any
other means of detection. This doesn't allow the aircraft to be fully invisible on radar. Stealth
technology cannot make the aircraft invisible to enemy or friendly radar. All it can do is to
reduce the detection range or an aircraft. This is similar to the camouflage tactics used by
soldiers in jungle warfare. Unless the soldier comes near you, you can't see him. Though this
gives a clear and safe striking distance for the aircraft, there is still a threat from radar
systems, which can detect stealth aircraft. [1]

Stealth technology is expanded into each of those areas which seek to detect the aircraft,
ships & missiles. Thus it is essential to develop visual, infrared acoustic and radar stealth.
However many countries have announced that they have developed counter-stealth
techniques that allow them to negate stealth. [2]

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2. STEALTH PRINCIPLE

The concept behind the stealth technology is very simple. As a matter of fact it is totally the
principle of reflection and absorption that makes aircraft "stealthy". Deflecting the incoming
radar waves into another direction and thus reducing the number of waves does this, which
returns to the radar. Another concept that is followed is to absorb the incoming radar waves
totally and to redirect the absorbed electromagnetic energy in another direction. What ever
may be the method used, the level of stealth an aircraft can achieve depends totally on the
design and the substance with which it is made of.
2.1 THE KEY FEATURES OF STEALTH
-Unusual Design
-Outer Paint
-Reduce Heat Exhaust Signatures
-Eliminate High Altitude Contrails
-Eliminate Brown Exhaust

Fig.2.1.1: T-50 STEALTH FIGHTER [3]

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3. INTRODUCTION TO RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING

Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude, direction,
or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships.
A radar system has a transmitter that emits either microwaves or radio waves that are
reflected by the target and detected by a receiver, typically in the same location as the
transmitter. Although the signal returned is usually very weak, the signal can be amplified.
This enables radar to detect objects at ranges where other emissions, such as sound or visible
light, would be too weak to detect. Radar is used in many contexts, including meteorological
detection of precipitation, measuring ocean surface waves, air traffic control, police detection
of speeding traffic, and by the military. [4]

Fig.3.1: DETTECTION AN AIRCRAFT USING RADAR

3.1 PRINCIPLE
A radar dish or antenna sends out pulses of radio waves or microwaves. These waves bounce
off any object in their path, and return to the dish, which detects them. The time it takes for
the reflected waves to return to the dish enables a computer to calculate how far away the
[4]
object is, its radial velocity and other characteristics.

3.2 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

One way to measure the distance to an object is to transmit a short pulse of radio signal
(electromagnetic radiation), and measure the time it takes for the reflection to return .The
distance target is one half the product of the time taken by the radiated signal to travel to the
target and back to the receiver and the speed of the signal radiated. [4]

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3.3 FREQUENCY MODULATION

Another form of distance measuring radar is based on frequency modulation. Frequency
comparison between two signals is considerably more accurate, even with older electronics,
than timing the signal. By changing the frequency of the returned signal and comparing that
with the original, the difference can be easily measured. [4]

3.4 SPEED MEASUREMENT

Speed is the change in distance to an object with respect to time. Speed measurement is done
by using the technique of droppler effect. The radar beam is fired at the moving target. As it
recedes from the radar source, each successive wave has to travel further to reach the car,
before being reflected and re detected near the source. As each wave has to move further the
[4]
gap between each wave increases. This shows a change in the spectrum of the waves.

3.5 SIZE MEASUREMENT

The size of targets image on radar is measured by the radar cross section (RCS) measured in
Square meters .This does not equal geometric area .A perfectly Conducting sphere of
projected cross-sectional area 1 m2. RADAR wavelength much less than the diameter of the
sphere .RCS is independent of frequency , Conversely ,a flat plate of area 1 m2 will have an
RCs of almost 14000 m2 at 10GHz if the radar is perpendicular to the flat surface since it will
reflect the signal right back to the radar antenna from where it came. By reflecting much of
the radiation away from the antenna or absorbing it altogether, the target achievers smaller
radar cross section. [4]

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4. STEALTH SHIP
A stealth ship is a ship which employs stealth technology construction techniques in an effort
to ensure that it is harder to detect by one or more of radar, visual, sonar, and infrared
methods. These techniques borrow from stealth aircraft technology, although some aspects
such as wake and acoustic signature reduction are unique to stealth ships' design.
Reduction of radar cross section (RCS), visibility and noise is not unique to stealth ships;
visual masking has been employed for over two centuries and RCS reduction traces back to
American and Soviet ships of the Cold War. One common feature is the inward-sloping
[5]
tumblehome hull design that significantly reduces the RCS.

Fig.4.1: STEALTH SHIP [6]

4.1 SHAPING
In designing a ship with reduced radar signature, the main concerns are radar beams
originating near or slightly above the horizon (as seen from the ship) coming from distant
patrol aircraft, other ships or sea-skimming anti-ship missiles with active radar seekers.
Therefore, the shape of the ship avoids vertical surfaces, which would perfectly reflect any
such beams directly back to the emitter. Retro-reflective right angles are eliminated to avoid
causing the cat's eye effect. A stealthy ship shape can be achieved by constructing the hull
and superstructure with a series of slightly protruding and retruding surfaces. This design was
developed by several German shipyards, and is thus extensively applied on ships of the
German Navy.[5]

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5. RAS
RAS or Radar absorbent surfaces are the surfaces on the aircraft, which can deflect the
incoming radar waves and reduce the detection range. RAS works due to the angles at which
the structures on the aircraft's fuselage or the fuselage itself are placed. These structures can
be anything from wings to a refueling boom on the aircraft. The extensive use of RAS is
clearly visible in the F-117 "Night Hawk". Due to the facets (as they are called) on the
fuselage, most of the incoming radar waves are reflected to another direction. Due to these
facets on the fuselage, the F-117 is a very unstable aircraft.[1]

Fig. 5.1: CONVENTIONAL AND STEALTH AIRCRAFT [8]

The concept behind the RAS is that of reflecting a light beam from a torch with a mirror. The
angle at which the reflection takes place is also more important. When we consider a mirror
being rotated from 0o to 90o, the amount of light that is reflected in the direction of the light
beam is more. At 90o, maximum amount of light that is reflected back to same direction as
the light beam's source. On the other hand when the mirror is tilted above 90o and as it
proceeds to 180o, the amount of light reflected in the same direction decreases drastically.
This makes the aircraft like F-117 stealthy.[1]

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6. RAM
e. Radar absorbent surfaces absorb the incoming radar waves rather than deflecting it in
another direction. ‘Radar absorbent Material’ totally depends on the surface of the aircraft is
made. Though the composition of this material is a top secret. The F-117 extensively uses
[1]
RAM to reduce its radar signature or its radar cross section.

Fig.6.1.1 RADAR ABSORBENT MATERIAL [7]

The RAS is believed to be silicon based inorganic compound. The RAM coating over the B-2
is placed like wrapping a cloth over the plane. When radar sends a beam in the direction of
the B-2, the radar waves are absorbed by the plane’s surface and are redirected to another
direction after it is absorbed. This reduces the radar signature of the aircraft. A Jaumann
absorber or Jaumann layer is a radar absorbent device. The Foam absorber is applied to the
chamber walls with the tips of the pyramids pointing inward or toward the radar. As a radar
wave strikes a pyramid, it experiences a gradual transition from free space at the tip of the
pyramid to absorbing foam at the bas [1]

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7. METHODS OF AVOIDING DETECTION

Design for stealth requires the integration of many techniques and materials. The types of
stealth that a maximally stealthy aircraft & ships seeks to achieve can be categorized as
visual, infrared, acoustic, and Radar.

7.1 VISUAL STEALTH

Low visibility is desirable for all military aircraft and is essential for stealth aircraft. It is
achieved by coloring the aircraft so that it tends to blend in with its environment. For
instance, reconnaissance planes designed to operate at very high altitudes, where the sky is
black, are painted black. (Black is also a low visibility color at night, at any altitude.)
Conventional daytime fighter aircraft are painted a shade of blue known as "air-superiority
blue-gray," to blend in with the sky. Stealth aircraft are flown at night for maximum visual
stealth, and so are painted black or dark gray. Chameleon or "smart skin" technology that
would enable an aircraft to change its appearance to mimic its background is being
researched.[9]

FIG.7.1.1 VISUAL STEALTH PLANE-HAWK GB [11]

7.2 INFRARED STEALTH

Another important factor that influences the stealth capability of an aircraft is the IR (i.e.
Infrared, electromagnetic waves in the. 72–1000 micron range of the spectrum) signature
given out by the plane. Usually planes are visible in thermal imaging systems because of the
high temperature exhaust they give out. This is a great disadvantage to stealth aircraft as
missiles also [9]

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have IR guidance system. The IR signatures of stealth aircraft are minute when compared to
the signature of a conventional fighter or any other military aircraft.

Fig.7.2.1 Thermal infrared image - US Military F117 Stealth [14]

Engines for stealth aircraft are specifically built to have a very low IR signature. Another
main aspect that reduces the IR signature of a stealth aircraft is to place the engines deep into
the fuselage. This is done in stealth aircraft like the B-2, F-22 and the JSF. The IR reduction
scheme used in F-117 is very much different from the others. The engines are placed deep
within the aircraft like any stealth aircraft and at the outlet; a section of the fuselage deflects
the exhaust to another direction. This is useful for deflecting the hot exhaust gases in another
direction.[10]
Infrared radiation are emitted by all matter above absolute zero; hot materials, such as engine
exhaust gases or wing surfaces heated by friction with the air, emit more infrared radiation
than cooler materials. Heat-seeking missiles and other weapons zero in on the infrared glow
of hot aircraft parts. Infrared stealth, therefore, requires that aircraft parts and emissions,
[9]
particularly those associated with engines, be kept as cool as possible.

7.3 ACOUSTIC STEALTH

Although sound moves too slowly to be an effective locating signal for antiaircraft weapons,
for low-altitude flying it is still best to be inaudible to ground observers. Several ultra-quiet,
low-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, such as Lockheed's QT-2 and YO-3A, have been

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developed since the 1960s. Aircraft of this type are ultra light, run on small internal
combustion engines quieted by silencer-suppressor mufflers, and are driven by large, often
wooden propellers. They make about as much sound as gliders and have very low infrared
emissions as well because of their low energy consumption. The U.S. F-117 stealth fighter,
which is designed to fly at high speed at very low altitudes, also incorporates acoustic-stealth
[9]
measures, including sound-absorbent linings inside its engine intake and exhaust cowlings.

FIG. 7.3.1 ACOUSTIC STEALTH AIRCRAFT [12]

7.4 RADAR STEALTH
Radar stealth or invisibility requires that a craft absorbs incident radar pulses, actively cancel
them by emitting inverse waveforms, deflect them away from receiving antennas, or all of the
above. Absorption and deflection treated below are the most important prerequisites of radar
stealth. [9]
7.5 ABSORPTION
Metallic surfaces reflect RADAR; therefore, stealth aircraft parts must either be coated with
RADAR-absorbing materials or made out of them to begin with. The latter is preferable
because an aircraft whose parts are intrinsically RADAR-absorbing derives aerodynamic as
well as stealth function from them, whereas a RADAR-absorbent coating is, aerodynamically
speaking, dead weight. The F-117 stealth aircraft is built mostly out of a RADAR-absorbent
material termed Fibaloy, which consists of glass fibers embedded in plastic, and of carbon
fibers, which are used mostly for hot spots like leading wing-edges and panels covering the
jet engines. [9]

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7.6 DEFLECTION
Most RADAR are monostatic, that is, for reception they use either the same antenna as for
sending or a separate receiving antenna colocated with the sending antenna; deflection
therefore means reflecting RADAR pulses in any direction other than the one they came
from. This in turn requires that stealth aircraft lack flat, vertical surfaces that could act as
simple RADAR mirrors. [9]

Fig.7.6.1.DEFLECTIN OF RADAR BECAUSE OF THE STEALTH DESIGN [13]

RADAR can also be strongly reflected wherever three planar surfaces meet at a corner.
Planes such as the B-52 bomber, which have many flat, vertical surfaces and RADAR-
reflecting corners, are notorious for their RADAR-reflecting abilities; stealth aircraft, in
contrast, tend to be highly angled and streamlined, presenting no flat surfaces at all to an
observer that is not directly above or below them. The B-2 bomber, for example, is shaped
like a boomerang. [9]

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8. PLASMA STEALTH
Plasma stealth technology is what can be called as "Active stealth technology" in scientific
terms. This technology was first developed by the Russians. It is a milestone in the field of
stealth technology. The technology behind this not at all new. The plasma thrust technology
was used in the Soviet / Russian space program. Later the same engine was used to power the
American Deep Space 1 probe. [16]
In plasma stealth, the aircraft injects a stream of plasma in front of the aircraft. The plasma
will cover the entire body of the fighter and will absorb most of the electromagnetic energy of
the radar waves, thus making the aircraft difficult to detect. The same method is used in
Magneto Hydro Dynamics. Using Magneto Hydro Dynamics, an aircraft can propel itself to
great speeds. [15]

Fig.8.1 PLASMA STEALTH AIRCRAFT [20]

Plasma stealth will be incorporated in the MiG-35 "Super Fulcrum / Raptor Killer". This is a
fighter which is an advanced derivative of the MiG-29 .Initial trials have been conducted on
[16]
this technology, but most of the results have proved to be fruitful.

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9. COUNTER-STEALTH

Whenever a technology is developed for military purposes, another technology is also

developed to counter that technology. There are strong efforts to develop a system that can
counter the low Observability of the fifth generation stealth aircraft. There are ways of
detection and elimination of a low observable aircraft but this doesn't give a 100% success
rage at present.

On a radar screen, aircraft will have their radar cross sections with respect to their size. This
helps the radar to identify that the radar contact it has made is an aircraft. Conventional
aircraft are visible on the radar screen because of its relative size. On the other hand, the
relative size of a stealth aircraft on the radar screen will be that of a large bird. This is how
stealth aircraft are ignored by radar and thus detection is avoided. [17]
A proven method to detect and destroy stealth aircraft is to triangulate its location with a
network of radar systems. This was done while the F-117 was shot down during the NATO
offensive over Yugoslavia.
A new method of detecting low observable aircraft is just over the horizon. Scientists have
found a method to detect stealth aircraft with the help of microwaves similar to the ones
emitted by the cell phone towers. Nothing much is known about this technology, but the US
[18]
military seems to be very keen about doing more research on this.
Furthermore, every jet aircraft leaves swirls of air—vortices—in its wake. Doppler radar,
which can image wind velocities, might pinpoint such disturbances if it could be made
sufficiently high-resolution.
Other anti-stealth techniques could include the detection of aircraft-caused disturbances in the
Earth's magnetic field (magnetic anomaly detection), networks of low frequency radio links
to detect stealth aircraft by interruptions in transmission, the use of specially shaped RADAR
pulses that resist absorption, and netted RADAR. Netted RADAR is the use of more than one
receiver, and possibly more than one transmitter, in a network. Since stealth aircraft rely
partly on deflecting RADAR pulses, receivers located off the line of pulse transmission might
be able to detected deflected echoes. By illuminating a target area using multiple transmitters
and linking multiple receivers into a coordinated network, it should be possible to greatly
increase one's chances of detecting a stealthy target. No single receiver may record a strong
or steady echo from any single transmitter, but the network as a whole might collect enough
information to track a stealth target. [17]

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10. THE POLITICS OF STEALTH

As defensive weaponry has become ever more accurate and therefore more lethal, offensive
delivery platforms (ships, aircraft, missiles, etc) have become increasingly dependent upon on
various forms of stealth to achieve mission objectives. This trend of deploying stealthy
offensive weapons platforms has disturbing political consequences. Political restraint is
largely based on the perceived risk/reward ratio of military action. And stealth technology
has the effect of lowering the perceived political risk of belligerent behavior. Therefore a
government in possession of stealth weapons platforms is far more likely to embark upon a
course of aggression. When viewed from this perspective, it becomes apparent that stealth
technology represents a shift away from traditional military defense, to a more offensive
military posture. As a consequence, the widely held belief that stealth technology enhances
pilot safety and mission survivability is false. Since any added margin of safety provided by
stealth technology is more than offset by the tendency of political leaders and military
planners to employ stealth aircraft on missions and in environments that would be considered
suicidal for any conventional aircraft. Even a cursory examination of America's deployment
[19]
and use of stealth technology lends ample credence to these conclusions.

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11. STEALTH IN WARTIME

Stealthy jet aircraft have been used for surveillance since the 1950s, but dedicated-design
stealth warplanes were not used in combat prior to the first Gulf War (1991). In that war, F-
117s—which first became operational in 1982—made some 1,300 sorties and were the only
aircraft to bomb targets in downtown Baghdad? B-2 bombers were first used in combat in the
Kosovo conflict in 1999, flying bombing sorties from Missouri to Yugoslavia (with midflight
refueling over the Atlantic). F-117s were also used in the Kosovo conflict; one was shot
down and two were damaged by enemy fire. The first overseas combat deployment of B-2
bombers occurred in 2003, during Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Stealth technology is also employed in U.S. cruise missiles such as the Tomahawk and the
AGM-129A. The Tomahawk, a tactical weapon that can carry either nuclear or conventional
warheads, has been deployed in four versions, including air-, sea-, and ground-launched
types, and was used extensively in combat in both Gulf Wars and in Afghanistan in 2002.
The AGM-129A is stealthier than the 1970s-vintage Tomahawk; it carries the W80 250-
kiloton nuclear warhead and is designed to be fired from under the wings of the B-52H
Stratofortress strategic bomber. The AGM-129A has not been used in combat. [21]

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12. BENEFITS OF STEALTH TECHNOLOGY

1. A smaller number of stealth aircraft may replace fleet of conventional attacks jets with the
same or increased combat efficiency.
Possibly resulting in longer term savings in the military budget.

2. A Stealth aircraft strike capability may deter potential enemies from taking action and keep
them in constant fear of strikes, since they can never know if the attack planes are already
underway.

3. The production of a stealth combat aircraft design may force an opponent to pursue the same
aim, possibly resulting in significant weakening of the economically inferior party.

4. Stationing stealth aircraft in a friendly country is a powerful diplomatic gesture as stealth

planes incorporate high technology and military secrets.

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13. DISADVANTAGES OF STEALTH TECHNOLOGY

1. Stealth technology has its own disadvantages like other technologies. Stealth aircraft cannot
fly as fast or is not maneuverable like conventional aircraft. The F-22 and the aircraft of its
category proved this wrong up to an extent. Though the F-22 may be fast or maneuverable or
fast, it can't go beyond Mach 2 and cannot make turns like the Su-37.

2. Another serious disadvantage with the stealth aircraft is the reduced amount of payload it can
carry. As most of the payload is carried internally in a stealth aircraft to reduce the radar
signature, weapons can only occupy a less amount of space internally. On the other hand a
conventional aircraft can carry much more payload than any stealth aircraft of its class.

3. Whatever may be the disadvantage a stealth aircraft can have, the biggest of all disadvantages
that it faces is its sheer cost. Stealth aircraft literally costs its weight in gold. Fighters in
service and in development for the USAF like the B-2 ($2 billion), F-117 ($70 million) and
the F-22 ($100 million) are the costliest planes in the world. After the cold war, the number
of B-2 bombers was reduced sharply because of its staggering price tag and maintenance
charges.

4. The B-2 Spirit carries a large bomb load, but it has relatively slow speed, resulting in 18 to 24
hour long missions when it flies half way around the globe to attack overseas targets.
Therefore advance planning and receiving intelligence in a timely manner is of paramount
importance.

5. Stealth aircraft are vulnerable to detection immediately before, during and after using their
weaponry. since reduced RCS bombs and cruise
Missiles are yet not available; all armament must be carried internally to avoid increasing the
radar cross section. As soon as the bomb bay doors opened, the planes RCS will be
multiplied.
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6. Another problem with incorporating "stealth" technology into an aircraft is a wing shape that
does not provide the optimum amount of lift. The resulting increase in drag reduces flight
performance. "Stealth" shapes, such as the "faceting" found on Lockheed's F-117 "stealth"
fighter, also tend to be aerodynamically destabilizing. This is brought under control only
through the use of highly sophisticated computers that serve to electronically balance the
aircraft in flight through its autopilot and control system.

All of these modifications, however, hurt the plane's performance, adding weight, affecting
aerodynamics, and altering the structure of the aircraft. The advantages of stealth technology
must always be weighed against its disadvantages.
]

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14. STEALTH TECHNOLOGY OF YESTER-YEARS, TODAY AND TOMORROW

Stealth technology is a concept that is not at all new. During the Second World War,
allied aircraft used tin and aluminum foils in huge numbers to confuse German radar
installations. This acted as a cover for allied bombers to conduct air raids. This method was
later used as chaffs by aircrafts to dodge radar guided missiles.
The first stealth aircraft was the F-117 developed by Lockheed Martin. It was a top-secret
project developed by its Skunk Works unit. The F-117 was only revealed during the late 80s
and then saw action in the Persian Gulf.
In due course of time the B-2 was developed as a successor to the B-2. Though both of them
serve different purposes, the B-2 went a step ahead of the F-117.
Stealth technology became famous with the ATF contest. The Boeing-Lockheed YF-22
and the McDonell Douglas-Grumman YF-23 fought for the milti-billion contracts to build the
fighter that would take the USAF into the fifth generation fighter era. The Boeing-Lockheed
won the contract and the F-22 was approved to be the replacement for the F-15 "Eagle"
interceptor.

America now has a competitors, Russia decided to respond to the development of the F-22
by making the Su-47 (S-37) "Berkut" and the MiG-35 "Super Fulcrum / Raptor Killer". These
fighters were developed by the two leading aviation firms in Russia Sukhoi and Mikhoyan
Gurevich (MiG). The future of these projects totally depends on the funding which will be
provided to the Russian defense sector. There are some hopes of increase in the funding to
these projects as countries like India have started providing funds and technical assistance for
these projects. [23]

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15. CONCLUSION

Till date stealth aircraft have been used in several low and moderate intensity conflicts,
including operation Desert Storm. Operation Allied Force and the 2003 invasion of Iraq .In
each Case they were employed to strike high value targets which were either out of range of
conventional aircraft or which were too heavily defended for conventional aircraft to strike
without a high risk of loss. In addition ,because The stealth aircraft aren’t going to be dodging
surface to air missiles and anti-aircraft artillery over the target they can aim more carefully
and thus are more likely to hit the high value targets early in the campaign (or even for it)
,Before other aircraft had the opportunity to degrade the opposing air defense.

However, given the increasing prevalence of excellent Russion-bilt

Surface –to-air missile (SAM) system on the open market, stealth aircraft are likely to be very
important in a high intensity conflict in order to gain and maintain air supremacy. Stealth
technology .in future, would be required for clearing the way for deeper strikes , which
conventional aircraft would find very difficult .For example ,China license-builds a wide
range of SAM systems in quantity and would be able to heavily defend important strategic
and tactical targets in the event of some kind of conflict .Even if anti-radiation weapons are
used in an attempt to destroy the SAM radars of such systems, these SAMs are capable of
shooting down weapons fired against them. The surprise of a stealth attack may become the
only reasonable way of making a safe corridor for conventional bombers. It would then be
possible for the less-stealth force with superior weaponry to suppress the remaining systems
and gain air superiority.

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16. REFRENCES
[1] http://www.totalairdominance.50megs.com/articles/stealth.htm
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology
[3]http://images.google.co.in/images?hl=en&q=stealth%20fighter&um=1&ie =UTF-
8&sa=N&tab=wi
[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_ship
[6] http://www.resonancepub.com/images/stealth_ship.gif
[7] http://images.google.co.in/images
[8] http://science.howstuffworks.com/question69.htm
[9] http://www.espionageinfo.com/Sp-Te/Stealth-Technology.html
[10] http://www.airplanedesign.info/51.htm
[11] htp://www.hitechweb.genezis.eu/stealth4f_soubory/image013.jpg
[12] http://www.geocities.com/electrogravitics/scm.html
[13] http://www.razorworks.com/enemyengaged/chguide/images/lo- reflecting.gif
[14] htp://www.x20.org/library/thermal/pdm/ir_thermography.htm
[15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_stealth
[16] http://www.military-heat.com/43/russian-plasma-stealth-fighters/
[17] http://homepage.mac.com/ardeshir/Anti-StealthTechnology.pdf
[18] http://www.scribd.com/doc/7393272/Anti-Stealth-Technology
[19] http://books.google.co.in/books?id=i0V_BBkBuvAC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=
POLITICS+OF+STEALTH+technology&source=bl&ots=UGriQoglNp&sig=C2Q1o3i8ybgd4H
HjaKZFmUHjhKI&hl=en&ei=HzrUSc36FMiBkQXcn5T4Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result
&resnum=1
[20]http://media.photobucket.com/image/PLASMA%20STEALTH/holtmark70/LEUCHARS/IMG_5
758.jpg
[21] http://www.megaessays.com/essay_search/wartime_coalition.html
[22]http://www.termpapersmonthly.com/topics/Advantages%20and%20Disadvantages%20of%20Tec
hnology/160
[23]http://www.marinetalk.com/articles-marine-companies/art/Stealth-Technology-for-Future-
Warships-BAE00120817TU.html

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