Clinical Medication List

Generic Name Apixaban
Brand Name Eliquis

Classification Anticoagulant
Dosage: 5 mg PO BID
Action: Acts as a selective, reversible site inhibitor of factor Xa, inhibiting both free and bound factor. Does not affect platelet
aggregation directly, but does inhibit thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Decreases thrombin generation and thrombus
development.
Why is patient taking? To reduce platelet aggregation
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Decrease chances of stroke and blood clots.
Contraindications Previous severe hypersensitivity reactions; Active pathological bleeding; Severe hepatic impairment; Not
recommended for use in patients with prosthetic heart valves; Concurrent use of strong dual inducers of CYP3A4 and P-gp; Lactation:
Should not be used. Renal impairment increases risk of bleed
Nursing Care/Monitoring Assess patient for symptoms of stroke or peripheral vascular disease periodically during therapy.
Common Side Effects bleeding and hypersensitivity reactions like anaphylaxis
Life Threatening Side Effects bleeding and anaphylaxis
Peak: 3-4 hours Onset: Unknown Duration: 24 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? No, my patient developed a blood clot in his left lower
leg during hospitalization.
Generic Name Tamsulosin

Brand Name Flomax
Classification Peripherally acting antiadrenergics
Dosage: 0.4 mg PO BID
Action: Decrease contractions in smooth muscle of the prostatic capsule by preventing binding to the alpha-adrenergic receptors.
Why is patient taking? Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia to control urgency
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? This medication works to decrease frequent and hard urination and urinating
at night.
Contraindications Allergies. Sulfa allergies. Patient’s at risk for prostate carcinoma. Patients undergoing cataract surgery
Nursing Care/Monitoring Monitor symptoms of BPH. Access blood pressure for orthostatic hypotension & syncope. Monitor I&O’s
and daily weight. Access for edema. Rectal exam prior
Common Side Effects Dizziness, headaches, intraoperative floppy iris syndrome, rhinitis, orthostatic hypotension, priapism,
retrograde/diminished ejaculation
Life Threatening Side Effects
Peak: UNKNOWN Onset: 2 weeks Duration: UNKNOWN
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? No, the patient had frequent urination.
Generic Name Famotidine

Brand Name Pepsid
Classification Antiulcer agent
Dosage: 20 mg PO qday
Action: Inhibits the action of histamine at the H2-receptor site located primarily in gastric parietal cells, resulting in inhibition of
gastric acid secretion.
Why is patient taking? Prevention of gastric ulcers
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Healing and prevention of stomach ulcers. Decrease symptoms of heartburn.
Decreased acidity in the stomach.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Some products contain alcohol and should be avoided in patients with known intolerance; Some
products contain aspartame and should be avoided in patients with phenylketonuria.
Nursing Care/Monitoring Access for abdominal pain, blood in stool, emesis, or gastric aspirate. Access for confusion in geriatric
patients. Monitor CBC with differential. May cause false-positive results for urine protein.
Common Side Effects confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, hallucinations, headache. constipation, diarrhea, drug-induced hepatitis,
nausea. Decreased sperm count, gynecomastia, anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia. pain at IM site. hypersensivity reactions,
vasculitis.
Life Threatening Side Effects arrhythmias, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia
Peak: 1-4 hours Onset: within 60 minutes Duration: 6-12 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, my patient did not display symptoms of gastric
ulcers or GERD.
Generic Name Furosemide

Brand Name Lasix
Classification Loop Diuretic
Action: Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. Increases renal excretion of
water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. Effectiveness persists in impaired renal function.
Why is patient taking? Edema related to renal disease
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication is taken to
increase urination and relieve water weight to decrease blood pressure.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Cross-sensitivity with thiazides and sulfonamides may occur; Hepatic coma or anuria; Some
liquid products may contain alcohol, avoid in patients with alcohol intolerance
Nursing Care/Monitoring Monitor fluid status, BP, pulse. Access fall risk and implement fall risk strategies. Access patients receiving
digoxin for adverse effects, Access for tinnitus and hearing loss. Access allergy for sulfonamides. Access for rash.
Common Side Effects blurred vision, dizziness, headache, vertigo. hearing loss, tinnitus. hypotension. anorexia, constipation,
diarrhea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, increased liver enzymes, nausea, pancreatitis, vomiting. Increased bun, excessive urination,
nephrocalcinosis. ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME, STEVENS-JOHNSON SYN- DROME, TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS,
photosensitivity, pruritis, rash, urticaria. hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia. dehydration,
hypocalcemia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, metabolic alkalosis. APLASTIC ANE-
MIA, AGRANULOCYTOSIS, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia. muscle cramps. paresthesia. fever.
Life Threatening Side Effects Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, or erythema multiforme. Aplastic anemia,
agranulocytosis
Peak: 1-2 hours Onset: 30-60 minutes Duration: 6-8 hours

Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, decreased edema with urination and blood pressure
within normal range.
Generic Name Prednisone

Brand Name Orapred
Classification Systemic Corticosteroid
Dosage: 60 mg PO qAM
Action: suppress inflammation and the normal immune response.
Why is patient taking? Management of rheumatoid arthritis
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? This medication works to suppress your body from attacking itself.
Contraindications Active untreated infections. Lactation: Avoid chronic use; Known alcohol, bisulfite, or tartrazine hypersensitivity or
intolerance (some products contain these and should be avoided in susceptible patients); Administration of live virus vaccines.
Nursing Care/Monitoring Assess for signs of adrenal insufficiency before and periodically during therapy. Monitor intake and output
ratios and daily weights. Observe patient for peripheral edema, steady weight gain, rales/crackles, or dyspnea. Notify health care
professional if these occur. Assess for changes in level of consciousness and headache during therapy. Monitor serum electrolytes and
glucose. May cause hyperglycemia, especially in persons with diabetes. May cause hypokalemia. Patients on prolonged therapy
should routinely have CBC, serum electrolytes, and serum and urine glucose evaluated. Suppress reactions to allergy skin tests.
Periodic adrenal function tests may be ordered to assess degree of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression in systemic and
chronic topical therapy.
Common Side Effects Depression, Euphoria, headache, personality changes, psychoses, restlessness, cataracts, increased intraocular
pressure, hypertension, acne, decreased wound healing, hirsutism, adrenal suppression, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia,
thrombophlebitis, weight gain, osteoporosis, muscle pain, cushingoid appearance, increased susceptibility of infection
Life Threatening Side Effects Peptic ulceration, thromboembolism
Peak: 1-2 hours Onset: Unknown Duration: 1.25-1.5 days
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? No, my patient displayed symptoms of rheumatoid
arthritis
Generic Name Insulin Aspart
Brand Name NovoLOG
Classification Antidiabetics, hormone
Dosage: sliding scale subcutaneous injection qidACbedtime
Action: Lower blood glucose by: stimulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and fat, inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Other
actions: inhibition of lypolysis and proteolysis, enhanced protein synthesis. These are rapid-acting insulins with a more rapid onset
and shorter duration than regular insulin; should be used with an intermediate- or long-acting insulin.
Why is patient taking? Control of hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Control of high blood sugar due
to diabetes
Contraindications Hypoglycemia; Allergy or hypersensitivity to a particular type of insulin, preservatives, or other additives.
Nursing Care/Monitoring Assess for symptoms of hypoglycemia (anxiety; restlessness; tingling in hands, feet, lips, or tongue; chills;
cold sweats; confusion; cool, pale skin; difficulty in concentration; drowsiness; nightmares or trouble sleeping; excessive hunger;
headache; irritability; nausea; nervousness; tachycardia; tremor; weakness; unsteady gait) and hyperglycemia (confusion, drowsiness;
flushed, dry skin; fruit-like breath odor; rapid, deep breathing, polyuria; loss of appetite; nausea; vomiting; unusual thirst) periodically
during therapy.
● Monitor body weight periodically. Changes in weight may necessitate changes in insulin dose.
● Assess patient for signs of allergic reactions (rash, shortness of breath, wheezing, rapid pulse, sweating, low BP) during therapy.
● Lab Test Considerations: May cause decreased serum inorganic phosphate, magnesium, and potassium levels.
● Monitor blood glucose every 6 hr during therapy, more frequently in ketoacidosis and times of stress. A1C may also be monitored
every 3 – 6 mo to determine effectiveness.
● Toxicity and Overdose: Overdose is manifested by symptoms of hypoglycemia. Mild hypoglycemia may be treated by ingestion of
oral glucose. Severe hypoglycemia is a life-threatening emergency; treatment consists of IV glucose, glucagon, or epinephrine. Early
signs of hypoglycemia may be less pronounced by long duration of diabetes, diabetic nerve disease, and use of beta blockers; may
result in loss of consciousness prior to patient’s awareness of hypoglycemia.
Common Side Effects hypoglycemia, erythema, lipodystrophy, pruritus, swelling.
Life Threatening Side Effects HYPOGLYCEMIA and ANAPHYLAXIS.
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question)
Generic Name Fluconazole
Brand Name Canesoral/Diflucan
Classification Systemic Antifungal
Dosage: 20 mg IV piggyback daily x 7 days
Action: Inhibits synthesis of fungal sterols, a necessary component of the cell membrane.
Why is patient taking? Intra Abdominal Abscess treatment
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Kills and prevents fungal
infections
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to fluconazole or other azole antifungals; Concurrent use with pimozide or voriconazole.
Nursing Care/Monitoring
● Assess infected area and monitor CSF cultures before and periodically during therapy.
● Specimens for culture should be taken before instituting therapy. Therapy may be started before results are obtained.
● Assess patient for rash
● Monitor BUN and serum creatinine before and periodically during therapy; patients with renal dysfunction will require dose
adjustment.
● Monitor liver function tests before and periodically during therapy. May cause elevated AST, ALT, serum alkaline phosphate, and
bilirubin concentrations.
Common Side Effects headache, dizziness, seizures. Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. exfoliative skin disorders,
hypokalemia, hypertriglyceridemia.
Life Threatening Side Effects Hepatotoxicity, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Anaphylaxis
Peak: end of infusion Onset: rapid Duration: 24 hours
Generic Name Piperacillin-Tazobactam

Brand Name Tazocin
Classification Anti-infectives
Dosage: 4,500 mg IV piggyback q12h x 7 days
Action: Binds to bacterial cell wall membrane, causing cell death. Spectrum is extended compared with other penicillins.
Why is patient taking? Treatment of pneumonia and previous appendicitis
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Kills the bacteria causing
pneumonia
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to penicillins, beta-lactams, cephalosporins, or tazobactam (cross- sensitivity may occur).
● Assess patient for infection (vital signs; appearance of wound, sputum, urine, and stool; WBC) at beginning of and during therapy.
● Obtain a history before initiating therapy to determine previous use of and reactions to penicillins or cephalosporins. Persons with a
negative history of penicillin sensitivity may still have an allergic response.
● Obtain specimens for culture and sensitivity prior to initiating therapy. First dose may be given before receiving results.
● Observe patient for signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis (rash, pruritus, laryngeal edema, wheezing). Discontinue the drug and notify
health care professional immediately if these occur. Keep epinephrine, an antihistamine, and resuscitation equipment close by in the
event of an anaphylactic reaction.
● Monitor bowel function. Diarrhea, abdominal cramping, fever, and bloody stools should be reported to health care professional
promptly as a sign of pseudomembranous colitis. May begin up to several weeks following cessation of therapy.
● Assess for skin reactions (rash, fever, edema, mucosal erosions or ulcerations, red or inflamed eyes). Monitor patient with mild to
moderate rash for progression. If rash becomes severe or systemic symptoms occur, discontinue piperacillin/tazobactam.
Common Side Effects confusion, dizziness, headache, insomnia, lethargy, diarrhea, constipation, drug-induced hepatitis, nausea,
vomiting. interstitial nephritis. rashes (increased risk in cystic fibrosis patients), urticaria. Bleeding, leukopenia, neutropenia,
thrombocytopenia. Local: pain, phlebitis at IV site. Hypersensitivity reactions, fever (increased risk in cystic fibrosis patients),
superinfection
Life Threatening Side Effects Seizures in high doses, pseudomembranous colitis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Toxic Epidermal
Necrolysis, Anaphylaxis and Serum sickness
Peak: end of infusion Onset: rapid Duration: 4-6 hours
Generic Name Epoetin Alfa
Brand Name Epogen
Classification Antianemics
Dosage: 10,000 units subcutaneous qTThSa Injection for hemoglobin less than 11 g/dL
Action: Stimulates erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells).
Why is patient taking? Anemia associated to CKD
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This injection maintains and may
elevate RBCs, decreasing the need for blood transfusions.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to albumin or mammalian cell-derived products; Uncontrolled hypertension; Patients with
erythropoietin levels greater than 200 mUnits/mL; Patients receiving chemotherapy when anticipated outcome is cure; Neutropenia in
newborns.
● Monitor hematocrit before and twice weekly during initial therapy, for 2 – 6 wk after a change in dose, and regularly after target
range (30 – 36%) has been reached and maintenance dose is determined. Monitor other hematopoietic parameters
● Monitor renal function studies and electrolytes closely; resulting increased sense of well-being may lead to decreased compliance
with other therapies for renal failure. Increases in BUN, creatinine, uric acid, phosphorus, and potassium may occur.
● Monitor BP before and during therapy. Inform health care professional if severe hypertension is present or if BP begins to increase.
Additional antihypertensive therapy may be required during initiation of therapy.
● Monitor for symptoms of anemia (fatigue, dyspnea, pallor).
● Monitor dialysis shunts (thrill and bruit) and status of artificial kidney during hemodialysis. Heparin dose may need to be increased
to prevent clotting. Monitor patients with underlying vascular disease for impaired circulation.
Common Side Effects headache. Hypertension. transient rashes. restored fertility, resumption of menses. Increased mortality and
increased tumor growth (with hemoglobin greater than 12 g/dL).
Life Threatening Side Effects seizures, stroke, HF, MI, thromboembolic events with hemoglobin greater than 11 g/dL
Peak: within 2 months Onset: 7-10 days Duration: 2 weeks
Generic Name Atorvastatin
Brand Name Lipitor
Classification Statin
Dosage: 20 mg PO qDay
Action: maintains and lowers lipid levels
Why is patient taking? Prevention of heart disease, reduce risk of stroke
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Lowers levels of bad cholesterol
and increases levels of good cholesterol.
Contraindications Liver disease, Renal impairment, concurrent use of antifungals
Nursing Care/Monitoring avoid grapefruit, provide education pertaining to diet and exercise, reduce risk of plaque build up, provide
smoking cessation, explain importance of follow up exam
Common Side Effects amnesia, confusion, dizziness, headache
Life Threatening Side Effects Rhabdomyolysis, hypersensitivity rxn, angioneurotic edema
Peak: 1-2 hours Onset: Initial changes: 3 to 5 days; Maximal reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides: 2 to 4 weeks;
LDL reduction: 10 mg/day: 39% (for each doubling of this dose, LDL is lowered approximately 6%) Duration: 20-30 hours
Generic Name Pantoprazole

Brand Name Protonix
Classification Antiulcer agent/ Proton-Pump Inhibitor
Action: Binds to an enzyme in the presence of acidic gastric pH, preventing the final transport of hydrogen ions into the gastric lumen
Why is patient taking? Diminished accumulation of acid in the gastric lumen, with lessened acid reflux. Healing of duodenal ulcers
and esophagitis. Decreased acid secretion in hypersecretory conditions.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Prevention of GI ulcers.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; OB: Should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed; Lactation: Discontinue breast
feeding due to potential for serious adverse reactions in infants.
● Assess patient routinely for epigastric or abdominal pain and for frank or occult blood in stool, emesis, or gastric aspirate.
● May cause abnormal liver function tests, including increased AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin.
● May cause hypomagnesemia. Monitor serum magnesium prior to and periodically during therapy.
Common Side Effects CNS: headache. GI: PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS, abdominal pain, diarrhea, eructation, flatulence.
Endo: hyperglycemia. F and E: hypomagnesemia (especially if treatment duration 􏰅3 mo). MS: bone fracture.
Life Threatening Side Effects Psuedomembranous Colitis
Peak: Unknown Onset: 2.5 hr Duration: 1 week
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why?
Generic Name: Metoprolol
Brand Name: Lopressor
Classification: Antihypertensive, antianginal
Dosage: 100 mg PO BID
Action: Lowers B/P by β-blocking effects; reduces elevated renin plasma levels; blocks β2-
adrenergic receptors in bronchial, vascular smooth muscle only at high doses, negative
chronotropic effect
Why is patient taking? Decreased B/P, heart rate, AV conduction

How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would
understand.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to β-blockers, cardiogenic shock, heart block (2nd and 3rd
degree), sinus bradycardia, pheochromocytoma, sick sinus syndrome
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor B/P during beginning treatment, periodically thereafter;

pulse q4hr; note rate, rhythm, quality; check apical/radial pulse before administration; notify
prescriber of any significant changes (pulse <50 bpm); Assess for edema in feet, legs daily;
monitor I&O, daily weight; check for jugular vein distention, crackles bilaterally, dyspnea
(CHF); Monitor skin turgor, dryness of mucous membranes for hydration status, especially
geriatric
Common Side Effects: Colitis, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, dry mouth, hiccups,
dizziness, hallucinations, anxiety, headaches, confusion, insomnia, sore throat, dry burning
eyes, impotence, and rash
Life Threatening Side Effects: Agranulocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenic purpura,

cardiac arrest, AV block, bradycardia, pulmonary/peripheral edema, chest pain
Peak: 2-4 hr Onset: 15 min

Duration: 6-19 hr
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? (this is not just a
yes/no question)
Generic Name Losartan
Brand Name Cozaar
Classification Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists
Dosage: 100 mg PO aDay
Action: Blocks vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-producing effects of angiotensin II at receptor sites, including vascular smooth
muscle and the adrenal glands.
Why is patient taking? Decreased risk of stroke in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication helps to lower
blood pressure and reduces risk of stroke in HTN.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Concurrent use with aliskiren in patients with diabetes or moderate-to-severe renal impairment
● Assess BP and pulse periodically during therapy. Notify health care professional of significant changes.
● Monitor frequency of prescription refills to determine adherence.
● Assess patient for signs of angioedema (dyspnea, facial swelling). May rarely cause angioedema.
● HF: Monitor daily weight and assess patient routinely for resolution of fluid overload (peripheral edema, rales/crackles, dyspnea,
weight gain, jugular venous distention).
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, anxiety, depression, fatigue, headache, insomnia, weakness. CV: hypotension, chest pain,
edema, tachycardia. Derm: rashes. EENT: nasal congestion, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis. GI: abdominal pain, diarrhea, drug-induced
hepatitis, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting. GU: impaired renal function. F and E: hyperkalemia. MS: arthralgia, back pain, myalgia.
Life Threatening Side Effects angioedema
Peak: 3-6 weeks Onset: 6 hours Duration: 24 hours
Generic Name Levothyroxine

Brand Name Synthroid
Classification Thyroid hormone
Dosage: 50 mcg PO qDay
Action: Controls protein synthesis; increases metabolic rate, cardiac output, renal blood flow, O2 consumption, body temp, blood
volume, growth, development at cellular level via action on thyroid hormone receptors.
Why is patient taking? Correction of lack of thyroid hormone
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This pill will help to regulate out
the imbalance of you thyroid hormones.
Contraindications Adrenal insufficiency, recent MI, thyrotoxicosis, hypersensitivity to beef, alcohol intolerance
Nursing Care/Monitoring Take B/P, pulse before each dose; monitor I&O ratio and weight every day in same clothing, using same
scale, at same time of day; Assess for increased nervousness, excitability, irritability, which may indicate a too-high dosage of
medication, usually after 1-3 wk of treatment; check for bleeding, bruising.
Common Side Effects increased or decreased appetite, cramps, weight loss, heat intolerance, fever and insomnia
Life Threatening Side Effects thyroid storm and cardiac arrest
Peak: 12-48 houts Onset: 3-5 days Duration: UNKNOWN
Generic Name Bupropion

Brand Name Wellbutrin
Classification antidepressants, smoking deterrents
Action: Decreases neuronal reuptake of dopamine in the CNS. Diminished neuronal uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine (less than
tricyclic antidepressants).
Why is patient taking? Treatment of depression
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication will decrease
feelings of depression.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Concurrent use of MAO inhibitors or MAO-like drugs (linezolid or methylene blue); Concurrent
use of ritonavir; Seizure disorders; Arteriovenous malformation, severe head injury, CNS tumor, CNS infection, severe stroke,
anorexia nervosa, bulimia, or abrupt discontinuation of alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or antiepileptic drugs (increased risk of
seizures)
● Monitor mood changes. Inform health care professional if patient demonstrates significant increase in anxiety, nervousness, or
insomnia.
● Assess mental status and mood changes, especially during initial few months of therapy and during dose changes. Risk may be
increased in children, adolescents, and adults less than 24 years. Inform health care professional if patient demonstrates significant
increase in signs of depression (depressed mood, loss of interest in usual activities, significant change in weight and/or appetite,
insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, increased fatigue, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, slowed thinking
or impaired concentration, suicide attempt or suicidal ideation). Restrict amount of drug available to patient.
Common Side Effects CNS: agitation, headache, aggression, anxiety, delusions, depression, hallucinations, hostility, insomnia, mania,
panic, paranoia, psychoses. GI: dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, change in appetite, weight gain, weight loss. Derm: photosensitivity.
Endo: hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion. Neuro: tremor.
Life Threatening Side Effects SEIZURES, SUICIDAL THOUGHTS/BEHAVIOR
Peak: unknown Onset: 1-3 weeks Duration: unknown
Generic Name Sertraline

Brand Name Zoloft
Classification selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Action: Inhibits neuronal uptake of serotonin in the CNS, thus potentiating the activity of serotonin. Has little effect on norepinephrine
or dopamine.
Why is patient taking? Major depressive disorder
feelings of depression and decrease incidence of panic attacks.
use of pimozide; Oral concentrate contains alcohol; avoid in patients with known intolerance.
● Assess for suicidal tendencies, especially during early therapy. Restrict amount of drug available to patient
● Monitor appetite and nutritional intake. Weigh weekly. Notify health care professional of continued weight loss. Adjust diet as
tolerated to support nutritional status.
● Assess for serotonin syndrome (mental changes [agitation, hallucinations, coma], autonomic instability [tachycardia, labile BP,
hyperthermia], neuromuscular aberrations [hyperreflexia, incoordination], and/or GI symptoms [nausea, vomiting, diarrhea]),
especially in patients taking other serotonergic drugs (SSRIs, SNRIs, triptans).
insomnia.
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, insomnia, agitation, anxiety, confusion, emotional lability,
impaired concentration, manic reaction, nervousness, weakness, yawning. EENT: pharyngitis, rhinitis, tinnitus, visual abnormalities.
CV: chest pain, palpitations. GI: diarrhea, dry mouth, nausea, abdominal pain, altered taste, anorexia, constipation, dyspepsia,
flatulence, increased appetite, vomiting. GU: sexual dysfunction, menstrual disorders, urinary disorders, urinary frequency. Derm:
increased sweating, hot flashes, rash. Endo: diabetes. F and E: hyponatremia. MS: back pain, myalgia. Neuro: tremor, hypertonia,
hypoesthesia, paresthesia, twitching. Misc:, fever, thirst.
Life Threatening Side Effects NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME, SUICIDAL THOUGHTS, SEROTONIN
SYNDROME
Peak: UNKNOWN Onset: within 2-4 weeks Duration: UNKNOWN
Generic Name magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide

Brand Name Maalox Plus
Classification Antacids
Dosage: 30 mL PO g4hr
Action: Neutralize gastric acid following dissolution in gastric contents. Inactivate pepsin if pH is raised to greater than or equal to 4.
Why is patient taking? Neutralization of gastric acid with healing of ulcers and decrease in associated pain.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Relief of heartburn, indigestion,
and GERD
Contraindications Severe abdominal pain of unknown cause, especially if accompanied by fever; Renal failure, Products containing
tartrazine or sugar in patients with known intolerance.
Nursing Care:
● Antacid: Assess for heartburn and indigestion as well as location, duration, character, and precipitating factors of gastric pain.
● Monitor serum phosphate, potassium, and calcium levels periodically during chronic use. May cause increase serum calcium and
decrease serum phosphate concentrations.
Common Side Effects constipation, diarrhea, hypermagnesemia, hypophosphatemia

Life Threatening Side Effects hypermagnesemia, hypophosphatemia
Peak: 30 min Onset: slightly delayed Duration: 30 min-1 hour (empty stomach) 3 hr (after meals)
Generic Name Bisacodyl

Brand Name Dulcolax
Classification Laxatives
Action: Stimulates peristalsis. Alters fluid and electrolyte transport, producing fluid accumulation in the colon.
Why is patient taking? Constipation
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Relief of constipation
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Abdominal pain; Obstruction; Nausea or vomiting (especially with fever or other signs of an acute
abdomen).
● Assess patient for abdominal distention, presence of bowel sounds, and usual pattern of bowel function.
● Assess color, consistency, and amount of stool produced.
Common Side Effects GI: abdominal cramps, nausea, diarrhea, rectal burning. F and E: hypokalemia (with chronic use). MS: muscle
weakness (with chronic use). Misc: protein- losing enteropathy, tetany
Life Threatening Side Effects electrolyte imbalances
Peak: UNKNOWN Onset: 6-12 hours Duration: UNKNOWN
Generic Name Docusate-Senna

Brand Name Colace
Dosage: 2 tabs PO q12 hr
Action: Promotes incorporation of water into stool, resulting in softer fecal mass. May also promote electrolyte and water secretion
into the colon.
Why is patient taking? Prevention of Constipation
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Softening and passage of stool.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting, especially when associated with fever or other signs of an
acute abdomen.
Common Side Effects EENT: throat irritation. GI: mild cramps, diarrhea. Derm: rashes.
Life Threatening Side Effects N/A
Peak: UNKNOWN Onset: 12-72 hr Duration: UNKNOWN
Generic Name: Aspirin
Brand Name: Bayer’s Aspirin
Classification: Nonopioid analgesic
Dosage: 81 mg qDay
Action: Blocks pain impulses in CNS, reduces inflammation by inhibition of prostaglandin

synthesis; antipyretic action results from vasodilatation of peripheral vessels; decreases platelet
aggregation
Why is patient taking? transient ischemic attacks/stroke
understand. This medication is used a precautionary drug to help with decreasing the risk of
having a stroke
Contraindications: GI bleeding, bleeding disorders, vit K deficiency, peptic ulcer, acute

bronchospasm, agranulocytosis, increased intracranial pressure, intracranial bleeding, nasal
polyps, urticaria
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Assess for pain before and 1 hours after administration; assess for
edema in feet, ankles, legs; Assess for ototoxicity; allergic reactions and monitor liver/renal
and blood studies.
Common Side Effects: rash, urticaria, bruising, diarrhea, pulmonary edema, dizziness,
confusion, rapid pulse, tinnitus, hypo-glycemia/natremia/kalemia.
Life Threatening Side Effects: Hepatotoxicity: dark urine, clay-colored stools, yellowing of the
skin and sclera, itching, abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea if patients are on long term.
Peak: 1-2 hr Onset: 15-30 min

Duration: 4-6 hr
yes/no question) Yes, there were no signs of reoccurring ischemic attacks.
Action: Lowers B/P by β-blocking effects; reduces elevated renin plasma levels; blocks β2-
adrenergic receptors in bronchial, vascular smooth muscle only at high doses, negative
chronotropic effect

understand.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to β-blockers, cardiogenic shock, heart block (2nd and 3rd
degree), sinus bradycardia, pheochromocytoma, sick sinus syndrome
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor B/P during beginning treatment, periodically thereafter;

pulse q4hr; note rate, rhythm, quality; check apical/radial pulse before administration; notify
prescriber of any significant changes (pulse <50 bpm); Assess for edema in feet, legs daily;
monitor I&O, daily weight; check for jugular vein distention, crackles bilaterally, dyspnea
(CHF); Monitor skin turgor, dryness of mucous membranes for hydration status, especially
geriatric
Common Side Effects: Colitis, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, dry mouth, hiccups,
dizziness, hallucinations, anxiety, headaches, confusion, insomnia, sore throat, dry burning
eyes, impotence, and rash
Life Threatening Side Effects: Agranulocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenic purpura,

cardiac arrest, AV block, bradycardia, pulmonary/peripheral edema, chest pain
Peak: 2-4 hr Onset: 15 min

Duration: 6-19 hr
yes/no question) The patient was not given this medication because his systolic blood pressure
was <100 mmHg.
Brand Name NovoLOG
and shorter duration than regular insulin; should be used with an intermediate or long-acting insulin.
to diabetes
during therapy.
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? This medication was not given during his hospitalization
because blood glucose was controlled.
Generic Name Allopurinol

Brand Name Alloprim
Classification antigout agents, antihyperuricemics
Action: Inhibits the production of uric acid by inhibiting the action of xanthine oxidase.
Why is patient taking? Lower serum uric acid levels
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. To prevent gout attacks
Contraindications Hypersensitivity
● Monitor intake and output ratios. Decreased kidney function can cause drug accumulation and toxic effects. Ensure that patient
maintains adequate fluid intake (minimum 2500 – 3000 mL/day) to minimize risk of kidney stone formation.
● Assess patient for rash or more severe hypersensitivity reactions. Discontinue allopurinol immediately if rash occurs. Therapy
should be discontinued permanently if reaction is severe. Therapy may be reinstated after a mild reaction has subsided, at a lower dose
(50 mg/day with very gradual titration). If skin rash recurs, discontinue permanently.
● Gout: Monitor for joint pain and swelling. Addition of colchicine or NSAIDs may be necessary for acute attacks. Prophylactic doses
of colchicine or an NSAID should be administered concurrently during the first 3 – 6 months of therapy because of an increased
frequency of acute attacks of gouty arthritis during early therapy.
● Lab Test Considerations: Serum and urine uric acid levels usually begin to decrease 2 – 3 days after initiation of oral therapy.
● Monitor blood glucose in patients receiving oral hypoglycemic agents. May cause hypoglycemia.
● Monitor hematologic, renal, and liver function tests before and periodically during therapy, especially during the first few mo. May
cause increased serum alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, AST, and ALT levels. Decreased CBC and platelets may indicate bone
marrow depression. Increased BUN, serum creatinine, and CCr may indicate nephrotoxicity. These are usually reversed with
discontinuation of therapy.
Common Side Effects CV: hypotension, flushing, hypertension, bradycardia, and heart failure (reported with IV administration).
CNS: drowsiness. GI: diarrhea, hepatitis, nausea, vomiting. GU: renal failure, hematuria. Derm: rash (discontinue drug at first sign of
rash), urticaria. Hemat: bone marrow depression. Misc: hypersensitivity reactions.
Life Threatening Side Effects bone marrow depression and heart failure
Peak: 1-2 weeks Onset: 1-2 days Duration: 1-3 weeks
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, patient did not display any evidence of gout attack.
Generic Name Sevelamer

Brand Name Renagel
Classification electrolyte modifiers and phosphate binders
Action: A polymer that binds phosphate in the GI tract, preventing its absorption.
Why is patient taking? Lower phosphate levels.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Decreased serum phosphate levels in the blood.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Hypophosphatemia; Bowel obstruction.
● Assess patient for GI side effects periodically during therapy.
● Monitor serum phosphorous, calcium, bicarbonate, and chloride levels periodically during therapy.
Common Side Effects diarrhea, dyspepsia, vomiting, choking (tablet), constipation, dysphagia (tablet), flatulence, nausea.
Life Threatening Side Effects BOWEL OBSTRUCTION/PERFORATION, ESOPHAGEAL OBSTRUCTION
Peak: 2 weeks Onset: 5 days Duration: UNKNOWN
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, patient did not have a high serum phosphate level.
Generic Name Enoxaparin

Brand Name Lovenox
Dosage: 30 mg subcutaneous injection qDay
Action: Potentiate the inhibitory effect of antithrombin on factor Xa and thrombin.
Why is patient taking? To prevent stroke, embolism, and heart attacks
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Blood clot prevention, prevention
of stroke
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to specific agents or pork products; cross-sensitivity may occur; Some products contain sulfites or
benzyl alcohol and should be avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity or intolerance; Active major bleeding; History of
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, headache, insomnia. CV: edema. GI: constipation, increased liver enzymes, nausea, vomiting.
GU: urinary retention. Derm: alopecia, ecchymoses, pruritus, rash, urticaria. Hemat: BLEEDING, anemia, eosinophilia,
thrombocytopenia. Local: erythema at injection site, hematoma, irritation, pain. MS: osteoporosis. Misc: fever.
Life Threatening Side Effects Hemorrhage/Bleeding
Peak: 3-5 hours Onset: UNKNOWN Duration: 12 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, the patient did not suffer an embolism, heart attack,
or stroke.
Generic Name Isosorbide Mononitrate

Brand Name Imdur
Classification Antianginals
Action: Produce vasodilation (venous greater than arterial). Decrease left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and left ventricular end-
diastolic volume (preload). Net effect is reduced myocardial oxygen consumption. Increase coronary blood flow by dilating coronary
arteries and improving collateral flow to ischemic regions.
Why is patient taking? Treatment of angina attacks
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Treatment of acute chest pain
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Concurrent use of sildenafil, vardenafil, or tadalafil.
● Assess location, duration, intensity, and precipitating factors of anginal pain.
● Monitor BP and pulse routinely during period of dosage adjustment.
● Excessive doses may increase methemoglobin concentrations.
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, headache. CV: hypotension, tachycardia, paradoxic bradycardia, syncope. GI: nausea,
vomiting. Misc: flushing, tolerance.
Life Threatening Side Effects tachycardia, hypotension
Peak:UNKNOWN Onset: 30-60 minutes Duration: 7 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? The patient was not given this medication because his
systolic blood pressure was <100 mmHg.

Brand Name Protonix
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, patient did not have any acid reflux symptoms and
did not display evidence of gastric ulcer.
Generic Name Potassium Chloride
Brand Name Klor-Con
Classification mineral and electrolyte replacements/supplements
Dosage: 20-60 mEq PO as directed for hypokalemia
Action: Maintain acid-base balance, isotonicity, and electrophysiologic balance of the cell. Activator in many enzymatic reactions;
essential to transmission of nerve impulses; contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle; gastric secretion; renal function;
tissue synthesis; and carbohydrate metabolism.
Why is patient taking? hypokalemia
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? To restore levels of potassium
Contraindications Hyperkalemia; Severe renal impairment; Untreated Addison’s disease; Severe tissue trauma; Hyperkalemic familial
periodic paralysis; Some products may contain tartrazine (FDC yellow dye #5) or alcohol; avoid using in patients with known
hypersensitivity or intolerance; Potassium acetate injection contains aluminum, which may become toxic with prolonged use to high
risk groups (renal impairment, premature neonates).
● Assess for signs and symptoms of hypokalemia (weakness, fatigue, U wave on ECG, arrhythmias, polyuria, polydipsia) and
hyperkalemia
● Monitor pulse, BP, and ECG periodically during IV therapy.
● Monitor serum potassium before and periodically during therapy. Monitor renal function, serum bicarbonate, and pH. Determine
serum magnesium level if patient has refractory hypokalemia; hypomagnesemia should be corrected to facilitate effectiveness of
potassium replacement. Monitor serum chloride because hypochloremia may occur if replacing potassium without concurrent
chloride.
● Toxicity and Overdose: Symptoms of toxicity are those of hyperkalemia (slow, irregular heart- beat; fatigue; muscle weakness;
paresthesia; confusion; dyspnea; peaked T waves; depressed ST segments; prolonged QT segments; widened QRS complexes; loss of
P waves; and cardiac arrhythmias).
● Treatment includes discontinuation of potassium, administration of sodium bicarbonate to correct acidosis, dextrose and insulin to
facilitate passage of potassium into cells, calcium salts to reverse ECG effects (in patients who are not receiving digoxin), sodium
polystyrene used as an exchange resin, and/ or dialysis for patient with impaired renal function.
Common Side Effects CNS: confusion, restlessness, weakness. CV: ARRHYTHMIAS, ECG changes. GI: abdominal pain, diarrhea,
flatulence, nausea, vomiting; tablets, capsules only, GI ulceration, stenotic lesions. Local: irritation at IV site. Neuro: paralysis,
paresthesia.
Life Threatening Side Effects arrhythmias and ECG changes
Peak: 1-2 hours Onset: UNKNOWN Duration: UNKNOWN
potassium was within normal ranges.
Generic Name Temazepam

Brand Name Restoril
Classification Benzodiazepines
Dosage: 7.5 mg PO qBedtime
Action: Acts at many levels in the CNS, producing generalized depression. Effects may be mediated by GABA, an inhibitory
neurotransmitter.
Why is patient taking? Relief of insomnia
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Sleep relief
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Cross-sensitivity with other benzodiazepines may exist; Pre-existing CNS depression; Severe
uncontrolled pain; Angle- closure glaucoma; Impaired respiratory function; Sleep apnea
● Assess mental status (orientation, mood, behavior) and potential for abuse prior to administering medication.
● Assess sleep patterns before and periodically throughout therapy.
● Prolonged high-dose therapy may lead to psychological or physical dependence. Restrict amount of drug available to patient,
especially if patient is depressed or suicidal or has a history of addiction.
● Geri: Assess CNS effects and risk of falls. Institute falls prevention strategies.
Common Side Effects CNS: abnormal thinking, behavior changes, hangover, dizziness, drowsiness, hallucinations, lethargy,
paradoxic excitation, sleep driving. EENT: blurred vision. GI: constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. Derm: rash. Misc: physical
dependence, psychological dependence, tolerance.
Life Threatening Side Effects Sleep Related Injuries
Peak: 2-3 hours Onset: 30 minutes Duration: 6-8 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, the patient suffered from insomnia, but it was
relieved nightly by this medication.
Generic Name Acetaminophen

Brand Name Tylenol
Classification antipyretics, nonopioid analgesics
Dosage: 650 mg PO q6h
Action: Inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins that may serve as mediators of pain and fever, primarily in the CNS. Has no
significant anti-inflammatory properties or GI toxicity.
Why is patient taking? Analgesia
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Pain and fever relief
Contraindications Previous hypersensitivity; Products containing alcohol, aspartame, saccharin, sugar, or tartrazine (FDC yellow dye
#5) should be avoided in patients who have hypersensitivity or intolerance to these compounds; Severe hepatic impairment/active
liver disease.
● Assess overall health status and alcohol usage before administering acetaminophen. Patients who are malnourished or chronically
abuse alcohol are at higher risk of developing hepatotoxicity with chronic use of usual doses of this drug.
● Assess amount, frequency, and type of drugs taken in patients self-medicating, especially with OTC drugs. Prolonged use of
acetaminophen increases the risk of adverse renal effects. For short-term use, combined doses of acetaminophen and salicylates
should not exceed the recommended dose of either drug given alone. Do not exceed maximum daily dose of acetaminophen when
considering all routes of administration and all combination products containing acetaminophen.
● Pain: Assess type, location, and intensity prior to and 30 – 60 min following administration.
● Fever: Assess fever; note presence of associated signs (diaphoresis, tachycardia, and malaise).
● Evaluate hepatic, hematologic, and renal function periodically during prolonged, high-dose therapy.
● May alter results of blood glucose monitoring.
● Increased serum bilirubin, LDH, AST, ALT, and prothrombin time may indicate hepatotoxicity.
● Toxicity and Overdose: If overdose occurs, acetylcysteine (Acetadote) is the antidote.
Common Side Effects CNS: agitation (IV), anxiety (IV), headache (IV), fatigue (IV), insomnia (IV). Resp: atelectasis (IV), dyspnea
(IV). CV: hypertension (IV), hypotension (IV). GI: constipation (IV), INCREASED liver enzymes, nausea (IV), vomiting (IV). F and
E: hypokalemia (IV). GU: renal failure (high doses/ chronic use). Hemat: neutropenia, pancytopenia. MS: muscle spasms (IV),
trismus (IV)
Life Threatening Side Effects hepatotoxicity, ACUTE GENERALIZED EXANTHEMATOUS PUSTULOSIS, STEVENS-
JOHNSON SYNDROME, TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS,
Peak: 1-3 hr Onset: 0.5-1 hr Duration: 3-8 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, patient was pain free.

and GERD
Nursing Care:

Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, patient did not complain of heartburn, indigestion,
or GERD.

Brand Name Dulcolax
abdomen).
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? The patient was not given this medication because he did
not complain of constipation.

Brand Name Colace
into the colon.
acute abdomen.
Generic Name Nitroglycerin

Brand Name Nitrostat
Classification
Dosage: 0.4 mg sublingual q5min
Action: Increases coronary blood flow by dilating coronary arteries and improving collateral flow to ischemic regions. Produces
vasodilation (venous greater than arterial). Decreases left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic volume
(preload). Reduces myocardial oxygen consumption.
Why is patient taking? Relief or prevention of anginal attacks. Increased cardiac output. Reduction of BP.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Chest pain attacks
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Severe anemia; Pericardial tamponade; Constrictive pericarditis; Alcohol intolerance (large IV
doses only); Concurrent use of PDE-5 inhibitor (sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil).
● Assess location, duration, intensity, and precipitating factors of patient’s anginal pain.
● Monitor BP and pulse before and after administration. Patients receiving IV nitroglycerin require continuous ECG and BP
monitoring. Additional hemodynamic parameters may be monitored.
● Lab Test Considerations: May cause increased urine catecholamine and urine vanillylmandelic acid concentrations.
● Excessive doses may cause increased methemoglobin concentrations.
● May cause falsely increase serum cholesterol levels.
Common Side Effects dizziness, headache, apprehension, restlessness, weakness. EENT: blurred vision. CV: hypotension,
tachycardia, syncope. GI: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting. Derm: contact dermatitis (transdermal). Misc: alcohol intoxication (large
IV doses only), cross-tolerance, flushing, tolerance.
Life Threatening Side Effects hypotension, tachycardia
Peak: UNKNOWN Onset: 1-3 minutes Duration: 30-60 minutes
not complain of chest pain.
Generic Name: Diltiazem
Brand Name: Cardizem
Classification: antianginals, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
Dosage:180 mg q HS (every night at bedtime)
Action: inhibits transport of calcium into myocardial smooth muscle cells
Why is patient taking? Hypertension- Decrease BP and angina

How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand.
Decreases blood pressure, reduces heart rate or irregular heart contractions.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity; recent MI or concurrent use of Rifampin
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor BP, INO, daily weight, assess edema, dyspnea, JVD
Common Side Effects: anxiety, confusion, drowsy, dizziness,
Life Threatening Side Effects: Steven Johnsons Syndrome, Arrhythmias
Peak: (PO) 2-3 hrs Onset: 30 min Duration: 6-8 hrs
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? (this is not just a yes/no question) Yes, the patient’s blood pressure
was within normal ranges during her hospitalization.
Generic Name: Montelukast
Brand Name: Singulair
Classification: Allergy remedy
Action: smooth muscle constriction, decreased inflammatory response
Why is patient taking? Hypertension- Decrease BP and angina

How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Keeps your air ways open and decreases inflammation in your upper respiratory system.
Peak: (PO) 3-4 hrs Onset: 24 hours Duration: 24 hrs
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? (this is not just a yes/no question) Yes, the patient displayed no
asthma symptoms.
Generic Name Cetirizine

Brand Name Zyrtec
Classification Antihistamine
Action: Antagonizes the effects of histamine at H1-receptor sites; does not bind to or inactivate histamine. Anticholinergic effects are
minimal and sedation is dose related.
Why is patient taking? Decreased symptoms of histamine excess (sneezing, rhinorrhea, ocular tearing and redness, pruritus).
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? This medications lessens sneezing, runny nose, red and watering eyes, and
itching.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to cetirizine, hydroxyzine or any component; Lactation: Excreted in breast milk; not recommended
for use.
● Assess allergy symptoms (rhinitis, conjunctivitis, hives) before and periodically during therapy.
● Assess lung sounds and character of bronchial secretions. Maintain fluid intake of 1500 – 2000 mL/ day to decrease viscosity of
secretions.
● May cause false negative result in allergy skin testing.
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, drowsiness (significant with doses >10 mg/day), fatigue. EENT: pharyngitis. GI: dry mouth.
Peak: 4-8 hours Onset: 30 minutes Duration: 24 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, the patient did not display symptoms of histamine
excess.

Brand Name NovoLOG
to diabetes
during therapy.
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, when administered her blood glucose was lowered.

Brand Name Lovenox
of stroke
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? The patient continuously refused this medication, so
there is no evaluation.
Generic Name Magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide/Simethicone

and GERD
Nursing Care:

Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? The patient was not given this medication.

Brand Name Dulcolax
abdomen).
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, the patient did not experience constipation.

Brand Name Colace
into the colon.
acute abdomen.
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, the patient did not experience constipation.
Brand Name: St. Joseph Children’s
Dosage: 81 mg qDay
Action: Blocks pain impulses in CNS, reduces inflammation by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis; antipyretic action results from vasodilatation of
peripheral vessels; decreases platelet aggregation
Why is patient taking? Prevent transient ischemic attacks/stroke
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication is used a precautionary drug to
help with decreasing the risk of having a stroke
Contraindications: GI bleeding, bleeding disorders, vit K deficiency, peptic ulcer, acute bronchospasm, agranulocytosis, increased intracranial
pressure, intracranial bleeding, nasal polyps, urticaria
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Assess for pain before and 1 hours after administration; assess for edema in feet, ankles, legs; Assess for ototoxicity;
allergic reactions and monitor liver/renal and blood studies.
Common Side Effects: rash, urticaria, bruising, diarrhea, pulmonary edema, dizziness, confusion, rapid pulse, tinnitus, hypo-
glycemia/natremia/kalemia.
Life Threatening Side Effects: Hepatotoxicity: dark urine, clay-colored stools, yellowing of the skin and sclera, itching, abdominal pain, fever,
diarrhea if patients are on long term.
Peak: 1-2 hr Onset: 15-30 min Duration: 4-6 hr

Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, the patient did not display symptoms of a transient ischemic
attacks/stroke
Generic Name Tramadol

Brand Name Ultram
Classification Analgesics
Action: Binds to 􏰅-opioid receptors. Inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in the CNS.
Why is patient taking? To decrease pain
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication decreases pain.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Cross-sensitivity with opioids may occur; Patients who are acutely intoxicated with alcohol,
sedatives/hypnotics, centrally acting analgesics, opioid analgesics, or psychotropic agents; Patients who are physically dependent on
opioid analgesics (may precipitate withdrawal); OB, Lactation: Pregnancy or lactation
Assess type, location, and intensity of pain before and 2 – 3 hr (peak) after administration.
Assess BP and respiratory rate before and periodically during administration. Respiratory depression has not occurred with
recommended doses.  
Assess bowel function routinely. Prevention of constipation should be instituted with increased intake of fluids and bulk and with
laxatives to minimize constipating effects.  
Assess previous analgesic history. Tramadol is not recommended for patients dependent on opioids or who have previously
received opioids for more than 1 week; may cause opioid withdrawal symptoms.  
Prolonged use may lead to physical and psychological dependence and tolerance, although these may be milder than with opioids.
This should not prevent patient from receiving adequate analgesia. Most patients who receive tramadol for pain do not
develop psychological dependence. If tolerance develops, changing to an opioid agonist may be required to relieve pain.  
Monitor patient for seizures.
Overdose may cause respiratory depression and seizures. Naloxone may reverse some, but not all, of the symptoms of overdose.
Treatment should be symptomatic and sup- portive. Maintain adequate respiratory exchange. Hemodialysis is not helpful because it
removes only a small portion of administered dose. Seizures may be managed with barbiturates or benzodiazepines; naloxone
increases risk of seizures.
Common Side Effects CNS: SEIZURES, dizziness, headache, somnolence, anxiety, CNS stimulation, confusion, coordination distur-
bance, euphoria, malaise, nervousness, sleep disorder, weakness. EENT: visual disturbances. CV: vasodilation. GI: constipation,
nausea, abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, flatulence, vomiting. GU: menopausal symptoms, urinary
retention/frequency. Derm: pruritus, sweating. Neuro: hypertonia. Misc: SEROTONIN SYNDROME, physical dependence,
psychological dependence, tolerance.
Life Threatening Side Effects Seizures and Serotonin Syndrome
Peak: 2-3 hours Onset: 1 hour Duration: 4-6 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, the patient’s pain was reduced upon administration
of the drug.

Brand Name Orapred
Dosage: 20 mg qDayACbreakfast
Why is patient taking? Used systemically and locally in a wide variety of chronic diseases including: Inflammatory, Allergic,
Hematologic, Neoplastic, Autoimmune disorders.
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, the patient responded well to this corticosteroid
with better functioning of lungs.

Brand Name Klor-Con
hyperkalemia
chloride.
paresthesia.
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, the patient’s potassium level increased to 3.6
mEq/L from 3.4 within one day placing her in normal ranges.

Brand Name Tylenol
liver disease.
trismus (IV)
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, the patient had reduction of pain upon
administration.

Brand Name Tylenol
liver disease.
trismus (IV)
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, patient was pain free after administration.

Brand Name Lovenox
of stroke
or stroke.
Generic Name Oxybutynin
Brand Name Ditropan
Classification urinary tract antispasmodics
Action: Inhibits the action of acetylcholine at postganglionic receptors. Has direct spasmolytic action on smooth muscle, including
smooth muscle lining the GU tract, without affecting vascular smooth muscle.
Why is patient taking? Urinary symptoms that may be associated with neurogenic bladder including: Frequent urination, Urgency,
nocturia, Urge incontinence. Overactive bladder with symptoms of urge incontinence, urgency, and frequency.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? This medication will help to control frequent urination, urgency, nocturia,
urge incontinence, overactive bladder with symptoms of urge incontinence, urgency, and frequency.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Uncontrolled angle-closure glaucoma; Intestinal obstruction or atony; Urinary retention.
Nursing Care/Monitoring Monitor voiding pattern and intake and output ratios, and assess abdomen for bladder distention prior to and
periodically during therapy. Catheterization may be used to assess postvoid residual. Cystometry is usually performed to diagnose
type of bladder dysfunction prior to prescription of oxybutynin.
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, drowsiness, agitation, confusion, hallucinations, headache. EENT: blurred vision, hoarse- ness.
CV: chest pain, edema, tachycardia. GI: constipation, dry mouth, nausea, abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, dysphagia. GU:
increased thirst, urinary retention. Derm: decreased sweating, hot flushes, transdermal only: application site reactions, pruritus. Metab:
hyperthermia.
Life Threatening Side Effects ANAPHYLAXIS, ANGIOEDEMA.
Peak: 3-6 hours Onset: 30-60 minutes Duration: 6–10 hr (up to 24hr with XL tablet)
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) The patient had an
indwelling catheter so this medication cannot be evaluated.

and GERD
Nursing Care:

Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Patient was not given this medication during
hospitalization.

Brand Name Dulcolax
Dosage: 10 mg rectally qDay
abdomen).
hospitalization.

Brand Name Colace
into the colon.
acute abdomen.
hospitalization.

Brand Name NovoLOG
to diabetes
during therapy.

Classification
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Severe anemia; Pericardial tamponade; Constrictive pericarditis; Alcohol intolerance (large IV
Common Side Effects dizziness, headache, apprehension, restlessness, weakness. EENT: blurred vision. CV: hypotension,
Life Threatening Side Effects hypotension, tachycardia
Generic Name: Atorvastatin
Brand Name: Lipitor
Classification: Statin
Dosage: 80 mg qDay
understand. Lowers levels of bad cholesterol and increases levels of good cholesterol.
Contraindications: Liver disease, Renal impairment, concurrent use of antifungals
Nursing Care/Monitoring: avoid grapefruit, provide education pertaining to diet and exercise,
reduce risk of plaque build up, provide smoking cessation, explain importance of follow up
exam
Common Side Effects: amnesia, confusion, dizziness, headache
Life Threatening Side Effects: Rhabdomyolysis, hypersensitivity rxn, angioneurotic edema
Peak: 1-2 hrs

Onset: Initial changes: 3 to 5 days; Maximal reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides:
2 to 4 weeks; LDL reduction: 10 mg/day: 39% (for each doubling of this dose, LDL is lowered
approximately 6%)
Duration: 20-30 hr
Evaluation: .

Brand Name Restoril
neurotransmitter.

Brand Name Tylenol
liver disease.
trismus (IV)
Generic Name Losartan

Brand Name Cozaar
Classification Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists
Dosage: 100 mg PO aDay
Action: Blocks vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-producing effects of angiotensin II at receptor sites, including vascular smooth
muscle and the adrenal glands.
Why is patient taking? Decreased risk of stroke in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication helps to lower
blood pressure and reduces risk of stroke in HTN.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Concurrent use with aliskiren in patients with diabetes or moderate-to-severe renal impairment
● Assess BP and pulse periodically during therapy. Notify health care professional of significant changes.
● Assess patient for signs of angioedema (dyspnea, facial swelling). May rarely cause angioedema.
● HF: Monitor daily weight and assess patient routinely for resolution of fluid overload (peripheral edema, rales/crackles, dyspnea,
weight gain, jugular venous distention).
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, anxiety, depression, fatigue, headache, insomnia, weakness. CV: hypotension, chest pain,
edema, tachycardia. Derm: rashes. EENT: nasal congestion, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis. GI: abdominal pain, diarrhea, drug-induced
hepatitis, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting. GU: impaired renal function. F and E: hyperkalemia. MS: arthralgia, back pain, myalgia.
Life Threatening Side Effects angioedema
Peak: 3-6 weeks Onset: 6 hours Duration: 24 hours
Brand Name Protonix
Generic Name Amiodarone

Brand Name Cordarone, Nexterone, Pacerone
Classification antiarrhythmics (class II)
Action: Prolongs action potential and refractory period. Inhibits adrenergic stimulation. Slows the sinus rate, increases PR and QT
intervals, and decreases peripheral vascular resistance (vasodilation).
Why is patient taking? Suppression of arrhythmias.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? This causes your heart to have less abnormal rhythms.
Contraindications Patients with cardiogenic shock; Severe sinus node dysfunction; 2nd- and 3rd- degree AV block; Bradycardia (has
caused syncope unless a pacemaker is in place); Hypersensitivity to amiodarone or iodine
● Monitor ECG continuously during IV therapy or initiation of oral therapy. Monitor heart rate and rhythm throughout therapy; PR
prolongation, slight QRS widening, T-wave amplitude reduction with T- wave widening and bifurcation, and U waves may occur. QT
prolongation may be associated with worsening of arrhythmias and should be monitored closely during IV therapy. Report
bradycardia or increase in arrhythmias promptly; patients receiving IV therapy may require slowing rate, discontinuing infusion, or
inserting a temporary pacemaker.
● Assess pacing and defibrillation threshold in patients with pacemakers and implanted defibrillators at beginning and periodically
during therapy.
● Assess for signs of pulmonary toxicity (rales/crackles, decreased breath sounds, pleuritic friction rub, fatigue, dyspnea, cough,
wheezing, pleuritic pain, fever, hemoptysis, hypoxia). Chest x-ray and pulmonary function tests are recommended before therapy.
Monitor chest x-ray every 3 – 6 mo during therapy to detect diffuse interstitial changes or alveolar infiltrates. Bronchoscopy or
gallium radionuclide scan may also be used for diagnosis. Usually revers
● PO: Assess for neurotoxicity (ataxia, proximal muscle weakness, tingling or numbness in fingers or toes, uncontrolled movements,
tremors); common during initial therapy, but may occur within 1 wk to several mo of initiation of therapy and may persist for more
than 1 yr after withdrawal. Dose reduction is recommended. Assist patient during ambulation to prevent falls.
● Ophthalmic exams should be performed before and regularly during therapy and whenever visual changes (photophobia, halos
around lights, decreased acuity) occur. May cause permanent loss of vision after withdrawal, but fatalities have occurred.
Common Side Effects CNS: confusional states, disorientation, hallucinations, dizziness, fatigue, malaise, headache, insomnia. EENT:
corneal microdeposits, abnormal sense of smell, dry eyes, optic neuritis, optic neuropathy, photophobia. Resp: ADULT
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS), PULMONARY FIBROSIS, PULMONARY TOXICITY. CV: CHF,
WORSENING OF ARRHYTHMIAS, bradycardia, hypotension. GI: anorexia, constipation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain,
abnormal sense of taste, increases liver enzymes. GU: decreased libido, epididymitis. Derm: TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS
(rare), photosensitivity, blue discoloration. Endo: hypothyroidism,
Life Threatening Side Effects ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS), PULMONARY FIBROSIS,
PULMONARY TOXICITY. CV: CHF, WORSENING OF ARRHYTHMIAS, TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS
Peak: 3-7 hr Onset: 2-3 days (up to 2-3 mo) Duration: week-months
Generic Name Atenolol
Brand Name Tenormin
Classification antianginals, antihypertensives (beta blockers)
Action: Blocks stimulation of beta-1(myocardial)-adrenergic receptors. Does not usually affect beta-2(pulmonary, vascular, uterine)-
receptor sites.
Why is patient taking? Decreased BP and heart rate. Decreased frequency of attacks of angina pectoris. Prevention of MI
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. You are taking this to lower your
blood pressure, heart rate and prevent angina attacks and MI.
Contraindications Uncompensated HF; Pulmonary edema; Cardiogenic shock; Bradycardia or heart block.
● Monitor BP, ECG, and pulse frequently during dosage adjustment period and periodically throughout therapy.
● Monitor intake and output ratios and daily weights. Assess routinely for HF (dyspnea, rales/crackles, weight gain, peripheral edema,
jugular venous distention).
● Angina: Assess frequency and characteristics of angina periodically throughout therapy
Common Side Effects CNS: fatigue, weakness, anxiety, depression, dizziness, drowsiness, insomnia, memory loss, mental status
changes, nervousness, nightmares. EENT: blurred vision, stuffy nose. Resp: bronchospasm, wheezing. CV: BRADYCARDIA, HF,
PULMONARY EDEMA, hypotension, peripheral vasoconstriction. GI: constipation, diarrhea, increases liver enzymes, nausea,
vomiting. GU: erectile dysfunction, decreases libido, urinary frequency. Derm: rashes. Endo: hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia. MS:
arthralgia, back pain, joint pain. Misc: drug-induced lupus syndrome.
BRADYCARDIA, PULMONARY EDEMA,
Peak: 2-4 hr Onset: 1 hr Duration: 24 hr
Generic Name Citalopram
Brand Name Celexa
Classification antidepressants: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Action: Selectively inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the CNS.
Why is patient taking? Depression. Unlabeled Use: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Panic disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Social anxiety disorder (social phobia).
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication controls feelings
of depression.
Contraindications
Common Side Effects ness, fatigue, impaired concentration, increases depression, migraine headache. EENT: abnormal
accommodation. Resp: cough. CV: postural hypotension, QT interval prolongation, tachycardia. GI: abdominal pain, anorexia,
diarrhea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, flatulence, increases saliva, nausea, altered taste, increases appetite, vomiting. GU: amenorrhea,
dysmenorrhea, ejaculatory delay, erectile dysfunction, polyuria. Derm: sweating, photosensitivity, pruritus, rash. Metab: weight loss,
weight gain. F and E: hyponatremia. MS: arthralgia, myalgia. Neuro: tremor, paresthesia. Misc: fever, yawning.
SYNDROME, TORSADE DE POINTES
Peak: UNKNOWN Onset: 1-4 wk Duration: UNKNOWN
Generic Name Digoxin

Brand Name Lanoxin
Classification antiarrhythmics, inotropics, digitalis glycosides
Dosage: 125 mcg PO qDay
Action: Increases the force of myocardial contraction. Prolongs refractory period of the AV node. Decreases conduction through the
SA and AV nodes.
Why is patient taking? Increased cardiac output (positive inotropic effect) and slowing of the heart rate (negative chronotropic effect).
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Uncontrolled ventricular arrhythmias; AV block (in absence of pace maker); Idiopathic
hypertrophic subaortic stenosis; Constrictive pericarditis; Known alcohol intolerance (elixir only).
● Monitor apical pulse for 1 full min before administering. Withhold dose and notify health care professional if pulse rate is less than
60 bpm in an adult, 70 bpm in a child, or 90 bpm in an infant. Also notify health care professional promptly of any significant changes
in rate, rhythm, or quality of pulse.
● Pedi: Heart rate varies in children depending on age, ask physician to specify at what heart rates digoxin should be withheld.
● Monitor BP periodically inpatients receiving IV digoxin.
● Monitor ECG throughoutIVadministrationand6hr after each dose. Notify health care professional if bradycardia or new arrhythmias
occur.
● Observe IV site for redness or infiltration; extravasation can lead to tissue irritation and sloughing.
● Monitor intake and output ratios and daily weights. Assess for peripheral edema, and auscultate lungs for rales/crackles throughout
therapy.
● Before administering initial loading dose, determine whether patient has taken any digitalis preparations in the preceding 2 – 3 wk.
● Geri: Digoxin has been associated with an increased risk of falls in the elderly. Assess for falls risk and implement prevention
strategies per facility protocol.
Common Side Effects CNS: fatigue, headache, weakness. EENT: blurred vision, yellow or green vision. CV: ARRHYTHMIAS,
bradycardia, ECG changes, AV block, SA block. GI: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Hemat: thrombocytopenia. Metab:
electrolyte imbalances with acute digoxin toxicity.
Life Threatening Side Effects arrythmias
Peak: UNKNOWN Onset: UNKNOWN Duration: UNKNOWN
Generic Name Ferrous Sulfate
Brand Name Fe50
Classification antianemics
Dosage: 325 mg PO qDayBkfst
Action: Essential mineral found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and many enzymes. Enters the bloodstream and is transported to the
organs of the reticuloendothelial system (liver, spleen, bone marrow), where it is separated out and becomes part of iron stores.
Why is patient taking? Prevention/treatment of iron deficiency.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication prevents/treats
iron deficiency.
Contraindications Hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis, or other evidence of iron overload; Anemias not due to iron deficiency; Some
products contain alcohol, tartrazine, or sulfites and should be avoided in patients with known intolerance or hypersensitivity.
● Assess nutritional status and dietary history to determine possible cause of anemia and need for patient teaching.
● Assess bowel function for constipation or diarrhea. Notify health care professional and use appropriate nursing measures should
these occur.
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, headache, syncope. CV: IM, IV — hypotension, hypertension, tachycardia. GI: nausea; PO,
constipation, dark stools, diarrhea, epigastric pain, GI bleeding; IM, IV, taste disorder, vomiting. Derm: IM, IV — flushing, urticaria.
Resp: IV — cough, dyspnea. Local: pain at IM site (iron dextran), phlebitis at IV site, skin staining at IM site (iron dextran). MS: IM,
IV—arthralgia, myalgia. Misc: PO — staining of teeth (liquid preparations); IM, IV, allergic reactions including ANAPHYLAXIS,
fever, lymphadenopathy, sweating.
Life Threatening Side Effects Seizures, anaphylaxis
Peak: 7-10 days Onset: 4 days Duration: 2-4 mo
Generic Name lidocaine patch

Brand Name Lidoderm
Classification anesthetics (topical/local), antiarrhythmics (class IB)
Dosage: 1 patch TOPICAL
Action: Produces local anesthesia by inhibiting transport of ions across neuronal membranes, thereby preventing initiation and
conduction of normal nerve impulses.
Why is patient taking? Control of ventricular arrhythmias. Local anesthesia.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. You are using this medication to
control ventricular arrhythmias.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; cross-sensitivity may occur; Third-degree heart block.
Nursing Care/Monitoring Monitor for pain intensity in affected area periodically during therapy.
Common Side Effects tingling, burning, contact dermatitis, erythema
Life Threatening Side Effects anaphylaxis, seizures, cardiac arrest
Peak: immediate Onset: immediate Duration: 10-20 min
Generic Name Roflumilast

Brand Name Daliresp
Classification PDE-4 inhibitor
Dosage: 500 mcg qDay
Action: effects of increased intracellular cyclic AMP in lung cells.
Why is patient taking? COPD
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. It can help prevent the symptoms
of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from getting worse.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Moderate-to-severe liver impairment (Child-Pugh class B or C)
Assess lung sounds and respiratory function prior to and periodically during therapy.
● Assess allergy symptoms (rhinitis, conjunctivitis, hives) before and periodically during therapy.
● Monitor closely for changes in behavior that could indicate the emergence or worsening of depression
or suicidal thoughts.
● Assess for rash periodically during therapy
Common Side Effects Diarrhea, Weight loss, Nausea, Headache, Insomnia, Decreased appetite, Abdominal pain, Rhinitis, Sinusitis,
Urinary tract Infection, Depression
Peak: Onset: Duration:
Generic Name Torsemide

Brand Name Demadex
water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, hydrogen, and calcium. Effectiveness persists in impaired renal function.
Why is patient taking? Edema due to: HF, Hepatic or renal disease. Hypertension.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication decreases blood
pressure and can relieve swelling due to heart failure, renal, or hepatic disease.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Cross-sensitivity with thiazides and sulfonamides may occur; Hepatic coma or anuria.
● Assess fluid status during therapy. Monitor daily weight, intake and output ratios, amount and location of edema, lung sounds, skin
turgor, and mucous membranes. Notify health care provider if thirst, dry mouth, lethargy, weakness, hypotension, or oliguria occurs.
● Monitor BP and pulse before and during administration. Monitor frequency of prescription refills to determine adherence in patients
treated for hypertension.
● Assess patients receiving digoxin for anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, paresthesia, and confusion. Patients taking
digoxin are at increased risk of digoxin toxicity due to potassium-depleting effect of the diuretic. Potassium supplements or
potassium-sparing diuretics may be used concurrently to prevent hypokalemia.
● Assess patient for tinnitus and hearing loss. Audiometry is recommended for patients receiving prolonged high-dose IV therapy.
Hearing loss is most common following rapid or high-dose IV administration in patients with decreased renal function or those taking
other ototoxic drugs.
● Assess for allergy to sulfonamides.
● Assess patient for skin rash frequently during therapy. Discontinue torsemide at first sign of rash; may be life-threatening. Stevens-
Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis may develop. Treat symptomatically; may recur once treatment is stopped.
● Geri: Diuretic use is associated with increased risk for falls in older adults. Assess falls risk and implement fall prevention
strategies.
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, headache, nervousness. EENT: hearing loss, tinnitus. CV: hypotension. GI: constipation,
diarrhea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting. GU:
Increases BUN, excessive urination. Derm: photosensitivity, rash. Endo: hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia. F and E: dehydration,
hypocalcemia, hypochloremia,
Life Threatening Side Effects STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME, TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS
Peak: 60-120 min Onset: within 60 min Duration: 6-8 hr
Generic Name Ranolazine

Brand Name Ranexa
Classification Antianginal
Dosage: 1000 mg q12h
Action: Does not decrease BP or heart rate; remainder of mechanism is not known.
Why is patient taking? Decreased frequency of angina.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication is used for
chronic angina pectoris or chest pain.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Concurrent use of potent inhibitors of CYP3A; Concurrent use of inducers of CYP3A; Hepatic
impairment
● Monitor ECG at baseline and periodically during therapy to evaluate effects on QT interval.
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, headache. EENT: tinnitus. CV: palpitations, QT prolongation. GI: abdominal pain,
constipation, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting
Life Threatening Side Effects TORSADES DE POINTES
Peak: 2-5 hours Onset: UNKNOWN Duration: 12 hr
Generic Name Carvedilol

Brand Name Coreg
Classification beta blocker
Dosage: 25 mg BID
Action: Blocks stimulation of beta1(myocardial) and beta2 (pulmonary, vascular, and uterine)-adrenergic receptor sites. Also has
alpha1 blocking activity, which may result in orthostatic hypotension.
Why is patient taking? Hypertension. HF (ischemic or cardiomyopathic) with digoxin, diuretics, and ACE inhibitors. Left ventricular
dysfunction after myocardial infarction.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication decreased heart
rate and BP, Improves cardiac output, slowing of the progression of HF and decreases risk of death.
Contraindications History of serious hypersensitivity reaction (Stevens-Johnson syndrome, angioedema, anaphylaxis); Pulmonary
edema; Cardiogenic shock; bradycardia, heart block or sick sinus syndrome (unless a pacemaker is in place); Uncompensated HF
requiring IV inotropic agents (wean before starting carvedilol); Severe hepatic impairment; Asthma or other bronchospastic disorders.
● Monitor BP and pulse frequently during dose adjustment period and periodically during therapy. Assess for orthostatic hypotension
when assisting patient up from supine position.
● Monitor intake and output ratios and daily weight. Assess patient routinely for evidence of fluid overload (peripheral edema,
dyspnea, rales/crackles, fatigue, weight gain, jugular venous distention). Patients may experience worsening of symptoms during
initiation of therapy for HF.
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, fatigue, weakness, anxiety, depression, drowsiness, insomnia, memory loss, mental status
changes, nervousness, nightmares. EENT: blurred vision, dry eyes, intraoperative floppy iris syndrome, nasal stuffiness. Resp:
bronchospasm, wheezing. GI: diarrhea, constipation, nausea. GU: erectile dysfunction, decreased libido. Derm: itching, rashes,
urticaria. Endo: hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia. MS: arthralgia, back pain, muscle cramps. Neuro: paresthesia. Misc: drug-induced
lupus syndrome.
Life Threatening Side Effects BRADYCARDIA, HF, PULMONARY EDEMA. STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME, TOXIC
EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS, ANAPHYLAXIS, ANGIOEDEMA
Peak: 1-2 hr Onset: within 1 hr Duration: 12 hr
Generic Name Lisinopril

Brand Name Prinivil
Classification ACE inhibitor
Dosage: 20 mg PO
Action: ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. ACE inhibitors also prevent the
degradation of bradykinin and other vasodilatory prostaglandins.
Why is patient taking? Lowering of BP in hypertensive patients. Improved symptoms in patients with HF
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication will lower BP
and improve symptoms of HF.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; History of angioedema with previous use of ACE inhibitors; Concurrent use with aliskiren in
patients with diabetes or moderate-to-severe renal impairment
● Hypertension: Monitor BP and pulse frequently during initial dose adjustment and periodically during therapy. Notify health care
professional of significant changes.
● Assess patient for signs of angioedema
● HF: Monitor weight and assess patient routinely for resolution of fluid overload (peripheral edema, rales/crackles, dyspnea, weight
gain, jugular venous distention).
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, insomnia, vertigo, weakness. Resp: cough, dyspnea. CV:
hypotension, chest pain, edema, tachycardia. Endo: hyperuricemia. GI: taste disturbances, abdominal pain, anorexia, constipation,
diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. GU: erectile dysfunction, proteinuria, renal dysfunction, renal failure. Derm: flushing, pruritis, rashes. F
and E: hyperkalemia. MS: back pain, muscle cramps, myalgia. Misc: fever.
Life Threatening Side Effects agranulocytosis and angioedema
Peak: 6 hr Onset: 1 hr Duration: 24 hr
Generic Name Clopidogrel

Brand Name Plavix
Classification platelet aggregation inhibitors
Dosage: 75 mg
Action: Inhibits platelet aggregation by irreversibly inhibiting the binding of ATP to platelet receptors.
Why is patient taking? Decreased occurrence of atherosclerotic events in patients at risk.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication prevents blood
clotting.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Pathologic bleeding (peptic ulcer, intracranial hemorrhage); Concurrent use of omeprazole or
esomeprazole; Impaired CYP2C19 function due to genetic variation; Lactation
● Assess patient for symptoms of stroke, peripheral vascular disease, or MI periodically during therapy.
● Monitor patient for signs of thrombotic thrombocytic purpura. May rarely occur, even after short exposure. Requires prompt
treatment.
Common Side Effects CNS: depression, dizziness, fatigue, headache. EENT: epistaxis. Resp: cough, dyspnea, eosinophilic
pneumonia. CV: chest pain, edema, hypertension. GI: abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspepsia, gastritis. Derm: pruritus, purpura, rash.
Metab: hypercholesterolemia. MS: arthralgia, back pain. Misc: fever, hypersensitivity reactions.
Life Threatening Side Effects DRUG RASH WITH EOSINOPHILIA AND SYSTEMIC SYMPTOMS, BLEEDING, GI BLEEDING,
NEUTROPENIA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA.
Peak: 3-7 days Onset: within 24 hours Duration: 5 days
Generic Name hydrochlorothiazide

Brand Name Microzide
Classification thiazide diuretics
Dosage: 12.5 mg
Action: Increases excretion of sodium and water by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule. Promotes excretion of
chloride, potassium, magnesium, and bicarbonate. May produce arteriolar dilation
Why is patient taking? Lowering of BP in hypertensive patients and diuresis with mobilization of edema.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This patient will lower your
blood pressure.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity (cross-sensitivity with other thiazides or sulfonamides may exist); Some products contain
tartrazine and should be avoided in patients with known intolerance; Anuria; Lactation.
● Monitor BP, intake, output, and daily weight and assess feet, legs, and sacral area for edema daily.
● Assess patient, especially if taking digoxin, for anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, paresthesia, and confusion. Notify
health care professional if these signs of electrolyte imbalance occur. Patients taking digoxin are at risk of digoxin toxicity because of
the potassium-depleting effect of the diuretic.
● If hypokalemia occurs, consideration may be given to potassium supplements or decrease dose of diuretic.
● Assess patient for allergy to sulfonamides.
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, drowsiness, lethargy, weakness. CV: hypotension. EENT: acute angle-closure glaucoma, acute
myopia (hydrochlorothiazide). GI: anorexia, cramping, hepatitis, nausea, pancreatitis, vomiting. Derm: photosensitivity, rash. Endo:
hyperglycemia. F and E: hypokalemia, dehydration, hypercalcemia, hypochloremic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia,
hypophosphatemia, hypovolemia. Hemat: thrombocytopenia. Metab: hypercholesterolemia, hyperuricemia. MS: muscle cramps.
Life Threatening Side Effects Stevens-Johnsons Syndrome

Peak: 3-6 hr Onset: 2 hr Duration: 6-12 hr
Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapy (Complete for all scheduled and PRN medications)
Generic Name: Cefazolin
Brand Name: Ancef
Classification: First generation cephalosporin
Dosage: 500 - 2000 mg q6-8hr IVP (max= 12g/day)
Action: Binds to bacterial cell wall membrane, causing cell death.
Why is patient taking the medication? Cellulitis infection in the lower extremities
IV push medication (rate of administration and dilution): Dilute with sterile water. Concentration: ≤ or equal to 100 mg/mL.
Administer slowly over 3-5 minutes.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Eliminates bacteria responsible for infection.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins or penicillins.
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Assess signs of infection. Obtain cultures. Observe for signs of anaphylaxis and keep epinephrine,
antihistamine, and resuscitative equipment nearby. Monitor for GI problems and fever to assess for CDAD. D/C if rash develops.
Common Side Effects: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramps, rash, pruritis, urticaria, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, pain
at IM site, phlebitis at IV site, serum sickness, superinfection
Life Threatening Side Effects: Seizures, CDAD, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, anaphylaxis
Generic Name: Enoxaparin

Brand Name: Lovenox
Classification: Anticoagulant, antithrombotic, LMWH
Dosage: 30 mg SQ qd
Action: Potentiates the inhibitory effect of antithrombin on factor Xa and thrombin.
Why is patient taking the medication? DVT prophylaxis
IV push medication (rate of administration and dilution) N/A
IV infusion (infusion rate and compatibilities) N/A
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Prevents the formation of clots.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to benzl alcohol; active major bleeding, severe hepatic and renal dysfunction; severe
uncontrolled HTN; bacterial endocarditis; bleeding disorders; concurrent use of other anticoagulants
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Assess for sounds of bleeding/hemorrhage.
Common Side Effects: dizziness, HA, insomnia, edema, constipation, increased liver enzymes, nausea, vomiting, urinary retention,
alopecia, ecchymoses, pruritis, rash, urticaria, hyperkalemia, bleeding, anemia, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, erythemia at injection
site, hematoma, irritation, pain, osteoporosis, fever.
Life Threatening Side Effects: Hemorrhage
Generic Name: Morphine

Brand Name: 4 mg IVP q3-4 hr PRN
Classification: Opioid analgesic
Dosage: 4 mg IVP q3-4 hr PRN
Action: Binds to opiate receptors in the CNS and alters the perception of and response to painful stimuli while producing generalized
CNS depression.
Why is patient taking the medication? Leg and back pain
IV push medication (rate of administration and dilution): Dilute with at least 5 mL of sterile water or NS. Administer slowly over
5 minutes.
IV infusion (infusion rate and compatibilities): N/A
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Decreases the severity of pain.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity; head trauma; increased ICP; severe renal, hepatic, or pulmonary disease; seizure disorder;
adrenal insufficiency; hx of substance abuse.
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Assess type, location, and intensity of pain prior to and 20 min following IV administration; Assess LOC,
BP, pulse, and respirations before and during administration; Assess for risk of opioid addiction; Naloxone on standby for antidote.
Common Side Effects: confusion, sedation, dizziness, dysphoria, euphoria, floating feeling, hallucinations, HA, unusual dreams,
blurred vision, diplopia, miosis, hypotension, bradycardia, adrenal insufficiency, constipation, nausea, vomiting, urinary retention,
flushing, itching, sweating, physical/psychological dependence, tolerance.
Life Threatening Side Effects: Respiratory depression
Generic Name: Tamsulosin

Brand Name: Flomax
Classification: Peripherally acting antiadrenergic
Dosage: 0.4 mg once daily after meal
Action: Decreases contractions in smooth muscle of the prostatic capsule by preferentially binding to alpha1-adrenergic receptors.
Why is patient taking the medication? BPH
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Decreases urinary urgency, hesitancy, and nocturia.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity; patients undergoing cataract surgery; sulfa allergy
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Assess BPH symptoms before and during therapy. Assess for first-dose orthostatic hypotension/syncope.
Monitor I/Os and DW at beginning of therapy.
Common Side Effects: dizziness, HA, intraoperative floppy iris syndrome, rhinitis, orthostatic hypotension, priapism,
Life Threatening Side Effects: N/A
Generic Name: Hydralazine

Brand Name: Apresoline
Classification: Vasodilator
Dosage: PO (I failed to get dose/frequency)
Action: Direct-acting peripheral arteriolar vasodilator
Why is patient taking the medication? Hypertension
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Lowers BP by dilating the arteries.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity; tartrazine intolerance; alcohol; other antihypertensives; nitrates; MAO inhibitors
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor BP/pulse frequently; administer with food; educate pt to change positions slowly.
Common Side Effects: dizziness, drowsiness, HA, tachycardia, angina, arrhythmias, edema, orthostatic hypotension, diarrhea,
nausea, vomiting, rash, arthralgias, arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, drug-induced lupus syndrome
Life Threatening Side Effects: Arrhythmias, hypersensitivity

Classification: Beta Blocker
Dosage: PO up to 450 mg daily
Action: Blocks stimulation of the beta1-adrenergic myocardial receptors to decrease BP and HR.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Decreases BP and HR.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to β-blockers, cardiogenic shock, heart block (2nd and 3rd degree), sinus bradycardia,
pheochromocytoma, sick sinus syndrome
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor BP, ECG, and pulse before beginning treatment and periodically thereafter. Check apical/radial
pulse before administration (withhold <50bpm). Notify prescriber of any significant changes. Monitor I&O and DW; Assess for HF
signs (JVD, crackles bilaterally, dyspnea, peripheral edema).
Common Side Effects: Fatigue, weakness, depression, colitis, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, dry mouth, hiccups,
dizziness, hallucinations, anxiety, headaches, confusion, insomnia, sore throat, dry burning eyes, impotence, rash, increased liver
enzymes
Life Threatening Side Effects: Bronchospasm, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, heart failure
Generic Name: Ondansetron
Brand Name: Zofran
Classification: 5-HT3 antagonist (Antiemetic)
Dosage: 4 mg PRN IVP
Action: Blocks the effects of serotonin at 5-HT3-receptor sites in the vagal nerve and CTZ
Why is patient taking the medication? Nausea
IV push medication (rate of administration and dilution) Administer undiluted (2 mg/mL) over 2-5 minutes
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Decreases incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity; congenital long QT syndrome; hepatic impairment; abdominal surgery; concurrent use of
apomorphine.
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor for signs of serotonin syndrome, neuromuscular symptoms, seizures, GI symptoms, and rash.
Common Side Effects: HA, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, weakness, QT prolongation, constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dry
mouth, increased liver enzymes, extrapyramidal reactions
Life Threatening Side Effects: Serotonin syndrome, torsade de pointes, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis
Generic Name: polyethylene glucol

Dosage: 17g PO
and GERD
Nursing Care:


Brand Name Colace
Dosage: 2 tabs PO (100mg)
into the colon.
acute abdomen.
Generic Name: nadolol
Brand Name: Trandate
Dosage: 20mg daily
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor BP, ECG, and pulse before beginning treatment and periodically thereafter. Check apical/radial pulse
before administration (withhold <50bpm). Notify prescriber of any significant changes. Monitor I&O and DW; Assess for HF signs (JVD,
crackles bilaterally, dyspnea, peripheral edema).
Common Side Effects: Fatigue, weakness, depression, colitis, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, dry mouth, hiccups, dizziness,
hallucinations, anxiety, headaches, confusion, insomnia, sore throat, dry burning eyes, impotence, rash, increased liver enzymes
Generic Name: Gabapentin

Brand Name: Horizant
Classification: analgesic adjuncts, anticonvulsants
Dosage: 300mg po
Action: Mechanism of action is not known. May affect transport of amino acids across and stabilize neuronal membranes
Why is patient taking the medication? To manage pain
IV push medication (rate of administration and dilution)
IV infusion (infusion rate and compatibilities)
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand.it will help to reduce the pt. pain
Contraindications: All patients (may ↑ risk of suicidal thoughts/behaviors);
Renal insufficiency (↓ dose and/or ↑ dosing interval if CCr ≤60 mL/min);
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor closely for notable changes in behavior that could indicate the emergence or worsening of suicidal
thoughts or behavior or depression
Common Side Effects - confusion, depression, dizziness, drowsiness, sedation, anxiety,
Life Threatening Side Effects - SUICIDAL THOUGHTS

Brand Name Lasix
Common Side Effects blurred vision, dizziness, headache, vertigo. hearing loss, tinnitus. hypotension. anorexia, constipation,
diarrhea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, increased liver enzymes, nausea, pancreatitis, vomiting. Increased bun, excessive urination,
nephrocalcinosis. ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME, STEVENS-JOHNSON SYN- DROME, TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS,
photosensitivity, pruritis, rash, urticaria. hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia. dehydration,
hypocalcemia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, metabolic alkalosis. APLASTIC ANE-
MIA, AGRANULOCYTOSIS, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia. muscle cramps. paresthesia. fever.
agranulocytosis
Peak: 1-2 hours Onset: 30-60 minutes Duration: 6-8 hours


Brand Name Klor-Con
Dosage: 10 mEq PO as directed for hypokalemia
hyperkalemia
chloride.
paresthesia.
Brand Name NovoLOG
to diabetes
during therapy.
Generic Name: cyclobenzaprine
Brand Name: amrix
Classification – skeletal muscle relaxant
Dosage: 5mg po
Action - Reduces tonic somatic muscle activity at the level of the brainstem. Structurally similar to tricyclic antidepressants.
Why is patient taking the medication? Helps with muscular pain
IV push medication (rate of administration and dilution
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand- relieves musculoskeletal pain
Contraindications: Should not be used within 14 days of MAO inhibitor therapy;
Immediate period after MI;
Severe or symptomatic cardiovascular disease;
Cardiac conduction disturbances;
Hyperthyroidism.
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Assess patient for pain, muscle stiffness, and range of motion before and periodically throughout therapy.
Common Side Effects - dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, fatigue, headache, nervousness.
Life Threatening Side Effects –urinary retention
Generic Name: dicyclomine

Brand Name: bentyl
Classification: anticholinergic
Dosage: 10mg po
Action: May have a direct and local effect on GI smooth muscle, reducing motility and tone.
Why is patient taking the medication? To manage IBS

How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand- to help reduce motility
Contraindications - Obstruction of the GI or GU tract;
Reflux esophagitis;
Severe ulcerative colitis (risk of paralytic ileus);
Unstable cardiovascular status;
Glaucoma;
Myasthenia gravis;
Nursing Care/Monitoring - Assess for symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (abdominal cramping, alternating constipation and
diarrhea, mucus in stools) before and periodically during therapy.
Assess patient routinely for abdominal distention and auscultate for bowel sounds. If constipation becomes a problem, increasing
fluids and adding bulk to the diet may help alleviate the constipating effects of the drug.
Common Side Effects - confusion, delirium, drowsiness, light-headedness (IM only), psychosis
Life Threatening Side Effects PARALYTIC ILEUS,

Medication info chart
Generic Name: Albuterol

Brand Name:
Classification:
Therapeutic: bronchodilator
Pharmacological: adrenergics
Dosage: 90 mcg/puff 4-8 puffs q 20 minutes for 3 doses, then q 1-4 hours
Action: bronchodilator
Why is patient taking? To open up the airway
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Help to open the airway
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to adrenergic amines, diabetes, pregnancy
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Lung sounds, watch for wheezing
Common Side Effects: nervousness, restlessness, tremors, headaches
Life Threatening Side Effects: chest pain, angina, throat swelling,
Peak: 60-90 mins Onset: 5-15 mins Duration: 3-6 hours
Evaluation:
Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) Yes, the medication controlled the
bronchospasm

Brand Name: Lipitor
Classification: Lipid Lowering agent
Dosage: 10 mg PO QAM
Action: lowering of total and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Slightly increases HDL
Why is patient taking? To help manage high cholesterol
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This will help try to lower your
cholesterol
Contraindications: Liver disease or unexplained AST and ALT elevation, pregnancy
Nursing Care/Monitoring: diet monitoring, monitor liver enzymes
Common Side Effects: dizziness, headaches, gas, heartburn, hyperglycemia, constipation, diarrhea
Life Threatening Side Effects: Liver failure, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Generic Name: Allopurinol

Brand Name: Aloprim, Lopurin, Zyloprim
Classification:
Therapeutic: antigout agents, antihyperuricemics
Pharmacological: xanthine oxidase inhibitor
Dosage: 100 mg PO daily
Action: lowering of serum uric acid
Why is patient taking? Control gout inflammation
This medication will help control gout flare ups which cause pain in your joints
Contraindications: acute attacks of gout, hypersensitivity reaction
Nursing Care/Monitoring: monitor I&O because decreased kidney function can cause toxic effects
Common Side Effects: hypotension, diarrhea, hematuria, N&V,
Life Threatening Side Effects:
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? (this is not just a yes/no question)
Generic Name: Amiodarone (used for A-fib)
Brand Name: Cordarone
Classification:
Therapeutic: antiarrhythmics (class III)
Dosage: 200 mg PO twice daily
Action: suppression of arrhythmia
Why is patient taking? Management of V-tach & A-fib
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication will help with
your irregular heart rate that is contributing to your shortness of breath.
Contraindications: St. John’s wort, patients with cardiogenic shock, severe sinus node dysfunction, 2 and 3 degree AV block
nd rd
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Do not allow grapefruit juice, monitor EKG, monitor for QT interval prolongation, abnormal lifer function
test
Common Side Effects: Tremors, dizziness, vision problems, halos around lights, weak and tired, N&V, constipation, numbness
tingling
Peak: 3-7 hours Onset: 2-3 days (up to 2-3 months) Duration: weeks- months
Generic Name: Apixaban

Brand Name: Eliquis
Classification:
Therapeutic: anticoagulants
Pharmacological: facto Xa inhibitor
Action: Treatment and prevention of thromboembolic events.
Treatment and prevention of DVT and PE. Decrease risk of stroke/systemic embolism associate with nonvascular atrial fibrillation
Why is patient taking?
Helps prevent blood clots by thinning the blood.
Contraindications: severe hepatic impairment, breast feeding
Nursing Care/Monitoring: assess for DVT, PE, or peripheral vascular disease
Common Side Effects: Bleeding, bruising
Life Threatening Side Effects: Bleeding, anaphylaxis
Peak: 3-4 hours Onset: unknown Duration: 24 hours

Brand Name:
Classification: Antipyretic
Action: Decreased incidence of transient ischemic attacks and MI
Why is patient taking? Adjunct to cardiac health and maintenance
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication can help reduce
your chance of a heart attack
Contraindications: bleeding disorders, allergy to aspirin
Nursing Care/Monitoring: monitor hepatic function, stool for bleeding
Common Side Effects: bruising,
Life Threatening Side Effects: GI bleeding
Peak: 1-3 hours Onset: 5-30 minutes Duration:
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? (this is not just a yes/no question) From what I could tell
it seemed that the aspirin was helping maintain cardiac function.
Generic Name Aspirin Enteric Coated

Brand Name
Classification salicylate
Dosage: 81mg PO daily
Action: Inhibit synthesis of prostaglandin analgesia and antipyretic, decrease platelet aggregation,, decreased incidence of transient
ischemic attack and myocardial infarction
Why is patient taking? Patient has CHF so the aspirin will reduce platelet aggregation and risk of MI
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Aspirin prevents platelets from
clogging up arteries
Contraindications hypersensitivity to salicylates, bleeding disorders, severe renal disease, severe hepatic disease
Nursing Care/Monitoring GI bleeding and GI adverse effects, watch hepatic function
Common Side Effects dyspepsia, epigastric distress, nausea, abdominal pain, anorexia, vomiting
Life Threatening Side Effects liver toxicity, bleeding
Peak: 2-4 hr (extended release) Onset: 5-30 min Duration: 8-12 hr
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) The intended purpose
was to decrease chance of myocardial infarction

Brand Name: Lipitor
Classification: Lipid Lowering agent
Dosage: 20 mg PO at bedtime
Action: lowering of total and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides
Contraindications:
Nursing Care/Monitoring:
Common Side Effects
Generic Name Azithromycin

Brand Name Zithromax
Classification macroglide anti-infective
Action: inhibits protein synthesis at the level of the 50s bacterial ribosome
Why is patient taking? To treat upper respiratory infection
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. To treat infection
Contraindications hypersensitivity, liver impairment, renal impairment
Nursing Care/Monitoring signs of anaphylaxis, skin rash, steven-johnsons
Common Side Effects dizziness, seizures, drowsiness, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea
Life Threatening Side Effects anaphylaxis
Peak: 2.5-3.2 hr Onset: rapid Duration: 24 hr
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) WBC were still high
Generic Name Benzonatate

Brand Name Tessalon
Classification antitussive
Dosage: 100 mg TID PO PRN
Action: anesthetizes cough or stretch receptors in vagal nerve afferent fibers found in lungs
Why is patient taking? Decrease cough
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Decrease cough
Contraindications hypersensitivity
Nursing Care/Monitoring assess cough and lung sounds and amount of sputum produced, maintain fluid intake of 1500-2000ml to
decrease viscosity of bronchial secretions
Common Side Effects headache, sedation, chest numbness, chiily sensation, nasal congestion
Peak: unknown Onset: 15-20 min Duration: 3-8 hr
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) no, patient still had a
cough and was having difficulty producing sputum
Generic Name: Carvedilol

Brand Name: Coreg
Classification:
Therapeutic: antihypertensive
Pharmacological: beta blocker
Dosage: 6.25 mg PO at bedtime
Action: Decreases heart rate and BP. Improves cardiac output, slowing the progression of HF and decreased risk of death.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication will help lower your blood
pressure and heart rate. It will also help improve your heart function.
Contraindications: history of serious hypersensitivity reaction. Pulmonary edema , cardiogenic shock, bradycardia, heart block or sick sinus syndrome,
uncompensated heart failure.
Common Side Effects: dizziness, fatigue, weakness, anxiety, depression, insomnia, change in sex drive, nausea, headache, dry eyes
Life Threatening Side Effects: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, epidermal necrolysis
Peak: 1-2 hours Onset: within 1 hour Duration: 12 hours
Generic Name: Corticosteroid

Brand Name: Prednisone
Classification: Therapeutic
Dosage: 10 mg PO q 6 hours
Action: Suppresses inflammation and the normal immune response
Why is patient taking? Suppress the inflammation in her GI tract
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Reduces the inflammation
Contraindications: Take with food, do not take if fungal infection is in the body
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Serum electrolyte and Glucose
Common Side Effects: More common in high doses. Can experience nausea, depression, vomiting, acne, weight gain, Hypertension,
increased hunger, trouble sleeping
Life Threatening Side Effects: infection
Peak: Unknown Onset: hours Duration: 1.25-1.5 days
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question): Yes, the medication
is helping to reduce the inflammation and is helping to reduce patients pain from the inflammation.
Generic Name: Corticosteroid

Brand Name: Prednisolone
Classification: Corticosteroid
Dosage: 20 mg tablets TID
Action: Suppression of inflammation and modification of the normal immune response.
Why is patient taking? Suppression of the inflammation that caused the asthma attack.
To gain control and reduce the inflammation
It helps reduce the inflammation
Contraindications: Diabetes, alcohol dependence, liver disease
Nursing Care/Monitoring: assess for adrenal insufficiency, monitor electrolytes and glucose. Administer with milk or meals to prevent
GI upset, stomach pain, bloody stool
Common Side Effects: weight gain, nausea, headache, insomnia, acne, sweating
Life Threatening Side Effects: chest pain, seizures, allergic reaction
Peak: 1-2 hours Onset: unknown Duration: 1.25-1.5 days
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) Decreased the
presenting symptoms of inflammation
Generic Name Ceftriaxone

Brand Name Rocephin
Classification anti-infective, third generation cephalosporin
Dosage: 16M vial IV Q24H
Action: bactericidal, binds to bacterial cell wall membrane, causing cell death
Why is patient taking? prophylactic
Contraindications hypersensitivity to cephalosporins and penicillin
Nursing Care/Monitoring assess for infection through vital signs and wbc, watch for signs of Clostridium difficile
Common Side Effects GI upset
Life Threatening Side Effects seizures
Peak: end of infusion Onset: rapid Duration: 12-24 hrs
D
Generic Name Dextrose
Brand Name Glucose
Classification carbohydrates, caloric sources
Dosage: 25 ml IV Q15m PRN
Action:Provide calories Prevention of hypoglycemia
Why is patient taking? Patient is weak and undernourished
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This is to add calories to patient
diet
Contraindications allergy to corn or corn products, known diabetic patients
Nursing Care/Monitoring Assess patient’s hydration status, monitor Ins and Outs, assess electrolyte concentrations.
Common Side Effects fluid overload, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, glycosuria, hyperglycemia
Life Threatening Side Effects electrolyte imbalance
Peak: rapid Onset: rapid Duration: brief
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) The medication is
used to improve the caloric intake of patient who was having difficulty consuming enough due to dysphagia. This was improving the
patient’s intake.
Generic Name: Dutasteride

Brand Name: Avodart
Classification:
Therapeutic: benign prostatic hyperplasia
Pharmacologic: androgen inhibitor
Dosage: 0.5 mg PO daily
Action: reduces prostate size with associated decreased urinary system
Why is patient taking? Management of BPH
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity
Common Side Effects: mood depression, ED, decreased libido, gynecomastia, uticaria
Life Threatening Side Effects: Angioedema
Peak: 1-2 weeks Onset: Unknown Duration: Unknown
E
Brand Name Lovenox
Classification anticoagulant
Dosage: 1 mg
Action: potentiates inhibitory effect of antithrombin on factor Xa and thrombin
Why is patient taking? To prevent thrombus formation
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Will help prevent blood clots
Contraindications hypersensitivity, active bleeding
Nursing Care/Monitoring assess for signs of bleeding and hemorrhage
Common Side Effects dizzy, headache, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, bleeding, anemia
Life Threatening Side Effects bleeding, anemia
Peak: 3-6 hr Onset: unknown Duration: 12 hr
Generic Name: Escitalopram

Brand Name: Lexpro
Classification: antidepressant
Action: antidepressant
Contraindications:
Common Side Effects

Brand Name Pepcid
Classification histamine H2 antagonist
Dosage: 20mg IV bedtime
Action: inhibits the action of histamine at the H2 receptor site located primarily in gastric parietal cells, resulting in inhibition of
gastric acid secretion
Why is patient taking? To prevent ulcers
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This will help to prevent stomach
ulcers
Contraindications hypersensitivity, use cautiously if renal impairment exists.
Nursing Care/Monitoring assess for epigastric or abdominal pain and frank or occult blood
Common Side Effects confusion, arrhythmias, GI upset
Life Threatening Side Effects arrhythmias
Peak: 0.5-3 hr Onset: within 60 min Duration: 8-15 hrs
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) patient was not
exhibiting signs of an ulcer during hospitalization
Generic Name: Fenofibrate

Brand Name: Fenoglide
Classification: lipid-lowering agent
Action: lowering of cholesterol and triglycerides with subsequent decreased risk of pancreatitis
Contraindications:
Common Side Effects
Generic Name Ferrous Sulfate

Brand Name Ferrous sulfate
Classification iron supplement, elemental iron
Dosage: 325 mg PO bid
Action: essential mineral found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, many enzymes – enters blood stream and goes to organs
Why is patient taking? To treat iron deficiency
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. To restore iron
Contraindications Hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis, evidence of iron overload
Nursing Care/Monitoring assess for cause of deficiency, monitor for constipation or diarrhea, monitor for toxicity or overdose -
stomach pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, bluish lips, fingernails, palms
Common Side Effects constipation, diarrhea
Life Threatening Side Effects iron toxicity or overdose or anaphylactic shock
Peak: 7-10 days Onset: 4 days Duration 2-4 months
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) The patient is
suffering from failure to thrive and has an iron deficiency so the supplement is being used to improve his level.
Generic Name: Famotidine
Brand Name: Pepcid
Classification:
Therapeutic: antiulcer agent
Pharmacologic: histamine H antagonist
2

Action: prevention of ulcer
Why is patient taking? To prevent gastric ulcers during high stress time in the hospital due to illness
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Medication will help reduce your
chances of developing a gastric ulcer that could be caused by increased stress levels due to your infection.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity, pregnancy, breastfeeding, renal impairment
Nursing Care/Monitoring: assess for abdominal pain, blood in stool, monitor CBC, confusion in elderly
Common Side Effects: confusion, dizziness, anemia
Life Threatening Side Effects: Arrhythmia,
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) The patient did not
develop an ulcer while in the hospital.
Generic Name: Furosemide
Brand Name: Lasix
Classification:
Therapeutic: diuretic
Pharmaceutical: loop-diuretic
Action: inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. Increases renal excretion of
water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium.
Why is patient taking? Decrease BP and to promote mobilization of excess fluid
This medication will help with extra fluid in your body. It is supposed to help with swelling throughout your body, and it will cause
you to use the restroom more frequently.
Contraindications:
Hypokalemia, hepatic coma or anuria, alcohol intolerant patients, sensitivity to thiazides and sulfonamides
Nursing Care/Monitoring: watch for ototoxicity, BUN level may increase

Geriatric: have a higher risk of side effects at regular dose: monitor electrolytes, hypotension
Common Side Effects: Blurred vision, dizziness, headaches, vertigo, hypotension, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, excess
urination, photosensitivity
Life Threatening Side Effects: Stevens- Johnson syndrome, severe electrolyte imbalance
Peak: 1-2 hours Onset: 30-60 minutes Duration:6-8 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? (this is not just a yes/no question).
The patient was also on IV Lasix on top of her PO Lasix. When the patient was admitted on 02/13/18 her home health nurse
mentioned that the patient has had an 18 lbs weight gain since being discharged in January. The patient was also diagnosed with
severe anasarca. When I performed my assessment, the patient did show 2+ pitting in both lower extremities. The medication is given
to help with the fluid retention and she does not seem to be struggling to breathe I believe it has helped relieve the struggle to breathe
caused by the fluid in the lungs. I feel that the fluid buildup is so severe that this medication is not able to provide enough relief for the
patient, but if the patient was not taking this medication her 18 Ibs weight gain could have been more. Especially when she is already
at the max recommended dose and cannot receive more due to her present etiology.
Generic Name: Furosemide
Brand Name: Lasix
Classification:
Therapeutic: diuretic
Pharmaceutical: loop-diuretic
Action: inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. Increases renal excretion of
water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium.
Why is patient taking? Decrease BP and to promote mobilization of excess fluid
This medication will help with extra fluid in your body. It is supposed to help with swelling throughout your body, and it will cause
you to use the restroom more frequently.
Contraindications:
Hypokalemia, hepatic coma or anuria, alcohol intolerant patients, sensitivity to thiazides and sulfonamides
Nursing Care/Monitoring: watch for ototoxicity, BUN level may increase
Geriatric: have a higher risk of side effects at regular dose: monitor electrolytes, hypotension
Common Side Effects: Blurred vision, dizziness, headaches, vertigo, hypotension, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, excess
urination, photosensitivity
Life Threatening Side Effects: Stevens- Johnson syndrome, severe electrolyte imbalance
Peak: 1-2 hours Onset: 30-60 minutes Duration:6-8 hours
The patient was also on IV Lasix on top of her PO Lasix. When the patient was admitted on 02/13/18 her home health nurse mentioned that the
patient has had an 18 lbs weight gain since being discharged in January. The patient was also diagnosed with severe anasarca. When I performed
my assessment, the patient did show 2+ pitting in both lower extremities. The medication is given to help with the fluid retention and she does
not seem to be struggling to breathe I believe it has helped relieve the struggle to breathe caused by the fluid in the lungs. I feel that the fluid
buildup is so severe that this medication is not able to provide enough relief for the patient, but if the patient was not taking this medication her
18 Ibs weight gain could have been more. Especially when she is already at the max recommended dose and cannot receive more due to her
present etiology.
Generic Name Lasix

Brand Name Furosemide
Classification diuretic loop-diuretic
Dosage: 40mg BID IV (twice daily)
Action: inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride from loop of henle and distant renal tubule, increasing renal excretion of water,
sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. Effectiveness persists with impaired renal function.
Why is patient taking? Pleural effusion and edema so this will cause body to release more fluid.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This will help move the fluid out
Contraindications hypersensitivity, cross sensitivity with thiazides and sulfonamides. Hepatic coma or anuria, sever liver disease,
electrolyte depletion, diabetes mellitus,lactation, in geriatric – increased risk of side effects especially hypotension and electrolyte
imbalance
Nursing Care/Monitoring monitor fluid status, BP and pulse, tinnitus, electrolytes
Common Side Effects blurred vision, dizziness, headache, vertigo so fall risk
Life Threatening Side Effects Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Peak: 30 min Onset: 5 min Duration: 2 hr
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question)The patient began to
show a deficit in fluid balance – patient was eliminating more fluid through urine than consuming and weight was lowering. Both
signs that the fluid volume was moving out of the body. Less edema in legs and abdomen and clearer lung sounds.
G
Generic Name Glucose
Brand Name Dextrose
Classification carbohydrate
Dosage: 5% NS IV Q13 hr 20min
Action :provides calories
Why is patient taking? To increase caloric intake, prevent hypoglycemia
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Glucose provides calories while
patient was NPO upon arrival
Contraindications allergy to corn products
Nursing Care/Monitoring assess hydration status, monitor intake, outtake and electrolytes
Common Side Effects fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance
Peak: rapid Onset: rapid Duration: brief
Generic Name: Guaifenesin

Brand Name: Humibid
Classification:
Therapeutic: allergy, cold
Dosage: 600 mg PO Q12 hours
Action: Mobilization and subsequent expectoration of mucus
Why is patient taking? Relieve symptoms of cough and mucus in the chest due to respiratory infection, asthma, colds, or hay fever
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication is used to help
relieve your cough from the respiratory infection.
Contraindications: products containing aspartame
Nursing Care/Monitoring: assess lung sounds, frequency and type of cough
Common Side Effects: dizziness, headaches, nausea, diarrhea, stomach pain
Peak: Unknown Onset: 30 minutes Duration:4-6 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) the patient did not
seem to be coughing as much during the day.
H
Generic Name Heparin Sodium
Brand Name Heparin
Classification anticoagulant, antithrombotics
Dosage: 5000 units Q8hr subq (every 8 hours subcutaneously)
Action: potentiates inhibitory effect of antithrombin on factor X and thrombin and fibrin – prevention of thrombus formation
Why is patient taking? Atrial fibrillation
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This will decrease ability of the
blood to clot and form thromboses
Contraindications hypersensitivity, use cautiously in severe liver disease or kidney disease
Nursing Care/Monitoring assess for signs of bleeding, occult bleeding, unusual bleeding, black or tarry stool, platelet counts, observe
injection site
Common Side Effects GI drug induced hepatitis, alopecia, bleeding, pain at injection site
Life Threatening Side Effects kidney, liver
Peak: 2 hr Onset 20-60 min Duration: 8-12 hr
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question).
Generic Name: Hydrocodone/acetaminophen

Brand Name: Norco 10/325
Classification: Therapeutic
Dosage: 10/325 1 tablet PO TID
Action:
Contraindications:
Common Side Effects
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? (This is not just a yes/no question)
I
Generic Name Ipratropium
Brand Name Atrovent
Classification anticoagulant, allergy, cold, cough remedy, bronchodilators
Dosage: 0.5 mg intranasal
Action: inhibits cholinergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle
Why is patient taking? To keep the lungs clear and help prevent pneumonia because patient has been in bed in the hospital for one
month
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. To keep the lungs clear
Contraindications hypersensitivity to ipatropium
Nursing Care/Monitoring assess for allergies, and monitor respiratory status
Common Side Effects dizziness, headache, nervousness, blurred vision, GI irritation
Peak: 15 min Onset: unknown Duration: 6-12 hrs
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) The drug is being
used to keep his lungs clear and so far is successful
J
K
L
Generic Name Latanoprost
Brand Name Xalatan
Classification Prostaglandin Agonist
Dosage: 1 drop per eye
Action: increase outflow of aqueuos humor treatment of open-angle glaucoma
Why is patient taking? glaucoma
Contraindications
Nursing Care/Monitoring local irritation
Common Side Effects may change eye color to brown
Generic Name: Levofloxacin

Brand Name: Levaquin
Classification: anti-infective
Dosage: 750 mg daily
Action: Death of susceptible bacteria
Why is patient taking? For respiratory infection
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication will help kill any
possible bacteria that could be causing you to be sick.
Contraindications: QT interval longation, hypersensitivity
Nursing Care/Monitoring: assess for infection, Vital signs, monitor bowel function
Common Side Effects: anxiety, dizziness, lightheadedness, headaches
Life Threatening Side Effects: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, seizures, suicidal thoughts, elevated intracranial pressure, seizures, C-Diff
Peak: 1-2 hours Onset: rapid Duration: 24 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) This medication is
used to kill bacteria the patient was only in the hospital for 2 days. The medication must of caused some improvement for the patient
to leave after two days.
Generic Name: Levothyroxine

Brand Name: Synthroid
Classification:
Therapeutic: hormone
Pharmacological: thyroid preparation
Action: Replacement or supplement to endogenous thyroid hormone.
Why is patient taking? The patient has had a thyroidectomy (not sure how long ago).
Replacement in hypothyroidism to restore normal hormonal balance. Suppression of thyroid cancer.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, recent MI, Hyperthyroidism. Cardiovascular disease and renal insufficiency.
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Assess apical pulse and BP during therapy. Assess for tachyarrhythmias and chest pain
Common Side Effects: Headaches, angina pectoris, sweating, hair loss, heat intolerance, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Accelerated
bone maturation in children
Life Threatening Side Effects: Toxicity
Peak: 1-3 weeks Onset: unknown Duration: 1-3 weeks
Patient has had a past surgical procedure of a thyroidectomy. She is taking Synthroid to replace the hormones that she does not receive from
the thyroid since it has been removed.
Generic Name Levothyroxine

Brand Name Synthroid
Classification thyroid preparation/hormone
Action: replacement or supplementation of endogenous thyroid hormones. Effect is increasing metabolic rate of body tissues
Why is patient taking? To supplement hormone for patient’s hypothyroidism
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This is a supplement to the
hormone produced by the thyroid
Contraindications hypersensitivity, recent MI,cardiovascular disease
Nursing Care/Monitoring assess apical pulse and BP prior to and periodically during therapy, Assess for tachyarrhythmias
Common Side Effects headache, insomnia, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, tachycardia
Life Threatening Side Effects toxic overdose
Peak: 1-3 wks Onset: unknown Duration: 1-3 wks
Generic Name Lisinopril

Brand Name Zestril
Classification antihypertensive
Action: angiotension-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block conversion of angiotension I to the vasoconstrictor angiotension II
Why is patient taking? Lower blood pressure
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This will lower blood presure
Contraindications hypersensitivity, history of angioedema with previous ACE use
Nursing Care/Monitoring monitor BP and pulse frequently, assess for edema, signs of heart failure
Common Side Effects dizziness, fatigue, hypotension
Life Threatening Side Effects heart failure, renal impairment
Peak: 6 hr Onset: 1 hr Duration: 24 hr
Generic Name: Losartan

Brand Name: Cozaar
Classification:
Therapeutic: antihypertensive
Pharmacological: angiotensin II receptor antagonist
Action: Blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II at various receptor sites
Why is patient taking? To decrease the blood pressure. To delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy for Type 2 DM. Decrease
chances of stroke in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This will help lower you blood
pressure.
Contraindications: Bilateral Renal stenosis, African American’s, Hypersensitivity
Cautiously: Patients using diuretics, impaired renal function, heart failure, hepatic impairment
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Assess BP and pulse. Monitor renal function may cause an increase in the BUN and creatinine.
Common Side Effects: Dizziness, fatigue, headache, chest pain, edema
Peak: 3-6 weeks Onset: 6 hours Duration: 24 hr
M
Generic Name Magnesium Chloride
Brand Name Slow-Mag
Classification mineral and electrolyte replacement
Dosage: 64 mg before dinner
Action: essential for the activity of many enzymes, neurotransmissions, and muscular excitability. Osmotically active in GI by
drawing water into lumen and causing peristalsis
Why is patient taking? Electrolyte and mineral deficiency
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Need to restore mineralbalances
in the body
Contraindications hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia
Nursing Care/Monitoring listen to bowel sounds and watch stool because this works like a laxative
Common Side Effects diarrhea
Life Threatening Side Effects diarrhea
Peak: unknown Onset: 3-6 hrs Duration: unknown
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) working to restore
balance
Generic Name: Metronidazole

Brand Name: Flagyl
Classification: anti-infective, antiprotozoals, antiulcer agent
Dosage:500 mg PO TID
Action: Bactericidal, Spectrum: Activity against anaerobic action
Why is patient taking? Prevent further infection after toe infection
Contraindications:
Common Side Effects:
Peak: 1-3 hours Onset: Rapid Duration: 8 hours
Generic Name: Mirabegron

Brand Name: Myrbetruq
Classification:
Therapeutic: urinary tract antispasmodics
Pharmacological: beta adrenergic agonist
Action: decrease symptoms of overactive bladder
Why is patient taking? Bladder incontinence and over active bladder
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Medication is used to help with
overactive bladder
Contraindications: severe uncontrolled hypertension, end stage renal failure
Nursing Care/Monitoring: assess for urinary urgency, frequency, monitor BP
Common Side Effects: dizziness, headaches, increased BP, tachycardia, UTI
Life Threatening Side Effects: angioedema
Peak: 3.5 hours Onset: Unknown Duration: 24 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) The patient only
drank one St. David’s water container and reported over 5 trips to urinate.

Brand Name: lopressor
Classification:
Therapeutic: antianginals, antihypertensives
Pharmacological: beta-blocker
Dosage: 37.5 mg PO twice daily
Action: antianginals, beta-blockers
Why is patient taking? Management of stable, symptomatic heart failure due to ischemic hypertension, Hypertension
Decrease HR and BP, frequency of angina attacks (chest pain)
Contraindications: Uncompensated heart failure
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor BP, EKG if being monitored, intake and output ratio, daily weight, BUN, LDH, AST, and ALT.
Assess frequency and characteristics of angina attacks. Before administering dose take apical pulse to make sure it is <50 bpm of if
arrhythmia occurs .
Common Side Effects: May increase BUN, glucose, LDH, AST, and ALT
Life Threatening Side Effects: decreased cardiac output
Peak: Unknown Onset: 15min Duration: 6-12 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? (this is not just a yes/no question) I am not sure what the
patient home reading were and I do not know what her BP would be if she had not taken the medication. With that the patient systolic
pressure continued to stay elevated, while the diastolic was well controlled. The patient never complained chest pain. It can increase
the BUN level and her BUN was high I am not sure if this medication could be contributing to those levels since the patient is already
at end-stage liver failure.
Generic Name Metoprolol tartrate

Brand Name lopresor
Classification antihypertension, beta-blocker
Dosage: 25mg BID PO 9twice a day)
Action: blocks stimulation of beta receptors so decreased BP and HR, decreased frequency and attacks of angina pectoris, decreased
rate of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization in patients with heart failure
Why is patient taking? To treat BP and reduce risk of heart attack because of chronic diastolic heart failure
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Relaxes blood vessels and slows
heart rate
Contraindications uncompensated heart failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac shock, bradycardia
Nursing Care/Monitoring BP ECG pulse frequency, Is &Os and for signs of heart failure – dyspnea, rales/crackles, periphery edema,
jugular venous distension
Common Side Effects fatigue, weakness, anxiety, depression
Life Threatening Side Effects heart failure, pulmonary edema, bradycardia
Peak: unknown Onset: 15 min Duration: 6-12 hr
Generic Name Morphine

Brand Name Morphine
Classification opiod analgesic
Dosage: IM 4mg PRN
Action: binds to opiate receptors in CNS alters perception of pain
Why is patient taking? To relieve pain from colonic perforation and inflammation
Contraindications hypersensitivity, respiratory depression
Nursing Care/Monitoring watch for confusion, respiratory depression, sedation, hypotension
Common Side Effects confusion, respiratory depression, sedation, hypotension
Life Threatening Side Effects respiratory depression
Peak: 30-60 min Onset: 10-30min Duration: 4-5hr
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) The pt pain is reduced
N
Generic Name: Neurontin
Brand Name: Gabapentin
Classification:
Therapeutic: analgesic adjunct, anticonvulsant, mood stabilizer
Dosage:100 mg PO twice daily
Action: Decreases postherpetic pain, Decreases leg restlessness, diabetic neuropathy
Why is patient taking? Diabetic neuropathy
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication is used to help
with the pain you get from your neuropathy
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity
Nursing Care/Monitoring: behavioral changes, assess for location and characteristics of neuropathic pain
Common Side Effects: dizziness, drowsiness
Life Threatening Side Effects: suicidal thoughts
Peak: 2-4 hours Onset: Rapid Duration: 8 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? (this is not just a yes/no question). Patient did not
complain of any problems with neuropathy.
Generic Name: Nifedipine

Brand Name: Procardia XL
Classification: antianginals, antihypertensive
Action: Systemic vasodilation, resulting in decreased BP, coronary vasodilation resulting in decreased angina attacks
Contraindications:
Common Side Effects
O
P
Generic Name: Pantoprazole
Brand Name: Protonix
Classification:
Therapeutic: antiulcer agent
Pharmacological: proton-pump inhibitor
Dosage: 40 mg PO dailly
Action: Binds to an enzyme in the presence of acidic gastric pH, preventing the final transport of hydrogen ions into the gastric lumen.
Will reduce the amount of acid reflux and help with heartburn.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to rabeprazole. Do not use if breast feeding
Assess patient for epigastric or abdominal pain, for frank or occult blood in stool, emesis, and gastric aspirate.
Labs: Liver function, magnesium levels
Common Side Effects: headaches, diarrhea
Life Threatening Side Effects: allergic reaction, c-diff, kidney problems, trouble breathing.
Peak: unknown Onset: 2.5 hours Duration: 1 week
The time that I was with the patient she never complained of any stomach pains or heartburn. I also never saw in her charts that she
had a history of GERD. If the patient is taking this medication for GERD I would believe it is doing what it is supposed to, by
reducing the acid accumulation in the gastric region since the patient never complained of anything related to this treatment.
Generic Name: Potassium chloride
Brand Name: K-Dur
Classification:
Dosage: 20 mEq PO twice daily
Action: replacement prevents potassium deficiency
Why is patient taking? Prevent Hypokalemia
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication will help make
sure you have enough potassium in your blood
Contraindications: Hyperkalemia, severe renal impairment, use causiouslt with cardiac disease
Nursing Care/Monitoring: monitor ECG for changes
Common Side Effects: weakness, confusion, ECG changes, diarrhea
Peak: 1-2 hours Onset: Unknown Duration: Unknown
Generic Name: Pregablin

Brand Name: Lyrica
Classification:
Action: Decreases neuropathic or post-herpetic pain
Contraindications:
Common Side Effects
Generic Name: Psyllium

Brand Name: Metamucil
Classification: Laxative
Dosage: 1 packet PO at bedtime
Action:
Contraindications:
Common Side Effects
Q
R
S
Generic Name 0.9% normal saline IV
Brand Name
Classification electrolyte
Dosage: 30 ml per hr
Action: rehydrate
Why is patient taking? To gently restore electrolyte balance
Contraindications
Nursing Care/Monitoring excessive isotonic fluids can lead to heart failure, renal failure, cushing syndrome
Common Side Effects over hydration – headache, lethargy, confusion, peripheral edema, pulmonary edema, muscle spasms, seizures,
coma
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) Yes, in the two days
patient had been administered iv, sodium levels went from 119 to 130
Generic Name: Spironolactone

Brand Name: Aldactone
Classification:
Therapeutic: Diuretics
Action: increased survival in patients with severe HF. Conservation of potassium
Why is patient taking? Management of edema for HF patients
Will help with the fluid build up in the body
Contraindications: Acute renal insufficiency, renal impairment, hyperkalemia, Addison’s disease, pregnancy, anuria
Nursing Care/Monitoring: E&F labs, monitor I&O, monitor ECG if on one, assess for skin rash
Common Side Effects: dizziness, headache, erectile dysfunction, muscle cramps, GI irritation, gynecomastia, breast tenderness
Peak: 1-3 hours Onset: unknown Duration: 2-3 days (w/ multiple doses)
T
Generic Name: Tamsulosin

Brand Name: Flomax
Classification:
Therapeutic:
Pharmacologic: peripherally acting antiadrenergics
Dosage: 0.4 mg PO bedtime
Action: Decrease symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia (urinary urgency, hesitancy, nocturia)
Why is patient taking? Management of S&S of BPH
This medication will help with the urgency you have when needing to pee and also going at night
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, prostate cancer
Nursing Care/Monitoring: BP, administer medication 30 minutes after the same meal each day
Common Side Effects: dizziness, headaches, orthostatic hypertension
Peak: 2 weeks Onset: Unknown Duration: Unknown
U
V
Generic Name Venlafaxine
Brand Name Effexor
Classification antidepressant, antianxiety
Action: selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Why is patient taking? To improve patient’s anxiety
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. To help with anxiety
Contraindications concurrent use with MAOIs, cardiovascular disease, impaired renal function
Nursing Care/Monitoring assess mental status and mood changes, especially for suicidal thoughts
Common Side Effects abnormal dreams, anxiety, dizziness, insomnia, weakness, rhinitis, visual disturbances, abdominal pain, GI
upset, sexual dysfunction
Life Threatening Side Effects neuroleptic malignant syndrome, seizures, suicidal thoughts
Peak: 2-4 wks Onset: within 2 wks Duration: unknown
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) Patient’s mental
status was altered due to cerebrovascular incident therefore, efficacy of Effexor difficult to determine
Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapy(Complete for all scheduled and PRN medications taken in the past
24 hours)
Brand Name: Lipitor
Classification: Statin
Dosage: 20 mg qHS

Nursing Care/Monitoring: avoid grapefruit, provide education pertaining to diet and exercise, reduce risk of plaque build up, provide
Peak: 1-2 hrs

Onset: Initial changes: 3 to 5 days; Maximal reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides: 2 to 4 weeks; LDL reduction: 10
mg/day: 39% (for each doubling of this dose, LDL is lowered approximately 6%)
Duration: 20-30 hr
Generic Name: Diltiazem

Brand Name: Cardizem
Classification: antianginals, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
Action: inhibits transport of calcium into myocardial smooth muscle cells
Why is patient taking? Decrease BP and angina
Decreases blood pressure, reduces heart rate or irregular heart contractions.
Peak: (PO) 2-3 hrs Onset: 30 min Duration: 6-8 hrs

Yes, this drug decreased the necessity for nitrate therapy. MD was able to tolerate activity as a result of this medication.
Generic Name Apixaban
Brand Name Eliquis
Dosage: 5 mg PO BID
Action: Acts as a selective, reversible site inhibitor of factor Xa, inhibiting both free and bound factor. Does not affect platelet
aggregation directly, but does inhibit thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Decreases thrombin generation and thrombus
development.
Why is patient taking? To reduce platelet aggregation
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Decrease chances of stroke and blood clots.
Contraindications Previous severe hypersensitivity reactions; Active pathological bleeding; Severe hepatic impairment; Not
recommended for use in patients with prosthetic heart valves; Concurrent use of strong dual inducers of CYP3A4 and P-gp; Lactation:
Should not be used. Renal impairment increases risk of bleed
Nursing Care/Monitoring Assess patient for symptoms of stroke or peripheral vascular disease periodically during therapy.
Common Side Effects bleeding and hypersensitivity reactions like anaphylaxis
Life Threatening Side Effects bleeding and anaphylaxis
Peak: 3-4 hours Onset: Unknown Duration: 24 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? No, my patient developed a blood clot in his left lower
leg during hospitalization.
Generic Name Tamsulosin
Brand Name Flomax
Classification Peripherally acting antiadrenergics
Dosage: 0.4 mg PO BID
Action: Decrease contractions in smooth muscle of the prostatic capsule by preventing binding to the alpha-adrenergic receptors.
Why is patient taking? Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia to control urgency
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? This medication works to decrease frequent and hard urination and urinating
at night.
Contraindications Allergies. Sulfa allergies. Patient’s at risk for prostate carcinoma. Patients undergoing cataract surgery
Nursing Care/Monitoring Monitor symptoms of BPH. Access blood pressure for orthostatic hypotension & syncope. Monitor I&O’s
and daily weight. Access for edema. Rectal exam prior
Common Side Effects Dizziness, headaches, intraoperative floppy iris syndrome, rhinitis, orthostatic hypotension, priapism,
Peak:UNKNOWN Onset:2 weeks Duration: UNKNOWN
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? No, the patient had frequent urination.
Brand Name Pepsid

vasculitis.

ulcers or GERD.
Brand Name Lasix
Common Side Effects blurred vision, dizziness, headache, vertigo. hearing loss, tinnitus. hypotension. anorexia, constipation, diarrhea,
dry mouth, dyspepsia, increased liver enzymes, nausea, pancreatitis, vomiting. Increased bun, excessive urination, nephrocalcinosis.
ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME, STEVENS-JOHNSON SYN- DROME, TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS, photosensitivity,
pruritis, rash, urticaria. hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia. dehydration, hypocalcemia,
hypochloremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, metabolic alkalosis. APLASTIC ANE- MIA,
AGRANULOCYTOSIS, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia. muscle cramps. paresthesia. fever.
agranulocytosis
as
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, decreased edema with urination and blood pressure
within normal range.
Brand Name Orapred
Why is patient taking? Management of rheumatoid arthritis
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? No, my patient displayed symptoms of rheumatoid
arthritis
Brand Name: Lipitor
Classification: lipid lowering agents
Dosage: 40 mg qHS

Nursing Care/Monitoring: avoid grapefruit, provide education pertaining to diet and exercise, reduce risk of plaque build up, provide
Peak: 1-2 hrs

Onset: Initial changes: 3 to 5 days; Maximal reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides: 2 to 4 weeks; LDL reduction: 10
mg/day: 39% (for each doubling of this dose, LDL is lowered approximately 6%)
Duration: 20-30 hr

Brand Name Pepsid
vasculitis.
ulcers or GERD.
Brand Name: St. Joseph Children’s
Dosage: 81 mg
Action: Blocks pain impulses in CNS, reduces inflammation by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis; antipyretic action results from
vasodilation of peripheral vessels; decreases platelet aggregation
Why is patient taking? transient ischemic attacks/stroke

How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication is used a
precautionary drug to help with decreasing the risk of having a stroke
Contraindications: GI bleeding, bleeding disorders, vit K deficiency, peptic ulcer, acute bronchospasm, agranulocytosis, increased
intracranial pressure, intracranial bleeding, nasal polyps, urticaria
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Assess for pain before and 1 hours after administration; assess for edema in feet, ankles, legs; Assess for
ototoxicity; allergic reactions and monitor liver/renal and blood studies.
Common Side Effects: rash, urticaria, bruising, diarrhea, pulmonary edema, dizziness, confusion, rapid pulse, tinnitus, hypo-
glycemia/natremia/kalemia.
Life Threatening Side Effects: Hepatotoxicity: dark urine, clay-colored stools, yellowing of the skin and sclera, itching, abdominal
pain, fever, diarrhea if patients are on long term.
Peak: 1-2 hr Onset: 15-30 min Duration: 4-6 hr
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? (this is not just a yes/no question) Yes, there was no
signs of recurrent ischemic attacks.
Generic Name: Donepezil

Brand Name: Aricept
Classification: Anti-Alzheimer’s agents, cholinergic
Dosage: 10 mg
Action: Elevates acetylcholine concentrations (cerebral cortex) by slowing degradation of acetylcholine released in cholinergic
neurons; does not alter underlying dementia
Why is patient taking? Decrease symptoms of Alzheimer's disease
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication may help lessen
the effects of dementia association with Alzheimer’s disease. It enhances cognition.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to this product or piperidine derivatives
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor B/P, heart rate: hypo/hypertension; Assess mental status: affect, mood, behavioral changes,
depression, complete suicide assessment; Assess GI status: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea; Assess GU status: urinary frequency,
incontinence
Common Side Effects: Rash, flushing, diaphoresis, bruising, Frequency, UTI, incontinence, hypo/hypertension, AV block, Dizziness,
insomnia, somnolence, headache, fatigue, abnormal dreams, syncope
Life Threatening Side Effects: Atrial fibrillation, sinus bradycardia, AV block, GI bleeding, seizures
Peak: several weeks Onset: ukn Duration: 6 wk
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? (this is not just a yes/no question) Yes, while caring for
her she never lost her awareness or orientation.
Generic Name: Levothyroxine
Brand Name: Synthroid
Classification: Thyroid hormone
Dosage: 50 mcg
Action: Controls protein synthesis; increases metabolic rate, cardiac output, renal blood flow, O2 consumption, body temp, blood
volume, growth, development at cellular level via action on thyroid hormone receptors.
Why is patient taking? Correction of lack of thyroid hormone

How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This pill will help to regulate out
the imbalance of you thyroid hormones.
Contraindications: Adrenal insufficiency, recent MI, thyrotoxicosis, hypersensitivity to beef, alcohol intolerance
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Take B/P, pulse before each dose; monitor I&O ratio and weight every day in same clothing, using same
scale, at same time of day; Assess for increased nervousness, excitability, irritability, which may indicate a too-high dosage of
medication, usually after 1-3 wk of treatment; check for bleeding, bruising.
Common Side Effects: increased or decreased appetite, cramps, weight loss, heat intolerance, fever and insomnia
Life Threatening Side Effects: thyroid storm and cardiac arrest
Peak: 12-48 hr Onset: 3-5 days Duration: Unknown
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? (this is not just a yes/no question) Yes, her thyroid levels
did not drop while in care.
Generic Name: Lisinopril
Brand Name: Zestril

Classification: Antihypertensive, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) I inhibitor
Dosage: 10 mg
Action: Selectively suppresses renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; inhibits ACE; prevents conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II
Why is patient taking? Decrease BP in hypertension
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This pill will help lower you BP
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, angioedema
Nursing Care/Monitoring: monitor B/P, check for orthostatic hypotension, syncope; check for edema in feet, legs daily, weight daily,
dyspnea, wet crackles; Assess for anaphylaxis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, angioedema, allergic reactions: rash, fever, pruritus,
urticaria; facial swelling, dyspnea, tongue swelling (rare)
Common Side Effects: chest pain, hypotension, vomiting, vertigo, insomnia, headache, sinus tachycardia
Life Threatening Side Effects: stroke, angioedema, anaphylaxis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, hepatic failure and hepatic necrosis
Peak: 6-8 hr Onset: 1 hr Duration: 24 hr

Dosage: 100 mg
Action: Lowers B/P by β-blocking effects; reduces elevated renin plasma levels; blocks β2-adrenergic receptors in bronchial, vascular
smooth muscle only at high doses, negative chronotropic effect
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor B/P during beginning treatment, periodically thereafter; pulse q4hr; note rate, rhythm, quality;
check apical/radial pulse before administration; notify prescriber of any significant changes (pulse <50 bpm); Assess for edema in
feet, legs daily; monitor I&O, daily weight; check for jugular vein distention, crackles bilaterally, dyspnea (CHF); Monitor skin
turgor, dryness of mucous membranes for hydration status, especially geriatric
Common Side Effects: Colitis, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, dry mouth, hiccups, dizziness, hallucinations, anxiety,
headaches, confusion, insomnia, sore throat, dry burning eyes, impotence, and rash
Life Threatening Side Effects: Agranulocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenic purpura, cardiac arrest, AV block, bradycardia,
pulmonary/peripheral edema, chest pain
Peak: 2-4 hr Onset: 15 min Duration: 6-19 hr
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? (this is not just a yes/no question) Yes, BP was kept
within a suitable range per doctors’ orders.
Generic Name: Venlafaxine
Brand Name: Effexor XR
Classification: Second generation, Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants, SNRIs

Dosage: 150 mg
Action: Potent inhibitor of neuronal serotonin and norepinephrine uptake, weak inhibitor of dopamine; no muscarinic, or histaminergic
Why is patient taking? Relief of depression
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication is given as a
preventative measure of anxiety, which will help with the tremors you may have.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, bipolar disorder, interstitial lung disease
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor B/P (lying, standing), pulse q4hr; if systolic B/P drops 20 mm Hg hold product, notify prescriber;
take vital signs q4hr in patients with CV disease; Check weight qwk; weight loss or gain; appetite may increase, peripheral edema may
occur; Monitor urinary retention, constipation; constipation is more likely to occur in children or geriatric
Common Side Effects:Dysphagia, colitis, abnormal vision, ear pain, dry eyes, migraines, syncope, thrombophlebitis, and hypertension
Life Threatening Side Effects: Agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, neutropenia, pancytopenia, abnormal bleeding, rectal hemorrhage,
uterine hemorrhage, vaginal hemorrhage, and angioedema (ext rel)
Peak: 5.5-9 hrs Onset: 1-2 wks Duration: 6 wks

Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? (this is not just a yes/no question) Yes, there were not
mood changes while in my presences of reported.
Brand Name: Eliquis
Classification: Anticoagulants
Dosage: 2.5 mg
Action: selectively blocks active site of factor Xa, inhibiting blood coagulation (factor Xa inhibitor)
Why is patient taking? To prevent any blood clots that may form d/t blood pooling
Contraindications: hypersensitivity reactions; Active pathological bleeding; Severe hepatic impairment

Assess patient for symptoms of stroke or peripheral vascular disease periodically during therapy.
Instruct patient to take apixaban as directed. Take missed doses as soon as remembered on the same day and resume twice daily
administration; do not double doses. Do not discontinue without consulting health care professional.
Common Side Effects: bleeding, anemia, nausea
Life Threatening Side Effects: thrombocytopenia, bleeding
Peak: 3-4 hours Onset: 3-4 hours Duration: 24 hours
Brand Name NovoLOG

actions: inhibition of lypolysis and proteolysis, enhanced protein synthesis. These are rapid-acting insulins with a more rapid onset and
shorter duration than regular insulin; should be used with an intermediate or long-acting insulin.
to diabetes
 Assess for symptoms of hypoglycemia (anxiety; restlessness; tingling in hands, feet, lips, or tongue; chills; cold sweats; confusion;
cool, pale skin; difficulty in concentration; drowsiness; nightmares or trouble sleeping; excessive hunger; headache; irritability;
nausea; nervousness; tachycardia; tremor; weakness; unsteady gait) and hyperglycemia (confusion, drowsiness; flushed, dry skin;
fruit-like breath odor; rapid, deep breathing, polyuria; loss of appetite; nausea; vomiting; unusual thirst) periodically during
therapy.
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? This medication was not given during his hospitalization
because blood glucose was controlled.
Generic Name Allopurinol

Brand Name Alloprim
Classification antigout agents, antihyperuricemics
Action: Inhibits the production of uric acid by inhibiting the action of xanthine oxidase.
Why is patient taking? Lower serum uric acid levels
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. To prevent gout attacks
Contraindications Hypersensitivity
● Monitor intake and output ratios. Decreased kidney function can cause drug accumulation and toxic effects. Ensure that patient
maintains adequate fluid intake (minimum 2500 – 3000 mL/day) to minimize risk of kidney stone formation.
● Assess patient for rash or more severe hypersensitivity reactions. Discontinue allopurinol immediately if rash occurs. Therapy
should be discontinued permanently if reaction is severe. Therapy may be reinstated after a mild reaction has subsided, at a lower dose
(50 mg/day with very gradual titration). If skin rash recurs, discontinue permanently.
● Gout: Monitor for joint pain and swelling. Addition of colchicine or NSAIDs may be necessary for acute attacks. Prophylactic doses
of colchicine or an NSAID should be administered concurrently during the first 3 – 6 months of therapy because of an increased
frequency of acute attacks of gouty arthritis during early therapy.
● Lab Test Considerations: Serum and urine uric acid levels usually begin to decrease 2 – 3 days after initiation of oral therapy.
● Monitor blood glucose in patients receiving oral hypoglycemic agents. May cause hypoglycemia.
● Monitor hematologic, renal, and liver function tests before and periodically during therapy, especially during the first few mo. May
cause increased serum alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, AST, and ALT levels. Decreased CBC and platelets may indicate bone marrow
depression. Increased BUN, serum creatinine, and CCr may indicate nephrotoxicity. These are usually reversed with discontinuation
of therapy.
Common Side Effects CV: hypotension, flushing, hypertension, bradycardia, and heart failure (reported with IV administration). CNS:
drowsiness. GI: diarrhea, hepatitis, nausea, vomiting. GU: renal failure, hematuria. Derm: rash (discontinue drug at first sign of rash),
urticaria. Hemat: bone marrow depression. Misc: hypersensitivity reactions.
Life Threatening Side Effects bone marrow depression and heart failure
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, patient did not display any evidence of gout attack.
Generic Name Sevelamer
Brand Name Renagel
Classification electrolyte modifiers and phosphate binders
Action: A polymer that binds phosphate in the GI tract, preventing its absorption.
Why is patient taking? Lower phosphate levels.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Decreased serum phosphate levels in the blood.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Hypophosphatemia; Bowel obstruction.
● Assess patient for GI side effects periodically during therapy.
● Monitor serum phosphorus, calcium, bicarbonate, and chloride levels periodically during therapy.
Common Side Effects diarrhea, dyspepsia, vomiting, choking (tablet), constipation, dysphagia (tablet), flatulence, nausea.
Life Threatening Side Effects BOWEL OBSTRUCTION/PERFORATION, ESOPHAGEAL OBSTRUCTION

Peak: 2 weeks Onset: 5 days Duration: UNKNOWN
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, patient did not have a high serum phosphate level.
Brand Name Lovenox
of stroke
or stroke.
Generic Name Isosorbide Mononitrate
Brand Name Imdur
Classification Antianginals
Action: Produce vasodilation (venous greater than arterial). Decrease left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and left ventricular end-
diastolic volume (preload). Net effect is reduced myocardial oxygen consumption. Increase coronary blood flow by dilating coronary
arteries and improving collateral flow to ischemic regions.
Why is patient taking? Treatment of angina attacks
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Treatment of acute chest pain
Contraindications Hypersensitivity; Concurrent use of sildenafil, vardenafil, or tadalafil.
● Monitor BP and pulse routinely during period of dosage adjustment.
● Excessive doses may increase methemoglobin concentrations.
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, headache. CV: hypotension, tachycardia, paradoxic bradycardia, syncope. GI: nausea,
vomiting. Misc: flushing, tolerance.
Life Threatening Side Effects tachycardia, hypotension
Peak:UNKNOWN Onset: 30-60 minutes Duration: 7 hours
systolic blood pressure was <100 mmHg.
Brand Name Protonix
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, patient did not have any acid reflux symptoms and
did not display evidence of gastric ulcer.
Brand Name Klor-Con
hyperkalemia
chloride.
paresthesia.
potassium was within normal ranges.
Brand Name Restoril
neurotransmitter.
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Yes, the patient suffered from insomnia, but it was
relieved nightly by this medication.

Brand Name Tylenol
Action: Inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins that may serve as mediators of pain and fever, primarily in the CNS. Has no significant
anti-inflammatory properties or GI toxicity.
#5) should be avoided in patients who have hypersensitivity or intolerance to these compounds; Severe hepatic impairment/active liver
disease.
acetaminophen increases the risk of adverse renal effects. For short-term use, combined doses of acetaminophen and salicylates should
not exceed the recommended dose of either drug given alone. Do not exceed maximum daily dose of acetaminophen when considering
all routes of administration and all combination products containing acetaminophen.
E: hypokalemia (IV). GU: renal failure (high doses/ chronic use). Hemat: neutropenia, pancytopenia. MS: muscle spasms (IV), trismus
(IV)
Peak: 1-3 hr Onset: 0.5-1 hr Duration: F
and GERD
Nursing Care:
● Monitor serum phosphate, potassium, and calcium levels periodically during chronic use. May cause increase serum calcium
and decrease serum phosphate concentrations.
or GERD.
Brand Name Dulcolax

abdomen).
Brand Name Colace

into the colon.
acute abdomen.

Classification
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity; Severe anemia; Pericardial tamponade; Constrictive pericarditis; Alcohol intolerance (large IV
Common Side Effects: dizziness, headache, apprehension, restlessness, weakness. EENT: blurred vision. CV: hypotension,
Life Threatening Side Effects: hypotension, tachycardia
not complain of chest pain.
Brand Name: Eliquis
Classification: Anticoagulants (factor xa inhibitors)

Dosage: 2.5 mg
Action: selectively blocks active site of factor Xa, inhibiting blood coagulation (factor Xa inhibitor)
Why is patient taking? We have you take this drug to prevent any blood clots that may form d/t blood pooling in the heart.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity reactions; Active pathological bleeding; Severe hepatic impairment
 Assess patient for symptoms of stroke or peripheral vascular disease periodically during therapy.
 Instruct patient to take apixaban as directed. Take missed doses as soon as remembered on the same day and resume twice
daily administration; do not double doses.
 Do not discontinue without consulting health care professional.
Common Side Effects: bleeding, anemia, nausea
Life Threatening Side Effects: thrombocytopenia, bleeding
Peak: 3-4 hours Onset: 3-4 hours Duration: 24 hours
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question) Yes, because when I
came in on Saturday the patient was discharged.
Generic Name Carvedilol

Brand Name Coreg
Classification beta blocker
Dosage: 25 mg BID
Action: Blocks stimulation of beta1(myocardial) and beta2 (pulmonary, vascular, and uterine)-adrenergic receptor sites. Also has
alpha1 blocking activity, which may result in orthostatic hypotension.
Why is patient taking? Hypertension. HF (ischemic or cardiomyopathic) with digoxin, diuretics, and ACE inhibitors. Left ventricular
dysfunction after myocardial infarction.
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. This medication decreased heart
rate and BP, Improves cardiac output, slowing of the progression of HF and decreases risk of death.
Contraindications History of serious hypersensitivity reaction (Stevens-Johnson syndrome, angioedema, anaphylaxis); Pulmonary
edema; Cardiogenic shock; bradycardia, heart block or sick sinus syndrome (unless a pacemaker is in place); Uncompensated HF
requiring IV inotropic agents (wean before starting carvedilol); Severe hepatic impairment; Asthma or other bronchospastic disorders.
● Monitor BP and pulse frequently during dose adjustment period and periodically during therapy. Assess for orthostatic hypotension
when assisting patient up from supine position.
● Monitor intake and output ratios and daily weight. Assess patient routinely for evidence of fluid overload (peripheral edema,
dyspnea, rales/crackles, fatigue, weight gain, jugular venous distention). Patients may experience worsening of symptoms during
initiation of therapy for HF.
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, fatigue, weakness, anxiety, depression, drowsiness, insomnia, memory loss, mental status
changes, nervousness, nightmares. EENT: blurred vision, dry eyes, intraoperative floppy iris syndrome, nasal stuffiness. Resp:
bronchospasm, wheezing. GI: diarrhea, constipation, nausea. GU: erectile dysfunction, decreased libido. Derm: itching, rashes,
urticaria. Endo: hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia. MS: arthralgia, back pain, muscle cramps. Neuro: paresthesia. Misc: drug-induced
lupus syndrome.
Life Threatening Side Effects BRADYCARDIA, HF, PULMONARY EDEMA. STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME, TOXIC
EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS, ANAPHYLAXIS, ANGIOEDEMA
Peak: 1-2 hr Onset: within 1 hr Duration: 12 hr
Generic Name: hydrocodone/ acetaminophen

Brand Name: Norco
Classification: Narcotic Analgesic
Dosage: 2 tablets PO daily
Action :Binds to opiate receptors in the CNS. Alter the perception of and response to painful stimuli while producing generalized CNS
depression: Suppress the cough reflex via a direct central action.
Why is patient taking? To control pain from the fracture
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand: it will help to reduce the patient’s
pain to a manageable level.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to hydrocodone (cross-sensitivity may exist to other opioids); Significant respiratory depression;
Paralytic ileus; Acute or severe bronchial asthma; Hypersensitivity to acetaminophen/ibuprofen (for combination products);
Ibuprofen-containing products should be avoided in patients with bleeding disorders or thrombocytopenia; Acetaminophen-containing
products should be avoided in patients with severe hepatic or renal disease; Ibuprofen-containing products should be avoided in
patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Addition of acetaminophen increases the risk for
liver and renal damage.
• Ask for analgesic before pain becomes severe, to
abort excessive discomfort.
• The medication may cause drowsiness or dizziness. • Change positions slowly to minimize dizziness.
• Avoid concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS
depressants with this medication.
• Use good oral hygiene and sugarless gum or
candy to decrease dry mouth. • Report constipation.
Common Side Effects: euphoria, hallucinations, headache, unusual dreams.
Life Threatening Side Effects: Respiratory depression, constipation, confusion, dizziness, sedation,
Peak: 10-30mins Onset: 30-60mins Duration: 4-6hrs
Generic Name: Vitamin D3

Brand Name: cholecalciferol
Classification: Fat soluble vitamins
Dosage: 50,000units PO Q7 days
Action: Cholecalciferol requires activation in the liver and kid- neys to create the active form of vitamin D3. Doxercalciferol and
ergocalciferol require activation in the liver to create the active form of vitamin D2. Paricalcitol is a synthetic analogue of calcitriol.
Vitamin D Promotes the absorption of calcium and parathyroid hormone concentration
Why is patient taking? To help with calcium absorption
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand: It will help calcium to be
reabsorption, which will help in regeneration of the fracture.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity; Hypercalcemia; Vitamin D toxicity
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Diarrhea: Assess frequency, amount, and consistency of stools.
- Explain that constipation may occur. Increase in fluids and bulk in diet, exercise, stool softeners, and laxatives may be required to
minimize the constipating effects. Instruct patient to notify health care professional if constipation, nausea, flatulence, and heartburn
persist or if stools become frothy and foul smelling.
- Advise patient to notify health care professional if unusual bleeding or bruising; petechiae; or black, tarry stools occur. Treatment
with vitamin K may be necessary.
Common Side Effects: headache, somnolence, weakness; doxercalciferol, dizziness, malaise
Life Threatening Side Effects: PANCREATITIS, abdominal pain, anorexia, constipation, dry mouth,
Peak: unknown Onset unknown Duration: unknown
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? ( this is not just a yes/no question). Calcium levels are
presently at 8.6mg/dL

Brand Name Protonix
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Patient was discharged by the day of clinical, so I
administered medication to a different patient

Brand Name Klor-Con
hyperkalemia
chloride.
paresthesia.
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? Patient was discharged by the day of clinical, so I
administered medication to a different patient
Generic Name Sertraline
Brand Name Zoloft
Classification selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Action: Inhibits neuronal uptake of serotonin in the CNS, thus potentiating the activity of serotonin. Has little effect on norepinephrine
or dopamine.
Why is patient taking? Major depressive disorder
feelings of depression and decrease incidence of panic attacks.
use of pimozide; Oral concentrate contains alcohol; avoid in patients with known intolerance.
● Assess for suicidal tendencies, especially during early therapy. Restrict amount of drug available to patient
● Monitor appetite and nutritional intake. Weigh weekly. Notify health care professional of continued weight loss. Adjust diet as
tolerated to support nutritional status.
● Assess for serotonin syndrome (mental changes [agitation, hallucinations, coma], autonomic instability [tachycardia, labile BP,
hyperthermia], neuromuscular aberrations [hyperreflexia, incoordination], and/or GI symptoms [nausea, vomiting, diarrhea]),
especially in patients taking other serotonergic drugs (SSRIs, SNRIs, triptans).
insomnia.
Common Side Effects CNS: dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, insomnia, agitation, anxiety, confusion, emotional lability,
impaired concentration, manic reaction, nervousness, weakness, yawning. EENT: pharyngitis, rhinitis, tinnitus, visual abnormalities.
CV: chest pain, palpitations. GI: diarrhea, dry mouth, nausea, abdominal pain, altered taste, anorexia, constipation, dyspepsia,
flatulence, increased appetite, vomiting. GU: sexual dysfunction, menstrual disorders, urinary disorders, urinary frequency. Derm:
increased sweating, hot flashes, rash. Endo: diabetes. F and E: hyponatremia. MS: back pain, myalgia. Neuro: tremor, hypertonia,
hypoesthesia, paresthesia, twitching. Misc:, fever, thirst.
SYNDROME
Peak: UNKNOWN Onset: within 2-4 weeks Duration: UNKNOWN
Generic Name: polyethylene glucol

Dosage: 17g PO
and GERD
Nursing Care:

or GERD.
Brand Name Colace
Dosage: 100mg PO
into the colon.
acute abdomen.

Brand Name Tylenol
liver disease.
trismus (IV)
Generic Name: Labetalol
Brand Name: Trandate

Dosage: 10mg daily
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor BP, ECG, and pulse before beginning treatment and periodically thereafter. Check apical/radial pulse
before administration (withhold <50bpm). Notify prescriber of any significant changes. Monitor I&O and DW; Assess for HF signs (JVD,
crackles bilaterally, dyspnea, peripheral edema).
Common Side Effects: Fatigue, weakness, depression, colitis, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, dry mouth, hiccups, dizziness,
hallucinations, anxiety, headaches, confusion, insomnia, sore throat, dry burning eyes, impotence, rash, increased liver enzymes
Generic Name: Gabapentin

Brand Name: Horizant
Classification: analgesic adjuncts, anticonvulsants
Dosage: 300mg po
Action: Mechanism of action is not known. May affect transport of amino acids across and stabilize neuronal membranes
Why is patient taking the medication? To manage pain
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand.it will help to reduce the pt. pain
Contraindications: All patients (may ↑ risk of suicidal thoughts/behaviors);
Renal insufficiency (↓ dose and/or ↑ dosing interval if CCr ≤60 mL/min);
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor closely for notable changes in behavior that could indicate the emergence or worsening of suicidal
thoughts or behavior or depression
Common Side Effects - confusion, depression, dizziness, drowsiness, sedation, anxiety,
Life Threatening Side Effects - SUICIDAL THOUGHTS
Generic Name: Certirizine

Brand Name: rectine
Classification - antihistamine
Dosage: 10mg po
Action - Antagonizes the effects of histamine at H1 -receptor sites; does not bind to or inactivate histamine.
Anticholinergic effects are minimal and sedation is dose related.
Why is patient taking the medication? To mange inflammatory response
IV push medication (rate of administration and dilution
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand- helps to reduce allergy symptoms
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to cetirizine, hydroxyzine or any component;
Lactation: Excreted in breast milk; not recommended for use.
Nursing Care/Monitoring: May cause dizziness and drowsiness. Caution patient to avoid driving or other activities requiring alertness
until response to medication is known.
Advise patient to avoid taking alcohol or other CNS depressants concurrently with this drug.
Common Side Effects - dizziness, drowsiness (significant with doses >10 mg/day), fatigue
Life Threatening Side Effects - sedation
Generic Name: bupropion

Brand Name: zyban
Classification: antidepressants
Dosage: 150mg po
Action: Decreases neuronal reuptake of dopamine in the CNS.
Diminished neuronal uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine (less than tricyclic antidepressants).
Why is patient taking the medication? To manage symptoms of depression
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand- reduces depression
Contraindications - Concurrent use of MAO inhibitors or MAO-like drugs (linezolid or methylene blue);
Concurrent use of ritonavir; Seizure disorder
Nursing Care/Monitoring - Administer doses in equally spaced time increments during the day to minimize the risk of seizures. Risk
of seizures increases fourfold in doses greater than 450 mg per day.
May be initially administered concurrently with sedatives to minimize agitation. This is not usually required after the 1st wk. of
therapy.
Common Side Effects - agitation, headache, aggression, anxiety, delusions, depression, hallucinations, hostility, insomnia, mania,
panic, paranoia, psychoses
Life Threatening Side Effects - HOMICIDAL THOUGHTS/BEHAVIOR, SEIZURES, SUICIDAL THOUGHTS/BEHAVIOR

Brand Name Colace
Dosage: 10mg PO
into the colon.
acute abdomen.
Evaluation: Did this medication work for the intended purpose? How? Why? My patient was discharged, so I didn’t administer
medications for this patient
Generic Name: polyethylene glycol
Brand Name: Miralx
Classification: Laxative
Dosage: 17g PO
Action: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) in solution acts as an osmotic agent, drawing water into the lumen of the GI tract.
Why is patient taking the medication? Evacuation of the GI tract without water or electrolyte imbalance.

How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. It will help to expel waste from
the GI tract
Contraindications: GI obstruction;
Gastric retention;
Toxic colitis;
Megacolon;
Bowel perforation.
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Inform patient that 2–4 days may be required to produce a bowel movement. PEG should not be
used for more than 2 wk. Prolonged, frequent, or excessive use may result in electrolyte imbalance and laxative
dependence.
Advise patient to notify health care professional if unusual cramps, bloating, or diarrhea occurs.
Common Side Effects urticarial, abdominal bloating, cramping, flatulence, nausea
Life Threatening Side Effects- none
Brand Name NovoLOG
and shorter duration than regular insulin; should be used with an intermediate- or long-acting insulin.
to diabetes
during therapy.
Generic Name -lactulose
Brand Name - cholac
Classification - laxative
Dosage: 30 po q8hr
Action: Increases water content and softens the stool.
Lowers the pH of the colon, which inhibits the diffusion of ammonia from the colon into the blood, thereby reducing blood ammonia
levels.
Why is patient taking? To help with bowel movement
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Easily movement of the bowel
Contraindications - Patients on low-galactose diets.
Use Cautiously in:
Diabetes mellitus;
Excessive or prolonged use (may lead to dependence);
Nursing Care/Monitoring - Encourage patients to use other forms of bowel regulation, such as increasing bulk in the diet, increasing
fluid intake, and increasing mobility. Normal bowel habits are individualized and may vary from 3 times/day to 3 times/wk.
Common Side Effects - belching, cramps, distention, flatulence, diarrhea
Life Threatening Side Effects - hyperglycemia

Peak: unkwn Onset: 24-48hrs Duration: unkwn
Generic Name: Heparin

Brand Name: hepalean
Classification: anticoagulant
Dosage: 5000units q8h
Action: Potentiates the inhibitory effect of antithrombin on factor Xa and thrombin.
In low doses, prevents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by its effects on factor Xa.
Higher doses neutralize thrombin, preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
Why is patient taking the medication? To prevent blood coagulation
How does the medication work, the therapeutic effects? Put in terms your patient would understand. Helps to prevent a thrombus
Contraindications: Uncontrolled bleeding;
Severe thrombocytopenia;
Open wounds (full dose);
Nursing Care/Monitoring: Assess for signs of bleeding and hemorrhage (bleeding gums; nosebleed; unusual bruising; black, tarry
stools; hematuria; fall in hematocrit or BP; guaiac-positive stools). Notify health care professional if these occur.
Common Side Effects - rug-induced hepatitis
Derm: alopecia (long-term use), rashes, urticaria
Life Threatening Side Effects – bleeding

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Generic Name Apixaban

Brand Name Eliquis

Generic Name Tamsulosin

Generic Name Famotidine

Generic Name Furosemide

Peak: 1-2 hours Onset: 30-60 minutes Duration: 6-8 hours

Generic Name Prednisone

Generic Name Piperacillin-Tazobactam

Generic Name Pantoprazole

Generic Name: Metoprolol

Brand Name: Lopressor

Classification: Antihypertensive, antianginal

Dosage: 100 mg PO BID

Why is patient taking? Decreased B/P, heart rate, AV conduction

Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor B/P during beginning treatment, periodically thereafter;

Life Threatening Side Effects: Agranulocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenic purpura,

Peak: 2-4 hr Onset: 15 min

Generic Name Levothyroxine

Generic Name Bupropion

Generic Name Sertraline

Generic Name magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide

Common Side Effects constipation, diarrhea, hypermagnesemia, hypophosphatemia

Generic Name Bisacodyl

Generic Name Docusate-Senna

Brand Name: Bayer’s Aspirin

Classification: Nonopioid analgesic

Action: Blocks pain impulses in CNS, reduces inflammation by inhibition of prostaglandin

Why is patient taking? transient ischemic attacks/stroke

Contraindications: GI bleeding, bleeding disorders, vit K deficiency, peptic ulcer, acute

Peak: 1-2 hr Onset: 15-30 min

Generic Name: Metoprolol

Brand Name: Lopressor

Classification: Antihypertensive, antianginal

Dosage: 100 mg PO BID

Why is patient taking? Decreased B/P, heart rate, AV conduction

Nursing Care/Monitoring: Monitor B/P during beginning treatment, periodically thereafter;

Life Threatening Side Effects: Agranulocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenic purpura,

Peak: 2-4 hr Onset: 15 min

Generic Name Allopurinol

Generic Name Sevelamer

Generic Name Enoxaparin

Generic Name Isosorbide Mononitrate

Generic Name Pantoprazole

Generic Name Temazepam

Generic Name Acetaminophen

Generic Name magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide

Common Side Effects constipation, diarrhea, hypermagnesemia, hypophosphatemia

Generic Name Bisacodyl

Generic Name Docusate-Senna

Generic Name Nitroglycerin

Generic Name: Diltiazem

Brand Name: Cardizem

Classification: antianginals, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS

Dosage:180 mg q HS (every night at bedtime)

Action: inhibits transport of calcium into myocardial smooth muscle cells

Why is patient taking? Hypertension- Decrease BP and angina

Decreases blood pressure, reduces heart rate or irregular heart contractions.

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity; recent MI or concurrent use of Rifampin

Common Side Effects: anxiety, confusion, drowsy, dizziness,

Life Threatening Side Effects: Steven Johnsons Syndrome, Arrhythmias

Peak: (PO) 2-3 hrs Onset: 30 min Duration: 6-8 hrs

Generic Name: Montelukast