Step 2

To recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications

Group xx

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“UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD”

School of Basic Sciences, Technology and Engineering

Electromagnetic Theory and Waves

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 Introduction

The scope of the document is usually described in the introduction, and a brief explanation or
summary of it is given. A reader reading the introduction should be able to get an idea about
the content of the text, before beginning the reading itself. (5 to 10 lines).
 Developed activity (consolidate)

1. Explain the concept of "loss tangent" applied to electromagnetic wave

propagation media, and indicate how it is calculated.

R//
The tangent of loss or tangent delta is a measure of the state of an insulation. It
is also called the dissipation factor and is a measure of the dielectric losses of a
solid or liquid insulator, it is also related to the power factor that is defined as sin
∅.

The tangent of loss is the parameter that depends on the characteristics of the
medium and frequency of the signal also determines the existing relationship
between the current condition and displacement.

The tangent of loss is calculated with the following formulas and parameters:

∈ = Permitivity
𝜎 = Conductivity
𝜔 = Angular Frequency
𝜎
tan(𝛿) = = Tangent of loss
𝜔𝜖

∈ =∈𝑟 ∈0

1
∈0 = ∗ 10−9
36𝜋

𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
2. According to the "tangent of losses", how can the means of propagation
be classified?

According to the "tangent of losses" the means of propagation can be classified

as follows:

Perfect dielectrics: tan(𝛿) = 0 𝛿=0

𝜋
Perfect conductors: tan(𝛿) → ∞ 𝛿=
2

Good insulators: tan(𝛿) = 0+ 𝛿 = 0+

𝜋
Good conductors: tan(𝛿) → ∞ 𝛿→
2

𝜋
Dissipative dielectrics: 0 < 𝛿 < 2

3. What concept does each of the means of propagation defined in the

previous point have?

R//

Perfect dielectrics: they do not present conduction current, therefore, they do

not have losses due to Joule effect.

Perfect conductors: they do not present polarization current, therefore, they

do not have capacitive effects or load accumulation.

Good insulators: they present conduction current and have losses due to Joule
effect, but this effect is almost negligible compared to the capacitive effect, they
are also called "low loss dielectrics".

Good conductors: they present polarization current, therefore, they have

capacitive or load accumulation effects, but the conduction current and Joule
losses are much more significant.

Dissipative dielectrics: they have both effects and none is negligible

compared to the other.
4. On what does the propagation velocity of an electromagnetic wave
depend? What is the relationship between the speed of propagation and
the refractive index of a medium?

The phase velocity of electromagnetic waves depends exclusively on the

electromagnetic properties of the medium where they spread and not the
displacement relative among observers, which clearly violates the laws of
mechanics known.

The refraction of a wave is the flexion it suffers when it enters a medium with
different propagation velocity. The refraction of the light, when it passes from a
rapid propagation medium to a slower one, doubles the ray of light in the normal
direction to the contact surface between both media. The amount of diffraction
depends on the refractive indices of the two media and is described quantitatively
by Snell's law.

5. What is the penetration depth of an electromagnetic wave in a medium

and how can I calculate it?
From the attenuation coefficient, the skin or nominal penetration depth, d ("skin
depth"), is defined as the inverse of said coefficient:
1
𝑑=
𝛼
This depth is the one at which the signal has decreased in amplitude by a factor
of 1 / e of the initial value of the signal, which corresponds to 36% of its initial
value.

the inverse of the attenuation constant is called the penetration depth of the wave
δp. Since the power of a signal is proportional to the square of its amplitude,
when the signal drops to 36% of its value, its power drops to 13%.

Conclusiones
Exercises (one per student)
1. Student name:

A dissipative medium has the following parameters:

 𝜀𝑟 = 3.5, 𝜇𝑟 = 2.2 and 𝜎 = 1.9 𝑆/𝑚
Find the wavelength and the amount of wavelengths that will penetrate a
10MHz signal.

2. Student name: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

In a medium with the following characteristics, 𝜀𝑟 = 2,5, 𝜇𝑟 = 1.3 and 𝜎 =

1.8𝑥10−3 𝑆/𝑚 find these parameters for a 1GHz signal:

a. Loss tangent.

𝜎 1,8 ∗ 10−3
tan(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋 ∗ (1 ∗ 109 ) ∗ 2,5 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋

1,8 ∗ 10−3
=
1
5 ∗ (1 ∗ 109 ) ∗ 10−9 𝜋 36𝜋

1,8 ∗ 10−3 1,8 ∗ 10−3

= =
1 5
5𝜋 ∗
36𝜋 36

0,0018 ∗ 36
= = 0.01296
5

δ = tan−1 0.01296 = 0.74

 tangente de perdida es de 𝟎, 𝟕𝟒°

The value of the loss tangent is a measure of the quality of an insulation, the
lower the conduction current compared to the displacement current, the better
the quality of the electrical insulation.
b. Propagation constant.

𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀)
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ (1 ∗ 109 )
𝑠𝑒𝑔
𝜇 = 1.3
𝜎 = 1,8 ∗ 10−3
𝜀𝑟 = 2,5

1
𝛾 = √𝑗2𝜋 ∗ (1 ∗ 109 ) ∗ 1.3 ∗ 4𝜋 ∗ 107 (1,8 ∗ 10−3 + 𝑗2𝜋 ∗ (1 ∗ 109 ) ∗ 2,5 ∗ ∗ 10−9 )
36𝜋

1
= √219 ⋅   516 ⋅  1 ⋅  1.3π2 j (10−9 ⋅   109 ⋅  2 ⋅  1 ⋅  2.5π j + 10−3 ⋅  1.8)
36π

j
= √219 ⋅   516 ⋅  1.3π2 j (2.5 ⋅ + 10−3 ⋅  1.8)
18

𝑗
= √1.3π√516 √219 𝑗 (2.5 ⋅ + 10−3 ⋅  1.8)
18

𝑗
= √1.3π58 √𝑗 ⋅   219 (1.8 ⋅   10−3 + 2.5 ⋅ )
18

j
= 58 π√219 ⋅  1.3j (2.5 ⋅ + 10−3 ⋅  1.8)
18

= 58 π√681574.4j(0.13889 … j + 0.0018)
= 58 √681574.4π√j(0.13889 … j + 0.0018)

= 58 ⋅  825.57519 … π√j(0.13889 … j + 0.0018)

= 390625 ⋅  825.57519 … π√𝑗(0.13889 … 𝑗 + 0.0018)

= 1013133188.53608√𝑗(0.13889 … 𝑗 + 0.0018)

attenuation constant

𝑵𝒑⁄
 𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒂𝒖𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝝈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒎

 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝜷 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟗 𝒓𝒂𝒅⁄𝒎

the constant is related to an attenuation of the amplitude of the wave as a

function of distance; while the constant β is related to the phase gain as a function
of distance. the constant is related to an attenuation of the amplitude of the wave
as a function of distance; while the constant β is related to the phase gain as a
function of distance.

c. Phase velocity.

𝐶0
𝑉𝑝 =
√𝜀𝑟

where 𝐶0 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3 ∗ 108 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑔

𝜀𝑟 = 2,5

3 ∗ 108
𝑉𝑝 = = 189736659.61
√2,5
  𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟏 𝑲𝒎⁄𝒔

The phases velocity of electromagnetic waves depends exclusively on the

electromagnetic properties of the medium in which they propagate and not on
the relative displacement between observers, which clearly violates the laws of
mechanics known. This observation gave rise to the so-called special theory of
relativity, whose fundamental statement was published, in the year 1905, by
Albert Einstein

d. Wavelength.

𝑪𝟎
𝝀=
𝒇

𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒈
𝝀=
1 ∗ 109 𝑠𝑒𝑔−1

𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒈
𝝀= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝑲𝒎
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒈−𝟏

 𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏 𝑲𝒎

For a constant time, space points that have the same field magnitude are
separated by a distance such that the phase gain is equivalent to π radians

e. Index of refraction.

𝑪𝟎
𝒏=
𝑽𝒑

𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒏= = 𝟏, 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟏𝟒
𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟏 𝑲𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒈
 The refractive index of a substance is the ratio between the speed of light in
vacuum and the phase velocity of an electromagnetic signal in a specific medium.

3. Student name:

An open medium has the following electromagnetic characteristics 𝜀𝑟 = 5.5, 𝜇𝑟 =

1.9 and 𝜎 = 14.6𝑥10−6 𝑆/𝑚
Find the power transmitted by a 200MHz signal with a maximum electric field of
127V/m and find the skin depth of the signal.

4. Student name:

For a medium with the same electromagnetic characteristics than the third
problem, find the losses per length unit for a 400MHz signal. If the original signal
has an electric field of 120Vrms/m. Find the losses in watts when the signal travels
20m in the medium.

5. Student name:

For a 400MHz signal, traveling in seawater find the attenuation per length unit.
How long does the signal have to travel, in order to have an attenuation greater
than 3dB?

Conclusions (one per student)

Conclusion 1: Student name 21/5000

(one per student)
Conclusion 2: Student name

Conclusion 3: Student name

Conclusion 4: Student name

Conclusion 5: Student name

...
The conclusions should be written with their own words and should focus on the concepts
explored, learned, discovered and practiced in the development of the activity, it is suggested
to present a conclusion by topic, the result of learning obtained as evidence of conceptual
assimilation.

To obtain a good writing it is suggested to read the written several times, correcting and
adjusting the text until obtaining a clear and coherent postulate. Avoid superficiality and
simplicity.

References (one per student)

Bibliography 1: Student name

Bibliography 2: Student name

Bibliography 3: Student name

Bibliography 4: Student name

Bibliography 5: Student name

Examples:

Ebook.
Surname, A. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). Country: Editorial. Retrieved from http: //
...

Chapter of an electronic book.

Surname, A., and Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the book (pp.
Xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial. Retrieved from http: // ...

Internet video.
Surname, N. (Year). Title of the video Video server [Video]. Retrieved from http: // ...