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Topics
• Elasticity and Plasticity
• Effective Stress and Poroelasticity
• Viscoelasticity
• Viscoplasticity
• Thermoporoelasticity
Laboratory Testing
60
50 Failure
Onset of
Inelastic Behavior
40
Stress (MPa)
Unloading
30
(Dynamic)
Elastic Behavior Young's Modulus
E
20
Loading
(Static)
Young's Modulus
10
Crack Closing
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Deformation, mm
Bulk Modulus, K S 00
K=
(Compressibility, β = K-1) ε 00
Young’s Modulus, E
S11 only non-zero stress
Possion’s Ratio, ν ε 33
S11 S11 only non-zero stress ν = −
E= ε11
ε11
K + 4G G
P wave Vp = 3 Shear Wave Vs =
ρ ρ
Liquid G = 0 , Vs = 0
4G
“M” Modulus M = Vp2 ρ = K + Poisson Solid λ=G
3
Vp 1
ν = 0.25 * = = 1.73
Poisson’s Ratio Vp2 − 2Vs2 Vs 3
ν=
Liquid ν = 0.5 (
2 Vp2 − Vs2 ) * common value for rocks
K E λ ν G M
2G 3λ + 2G λ
λ+ G - 2(λ + G ) - λ + 2G
3 λ+G
K−λ λ K−λ
- 9K - 3 3K − 2λ
3K − λ 3K − λ 2
- 9K − G K−
2G 3K − 2G
- G
K+4
3K − G 3 2(3K + G ) 3
EG - E − 2G E - 4G − E
G −1 G
3(3G − E ) 3G − E 2G 3G − E
3K − E 3K − E 3KE 3K + E
- - 3K 3K
9K − E 6K 9K − E 9K − E
1+ ν (1 + ν )(1 − 2ν ) 1− ν
λ λ - - 1 − 2ν λ
3ν λ ν
ν 2ν
2(1 + ν ) 2ν 2 − 2ν
G 2G (1 + ν ) G - -
3(1 − 2ν ) 1 − 2ν G
1 − 2ν
ν 1 − 2ν 1− ν
3K (1 − 2ν )
- 3K - 3K 3K
1+ ν 2 + 2ν 1+ ν
E Eν E E(1 − ν )
- -
3(1 − 2ν ) (1 + ν )(1 − 2ν ) 2 + 2ν (1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )
Table 3.1 – pg.64
Young’s Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio & Porosity
S = Total Stress
For an impermeable Force Balance at Grain
membrane: Scale:
Stress = Force/AreaTotal FT = Fg
S = F/AT
S AT = Acσc + (AT - Ac)Pp
Ac
S = aσc + (1 - a)Pp
Intergranular Stress:
lim aσc = σg
a 0
Effective Stress:
σg = S - (1 - a) Pp = S - Pp
Effective Stress
Biot Constant
K Kb ≡ Drained bulk modulus of porous rock
α = 1− b 0 ≤ α ≤1 Kg ≡ Bulk modulus of solid grains
Kg
5000
100 cp
Vp 10 cp
4000 1 cp
Velocity (m/s)
Vs
2000
4 5
Log Frequency (Hz)
⎛ ν ⎞
S H − αPp = ⎜
− ν
(
⎟ S v − αPp )
⎝ 1 ⎠
Take the derivative of both sides and simplify
ΔS H =α
(1 − 2ν )
ΔPp α = 1−
Kb
(1 − ν ) Kg
2
if ν = 0.25, α = 1 ΔS H = ΔPp
3
Viscoelastic/Viscoplastic Deformation of
Unconsolidated Sands
• The fact that the grains are not cemented allows these materials to
creep (deform as a function of time at a constant stress or at
constant strain, for stress to relax with time).
Instantaneous
20
Strain
0.01 0.015
10
Confining Pressure
5
0.005
0
10
20
30
40
0
Time (hr)
Figure 3.8 a – pg.73
Creep and Clay Content
Incremental creep strain is independent of pressure...
0.0016
0.0014
0.0012
0.001
strain
0.0008
t S
S tna nad dar rdL
i L
ien enra arS
o S
olid lidM M
od odel el
Ε2
0.0006 E1
0.0004
0.0002 η
0
4 4 4 4
0 5000 1 10 1.5 10 2 10 2.5 10
time s
Figure 3.12 – pg.78
Experimental Procedure - Attenuation
Constant Frequency Test Procedure
Cleaned and Dried WIlmington Sand
Load Frequency = 1MPa/hr
0.07
35
Confining Pressure
0.06
30
0.05
Confining Pressure (MPa)
25
0.03
Axial Strain
15
0.02
10
0.01
Stress
5
0
-0.01
Strain
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
Time (Hr)
Modeling Attenuation using
creep parameters
1.00E-01
1.00E-02
Mean Pressure = 27.5 MPa
1.00E-03 Pressure Amplitude = 5
1.00E-04
1.00E-06 1.00E-05 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01
Frequency (Hz)
Experimental Procedure - Modulus Dispersion
0.02
20
Axial Strain
Confining Pressure (MPa)
0.015
15
Mean
Pressure
0.005
5
Confining Pressure
Pressure Amplitude
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
Time(hr)
Best-Fitting Power Law Model
0.7
Quasi-static load cycling data
0.6
Extrapolate to 30
year simulated
reservoir lifespan
0.5
Data
0.4
S.L.Solid
Burgers
0.3 Power/Maxwell
0
1.00E-09 1.00E-07 1.00E-05 1.00E-03 1.00E-01 1.00E+01 1.00E+03 1.00E+05
Frequency (Hz)
Best-fitting Model (Low Frequency)
φ ( Pc , t ) = φ j − ( Pc / A)t b
Equation 3.15 – pg.80
where the first term describes the instantaneous porosity change
and the second term describes the normalized creep strain, where:
φ =φ P
j 0 c
d
φ(Pc,t) = φi - (Pc/A)tb
Best-Fitting Model: Wilmington
− 0.046 Pc
φ ( Pc , t ) = 0.271Pc −( )t 0.164
5410.3
Equation 3.17 – pg.81
− 0.152 Pc
φ ( Pc , t ) = 0.246 Pc −( )t 0.232
6666.7
Equation 3.20 – pg.82
A b Φ0 d
Reservoir sand (creep) (creep) (instant) (instant) Notes
Wilmington 5410.3 0.1644 0.271 -0.046 Stiffer and more viscous
GOM – Field X 6666.7 0.2318 0.246 -0.152 Softer and less viscous
1 δL
Where, αT = coefficient of thermal expansion
L δT
1.2E-05
Coeff. of Thermal expansion [1/C]
1.0E-05
Cherts, quartzites
8.0E-06 Sandstones
Granitoid rocks
6.0E-06
Slates
Andesites
4.0E-06
Gabbros, basalts, diabase
2.0E-06
0.0E+00
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent of Silica [%]
Thermoelastic Effects on Wellbore Stresses