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Work is the product of the magnitude of the force (F) and the parallel distance (d) through which the object moves
o work = force x parallel distance
o W = Fd
o Mechanically, work involves both force and motion
A box is pushed 12.0 m along a level floor. This requires 4500 J of work. What force is used?
Energy
0 The ________________ to do work.
0 An object or system that possesses energy has the ability to do work
0 When work is done ____ a system, the amount of energy of the system ________________
0 When work is done ____ a system, the system ______________ energy
0 __________ is the process by which _____________ is transferred from one object to another
Conservation of Energy
0 Five ways to say the same thing:
0 Energy can neither be ____________ nor _____________
0 In ______________ from one form to another, energy is always conserved
0 The ___________ energy of an isolated system remains constant
0 The total energy does not _____________ with time
0 Energy can be changed from one form to another or transferred from one object to another, but it
___________ be “used up” and more ___________ be “made”
Conservation of Mechanical Energy: The total amount of mechanical energy, in a ___________ system remains constant
(as long as there are no forces ________________ the motion)
PHY104 Note-taking Worksheet – Unit 2 pg. 2
Kinetic Energy - the energy an object possesses because of its ______________; the energy of motion
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
Work = change in kinetic energy
1 1
𝑊 = ∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸2 – 𝐾𝐸1 = 𝑚𝑣2 2 − 𝑚𝑣1 2
2 2
A 1.0 kg ball is fired from a cannon. What is the change in the ball’s kinetic energy when it accelerates
from 4.0 m/s to 8.0 m/s?
Potential Energy - the energy an object has because of its _______________ or location, the energy of position
Gravitational Potential Energy is equal to the work done; this is equal to the weight times the height
𝑃𝐸𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
A 0.20 kg stone is dropped from a height of 12.0 m. What will be the kinetic and potential energies of
the stone at the heights indicated in the figure (neglect air resistance).
Height ETotal PE KE
12.0 m
8.0 m
4.0 m
0.0 m
PHY104 Note-taking Worksheet – Unit 2 pg. 3
o A 100 W light bulb burns for 2 hours. How much energy does it use?
o A student expends 7.5 W of power in lifting a textbook 0.50 m in 1.0 s. How much work is done
and how much does the book weigh in N?
A Review of SI Units
newton N kgm/s2
Work joule J
Energy Nm
Power watt
PHY104 Note-taking Worksheet – Unit 2 pg. 4
Heat
______________ and _________________ energy both exist at the molecular level.
o Kinetic – ___________ of molecules
o Potential – _______________ that result in the molecules oscillating back and forth
o The total kinetic and potential energies is called the _______________ energy
_________ is energy that is transferred from one object to another as a result of a difference internal
energy.
Heat is energy in ____________.
Since heat is energy, it has a unit of _______________.
A more common unit to measure heat is the _____________: - the amount of heat necessary to raise
one gram of pure water by one Celsius degree at normal atmospheric pressure
_________________ – the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one kilogram of the substance
1oC; the amount of heat energy that is transferred to change the temperature of a substance depends
1) The ___________ (m) of the substance
2) The __________________ (c) of the substance
3) The amount of _________________ change (T)
PHY104 Note-taking Worksheet – Unit 2 pg. 5
Phases of Matter
Solids: Have a definite ________________ and _____________________
Liquids: The molecules may move and assume the shape of the container
o Liquids only have little or no lattice arrangement.
o Liquids have a definite ____________________ but no definite _______________.
o Liquids expand when they are heated (molecules gain KE) until the boiling point is reached.
Gas/Vapor
o Have no definite ________________ or ________________
o When the heat is sufficient to break the individual molecules apart from each other
o Assumes the entire size and shape of the container
o Pressure, Volume, and Temperature are closely related in gases.
Plasma: an extremely hot gas of _______________ charged particles
o If a gas continues to be heated, eventually the molecules and atoms will be ripped apart due to
the extreme kinetic energy
o Plasmas exist inside our Sun and other very hot stars.
o The ionosphere of the Earth’s outer atmosphere is a plasma.
What happens to a substance during a phase change?
_______________________: The heat that goes into breaking the bonds between the molecules and
separating the molecules
During a phase change, the heat energy must be used to separate the molecules rather than add to
their kinetic energy.
Latent Heat of _______________ (Lf) – the amount of heat required to change one kilogram of a
substance from the solid to liquid phase at the melting point temperature
o Occurs at the melting/freezing point
o Lf for water = 80 kcal/kg
Latent Heat of _____________________ (Lv) – the amount of heat required to change one kilogram of
a substance from the liquid to the gas phase at the boiling point temperature
o Occurs at the boiling point
o Lv for water = 540 kcal/kg
How much energy must be removed from 2.0 kg of liquid aluminum at its melting point (660.3 C) to
solidify it. Latent heat of fusion is 4.0 x 105 J/kg for aluminum.
Calculate the amount of heat necessary to change 0.20 kg of ice at 0C into water at 10C
0 Newton's Law of Cooling: the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the difference in
temperatures between the body and its surroundings; 𝑇(𝑡) = 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
0 Mpemba Effect
Heat Transfer
0 _________________ is the transfer of heat by molecular collisions.
0 _____________________________ – the measure of a substance’s ability to conduct heat
0 __________________ is the transfer of heat by the movement of a substance, or mass, from one
position to another
0 Heating a home
0 Cooking
0 Weather
Entropy
0 The change in entropy indicates whether or not a process can take place ___________________.
0 Entropy is associated with the second law.
0 The entropy of an isolated system never ____________________.
0 Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system.
0 Most natural processes lead to an increase in disorder. (Entropy increases.)
0 Energy must be expended to decrease entropy.
0 Since heat naturally flows from high to low, the entire universe should eventually cool down to a final
common temperature.