Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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Practical Management of
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Asymptomatic PVC
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Maria J Salvador, Barcelona
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Les 9èmes Journées Tuniso‐Européennes de
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Cardiologie Pratique
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JTECP
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Sousse 2012
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Premature Ventricular Contractions
(PVC)
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• The first recorded description of intermittent
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perturbations interrupting the regular pulse, that
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could be consistent with VEBs, was from the early
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Chinese physician Pien Ts’io, around 600 BC, who
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was the master in pulse palpation and diagnosis.
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• Last century about 60s Lown and colleagues
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proposed a classification and grading of
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ventricular ectopics based on their frequency and
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complexity.
1.‐ Kostis JB, The prognostic significance of ventricular ectopic activity. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:807‐8
2.‐ Lown B et all, The coronary care unit: new perspectives and directions. JAMA 1967; 199: 188‐98
VEBs Incidence
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• Clinical normal or apparently healthy people
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– 1% by standard EKG
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– 40‐75% by 24‐48 hours ambulatory EKG (Holter)
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• Increase with age
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– more prevalence... but more heart diseases
Kennedy HL et al., N Engl J Med 1985; Abdalla.IS et al., Am J Cardiol 1987; CAST investigators, N Engl J Med 1989
VA Classification by Clinical Presentation
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular
Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death
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• Hemodynamically stable
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– Asymptomatic
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– Minimal symptoms, e.g., palpitations
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• Hemodynamically unstable
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– Presyncope
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– Syncope
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– Sudden cardiac death
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– Sudden cardiac arrest
ACC/AHA/ESC Practice Guidelines Zipes et al. JACC Vol. 48, No. 5, 2006
Classification by Electrocardiography
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular
Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death
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• Non sustained VT
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– Monomorphic with a single QRS morphology.
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– Polymorphic with a changing QRS morphology at cycle length between 600 and 180 ms.
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• Sustained VT
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– Monomorphic with a single QRS morphology
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– Polymorphic with a changing QRS morphology at cycle length between 600 and 180 ms.
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• Bundle‐branch re‐entrant tachycardia
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• Bidirectional VT
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• Torsades de pointes
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• Ventricular flutter
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• Ventricular fibrillation
ACC/AHA/ESC Practice Guidelines Zipes et al. JACC Vol. 48, No. 5, 2006
VA Classification in Absence of Structural
Heart Disease (1)
• Non life threatening (typically monomorphic)
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– Outflow tract:
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• Right and Left ventricle outflow
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• Aortic sinus of Valsalva
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• Peri‐His bundle
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– Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia
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• Left posterior and left anterior fascicle
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• High septal fascicle
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– Other
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• Mitral and Tricuspid annulus
• Papillary muscle
• Perivascular epicardial
PRYSTOWSKY,EN et al, J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:1733–44
VA Classification in Absence of Structural
Heart Disease (and 2)
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• Life threatening (typically polymorphic)
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– Genetic Syndromes
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• Long QT
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• Brugada
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• Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
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• Short QT
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– Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation
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PRYSTOWSKY,EN et al, J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:1733–44
VA Classification by Disease Entity
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• Structurally normal hearts
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• Chronic coronary heart disease
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• Heart failure
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• Congenital heart disease
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• Neurological disorders
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• Sudden infant death syndrome
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• Cardiomyopathies:
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– Dilated cardiomyopathy
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– Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
– Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
ACC/AHA/ESC Practice Guidelines Zipes et al. JACC 2006; 48:
Trigger Evaluation of VEBs/VT
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• Hypertension
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• Caffeine intake
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• Exercise
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Right Ventricular Outflow Tract
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• Sleep apnea
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VEBs and Hypertension
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• MRFIT number of VEBs was related with systolic
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blood pressure (1)
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• ARIC VEBs were related to hypertension/left
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ventricular mass (2)
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• …but the debate about the significance of VEBs in
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hypertension persists
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1‐ Abdalla.IS et al., Am J Cardiol 1987; 2‐ Simpson RJ Jr et al, Am Heart J 2002;
VEBs and Caffeine Intake
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• Caffeine is an alkaloid of xantines group, is central
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stimulant which can increase sympathetic activity (1)
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• Live average : 4 hours (2 to 10 h)
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• Moderate caffeine consumption (200‐300mg/day)
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does not increase arrhythmias, blood pressure, LDL
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colesterol or incidence of coronary heart diseases (2,3)
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(1) G André NG. (2006) Heart 92:1707‐12.
(2) Myers M.G. (2004) Hypertension 43:724‐5.
(3) López‐García L. et al (2006) Circulation 113:2045‐53.
VEBs and Exercise
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• Exercise is used to evaluate VEBs from 1927
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• VEBs are “benign” if disappear during exercise but…
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– Jouven et al 2000: Frequent VEBs during exercise are
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related to higher incidence of cardiovascular death (not
only for coronary heart diseases) in a 23 y follow up
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– Frolkis et al 2003: VEBs during recovery time better
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predictor of increase risk of cardiovascular death than
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VEBs occurred during exercise
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• VEBs associated to exercise could be a new prognostic
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criterion in addition to ischemia
Jouven X et al. New Engl J Med 2000;93:826‐33
Frolkis JP et al New Engl J Med 2003;348:781‐90
RVT outflow tract
• Good prognosis:
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– Apparently normal heart, without or mild
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symptoms, non ischemic exercise
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induced/monomorphic VT
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• “Malignant” ventricular arrhythmias:
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– Ventricular fibrillation mapped from RVOT or
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distal Purkinje system from both ventricles
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• Test to diagnose:
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– EKG to evaluate sinus rhythm
– MRI to exclude ARVC
Takemoto M et al.J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1259.65/Zipes et al. JACC 2006; 48:e247‐e346
VEBs and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Nocturnal arrhythmias have been shown to occur in up to 50% of OSA patients.
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The most common arrhythmias during sleep include:
nonsustained ventricular tachycardia
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sinus arrest
second‐degree atrioventricular conduction block
frequent (>2 bpm) premature ventricular contractions
AHA/ACC Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease, Somers et al.2008; 8:686–717
How to evaluate PVCs
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• Complete clinical history
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– Palpitations, presyncope, syncope
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– Family history of SCD
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– Drugs and dosage
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• Physical examination
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• 12 leads EKG
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• Exercise Test
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• Ambulatory EKG recording (Holter)
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• Echocardiography
Resting 12 lead EKG (1)
(Class I Level of Evidence A)
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• Identification of
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– Congenital abnormalities
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– Electrolyte disturbances
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– Underlying structural diseases
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– QRS duration (>120‐130ms)
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– Repolarization abnormalities
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– QTc interval
ACC/AHA/ESC Practice Guidelines Zipes et al. JACC 2006; 48:e247‐e346
Resting 12 lead EKG (V1)
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PRYSTOWSKY,EN ET AL, J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:1733–44
Exercise Test
Class I Level of Evidence B
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– Adult with VA and probability intermediate or greater of
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having CHD
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– With known or suspected exercise induced VA
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Class IIa Level of Evidence B
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– To evaluate medical treatment or ablation
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Class IIb Level of Evidence C
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– VA and low probability of CHD by age, gender or symptoms
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– Isolated PVCs in middle‐aged or older patients without other
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evidence of CHD
ACC/AHA/ESC Practice Guidelines Zipes et al JACC 2006; 48:e247‐e346
Ambulatory EKG Monitoring
(Holter)
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• Class I Level of Evidence A
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– To diagnose VA, QT interval changes, T‐wave alternans (TWA)
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or ST changes
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– To evaluate risk
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– To judge therapy
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• Class I Level of Evidence B
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– Event monitors sporadic symptoms to establish as cause of
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arrhythmias
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– Implantable recorders sporadic symptoms suspected to be
related with syncope if can not be establish by conventional
diagnostic techniques
ACC/AHA/ESC Practice Guidelines Zipes et al. JACC 2006; 48:e247‐e346
LVF and Imagining (1)
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• Class I Level of Evidence B
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– Echocardiography
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• For VA and structural heart disease
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• For high probability of SCD
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– Exercise Echocardiography or SPECT
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• VA and intermediated risk of CHD
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ACC/AHA/ESC Practice Guidelines Zipes et al. JACC 2006; 48:e247‐e346
LVF and Imagining (and 2)
• Class IIa
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– MRI, Cardiac Computed Tomography, Radio‐
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nuclide angiography
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• for VA if echo doesn’t provide accurate assessment of
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ventricular function and/or evaluation structural
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changes (Level of Evidence B)
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– Coronary Angiography
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• For VA or survivors SCD and greater probability of CHD
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(Level of Evidence C)
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– LF Imaging
• In patients with biventricular pacing (Level of Evidence C)
ACC/AHA/ESC Practice Guidelines Zipes et al. JACC 2006; 48:e247‐e346
An approach to the treatment of patients
with ventricular ectopic beats
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Structural Heart Frequent VEBs or Frequent
Treatment
Disease VT symptoms
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‐ ‐ reassure
( on exercise)
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β blocker
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‐ ‐ +
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+ 1. Catheter
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(monomorphic) ablation
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1. Assess SCD risk
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+ ‐ ±
2. β blocker
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1. β blocker
+ + ± 2. ICD if high SCD
risk
ICD, Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator; SCD ,Sudden Cardiac Death; VEB, Ventricular Ectopic Beat; VT, Ventricular tachycardia
VEBs Treatment
Key points
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• Ventricular ectopic beats are frequently seen in
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clinical practice and are usually benign
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• Presence of heart disease should be sought and, if
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absent, indicate good prognosis in patients with VEBs
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• There is not clear evidence that caffeine restriction is
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efficacy in reducing VEBs but patients with excessive
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caffeine intake should be cautioned and
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appropriately advised if symptomatic with VEB
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VEBs Treatment
Key points (2)
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• Unifocal VEBs arising from the right ventricular
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outflow tract are common and may increase with
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exercise and cause non sustained or sustained
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Ventricular Tachycardia. Catheter ablation is effective
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and safe treatment for these patients.
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• β blockers may be used for symptom control in
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patients where VEBs arise from multiple sites. It
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should also be considered in patients with impaired
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ventricular systolic function and/or heart failure
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VEBs Treatment
Key points (and 3)
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• Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death from malignant
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ventricular arrhythmia should be considered in
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patients with heart disease who have frequent VEBs.
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Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator may be
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indicated if risk stratification criteria are met.
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• VEBs have also been shown to trigger malignant
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ventricular arrhythmias in certain patients with
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idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and other
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syndromes. Catheter ablation must be considered in
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some patients as adjunctive treatment.
Thank you for your attention!
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