The pancreas is an organ that stretches partway across the abdomen, just below the

stomach. Because its main functions are to aid digestion and produce hormones that
control blood glucose levels, the pancreas is a focal point for understanding diabetes.In
addition to secreting certain enzymes that help you properly digest food, the pancreas
manufactures hormones that regulate blood glucose - the fuel that provides the body's cells
with energy. Scattered throughout the pancreas are tiny nests of cells known as islets of
Langerhans; the majority of the cells are beta cells that produce and store the hormone
insulin until needed. Also located in the islets are alpha cells, which make and store
glucagon, a hormone that counteracts the effects of insulin.After a meal, carbohydrates in
foods are converted into glucose in the intestine and liver and enter the bloodstream. Beta
cells sense the rising blood glucose levels and secrete insulin into the blood. Once in the
bloodstream, insulin helps glucose enter the body's cells, where it can be "burned" by the
liver and muscles for energy. Liver and muscles can also convert glucose to glycogen, a type
of reserve form of energy that is stored there for future needs.When the body is working as
it should, blood glucose levels quickly return to normal, and insulin secretion decreases.A
drop in blood glucose levels - for example, when one hasn't eaten for several hours -
stimulates an opposite effect: alpha cells secrete glucagon into the blood, which converts
stored glycogen back into energy-producing glucose.Normally, the secretion of these
hormones by the pancreas is perfectly balanced: Beta and alpha cells continuously monitor
blood glucose levels and release insulin or glucagon as needed. In diabetes, this balance is
thrown off because beta cells produce little or no insulin or the body's cells are resistant to
insulin action - or often both. Glucose then fails to enter cells effectively and the fuel for
energy remains stuck in the bloodstream. The result is persistently high blood glucose levels
(hyperglycemia). Without treatment, hyperglycemia can lead to serious long-term
complications, such as eye, kidney, and heart disease and damage to nerves.

IF TREATED: Increase in water content

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PROGNOSIS
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-Hormonal imbalances

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PREDISPOSING IF UNTREATED:
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FACTORS:
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to serious long-term
complications, such as
eye, kidney, and heart
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