Lecture 10 VIRUS Dr.

Farah Amir
Herpes simplex viruses :
Herpes simplex viruses -- more commonly known as herpes -- are categorized into
two types: herpes type 1 (HSV-1, or oral herpes) and herpes type 2 (HSV-2, or genital
herpes). Most commonly, herpes type 1 causes sores around the mouth and lips
(sometimes called fever blisters or cold sores). HSV-1 can cause genital herpes, but
most cases of genital herpes are caused by herpes type 2. In HSV-2, the infected
person may have sores around the genitals or rectum. Although HSV-2 sores may
occur in other locations, these sores usually are found below the waist.
HSV-1 and HSV-2 are the only human herpes viruses that have a significant degree of
nucleotide homology (about fifty percent). They therefore share many common
features in replication, disease production, and latency. herpes viruses consists of a
relatively large, double-stranded, linear DNA genome encased within an icosahedral
protein cage called the capsid.

HSV-1
Infection with HSV-1 can happen from general interactions such as: eating from the
same utensils, sharing lip balm, kissing

How Is Herpes Simplex Diagnosed?

The appearance of herpes simplex virus is typical and no testing is needed to confirm
the diagnosis. If a health care provider is uncertain, herpes simplex can be diagnosed
with lab tests, including DNA -- or PCR -- tests and virus cultures.

How Is Herpes Simplex Treated?

Although there is no cure for herpes, treatments can relieve the symptoms. Medication
can decrease the pain related to an outbreak and can shorten healing time. They can
also decrease the total number of outbreaks. Drugs including Zovirax,
and Valtrex are among the drugs used to treat the symptoms of herpes. Warm baths
may relieve the pain associated with genital sores.

Mumps virus:
Mumps used to be one of the commonly acquired childhood infections. Adults who
escape the disease in childhood could also be infected. In the prevaccine period,
mumps was the most common cause of viral encephalitis. Complete recovery may be.
The virus is spread by respiratory droplets. Although about one third of infections are
subclinical, the classic clinical presentation and diagnosis center on infection and
swelling of the salivary glands, primarily the parotid glands. However, infection is
widespread in the body and may involve not only the salivary glands but also the

1
Lecture 10 VIRUS Dr. Farah Amir
pancreas, CNS, and testes. The mumps virus genome is a linear, single-stranded
molecule of negative-sense RNA

symptoms of mumps

The symptoms of mumps normally appear 2-3 weeks after the patient has been
infected

 Body aches, Headache, Loss of appetite and/or nausea, General fatigue,

Fever (low-grade) , Pain in the sides of the face where it is swollen., Pain
experienced when swallowing., Trouble swallowing., Fever (up to 103 degrees
Fahrenheit)., A dry mouth., Pain in joints.

Over the next few days, the classic symptoms of mumps will develop. The main
symptom is painful and swollen parotid glands, one of three sets of salivary glands;
this causes the person's cheeks to puff out. The swelling normally does not occur in
one go - it happens in waves.

Diagnosis

 Check inside the mouth to see the position of the tonsils - when infected with
mumps, a person's tonsils can get pushed to the side.

 Take the patient's temperature.

 Take a sample of blood, urine, or saliva to confirm diagnosis.

Treatment:

 Rest when you feel weak or tired.

 Take over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen, to

bring down your fever.

 Soothe swollen glands by applying ice packs.

 Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration due to fever.

 Eat a soft diet of soup, yogurt, and other foods that aren’t hard to chew
(chewing may be painful when your glands are swollen).

 Avoid acidic foods and beverages that may cause more pain in your salivary
glands.

2
Lecture 10 VIRUS Dr. Farah Amir

What are the measles?

Measles, or rubeola, is a viral infection of the respiratory system. Measles is a very
contagious disease that can spread through contact with infected mucus and saliva. An
infected person can release the infection into the air when they cough or sneeze.

Measles virus is transmitted by sneeze- or cough-produced respiratory droplets. As

the infected particles enter the air and settle on surfaces, anyone within close
proximity can become infected. Measles virus, have a single-stranded, negative-
sense, enveloped RNA virus.

Drinking from an infected person’s glass, or sharing eating utensils with an infected
person, increases your risk of infection.

What are the symptoms of measles?

Symptoms of measles generally appear within 14 days of exposure to the virus.
Symptoms include:

 cough, fever, red eyes, light sensitivity, muscle aches, runny nose, sore throat,
white spots inside the mouth

How to prevent measles

Immunizations can help prevent a measles outbreak. The MMR vaccine is a three-in-
one vaccination that can protect you and your children from the measles, mumps,
and rubella(German measles).

Children can receive their first MMR vaccination at 12 months, or sooner if traveling
internationally, and their second dose between the ages of 4 and 6. Adults who have
never received an immunization can request the vaccine from their doctor.

Influenza virus
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by
an influenza virus, have RNA and protein . Symptoms can be mild to severe. The
most common symptoms include: high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle
pains, headache, coughing, sneezing, and feeling tired. These symptoms typically
begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week. The cough,
however, may last for more than two weeks. In children, there may
be diarrhea and vomiting, but these are not common in adults. Diarrhea and vomiting
occur more commonly in gastroenteritis, which is an unrelated disease and sometimes
inaccurately referred to as "stomach flu" or the "24-hour flu". Complications of
influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus

3
Lecture 10 VIRUS Dr. Farah Amir
infections, and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure.

• Influenza is an acute respiratory illness characterized by fever, headache,

myalgia, coryza, sore throat and cough. Cough is frequently severe and
protracted.

• Duration of illness is usually 2-7 days.

Since the clinical picture of influenza is nonspecific, its specific diagnosis must be
confirmed by laboratory tests.

This is usually made by virus isolation, identification of specific antigens or antibody

rise.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV is a virus that damages the immune system. The immune system helps the body
fight off infections. Untreated HIV infects and kills CD4 cells, which are a type of
immune cell called T cells. Over time, as HIV kills more CD4 cells, the body is more
likely to get various types of infections and cancers. genetic information as RNA

HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids that include:

 blood
 semen
 vaginal and rectal fluids
 breast milk
 through vaginal or anal sex — the most common route of transmission,
 by sharing needles, syringes, and other items for injection drug use
 by sharing tattoo equipment without sterilizing it between uses
 during pregnancy, labor, or delivery from a woman to her baby
during breastfeeding
 through “pre-mastication,” or chewing a baby’s food before feeding it to them
through exposure to the blood of someone living with HIV, such as through a
needle stick

The virus doesn’t spread in air or water, or through casual contact.

HIV is a lifelong condition and currently there is no cure, although many scientists are
working to find one. However, with medical care, including treatment called
antiretroviral therapy, it’s possible to manage HIV and live with the virus for many
years.

Without treatment, a person with HIV is likely to develop a serious condition called
AIDS. At that point, the immune system is too weak to fight off other diseases and
infections. Untreated, life expectancy with AIDS is about three years.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease that can develop in

people with HIV. It’s the most advanced stage of HIV. But just because a person has
HIV doesn’t mean they’ll develop AIDS.

4
Lecture 10 VIRUS Dr. Farah Amir
HIV kills CD4 cells. Healthy adults generally have a CD4 count of 500 to 1,500 per
cubic millimeter. A person with HIV whose CD4 count falls below 200 per cubic
millimeter will be diagnosed with AIDS.

If AIDS does develop, it means that the immune system is severely compromised. It’s
weakened to the point where it can no longer fight off most diseases and infections.
That makes the person vulnerable to a wide range of illnesses, including:
 pneumonia
 tuberculosis
 oral thrush, a fungal infection in the mouth or throat
 cytomegalovirus (CMV), a type of herpes virus
 cryptococcal meningitis, a fungal infection in the brain
 toxoplasmosis, a brain infection caused by a parasite
 cryptosporidiosis, an infection caused by an intestinal parasite
 cancer, including Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and lymphoma

cases of HIV progress through three stages:

 stage 1: acute stage, the first few weeks after transmission
 stage 2: clinical latency, or chronic stage
 stage 3: AIDS

Early symptoms of HIV can include:

 fever ..chills…swollen lymph nodes …general aches and pains…skin
rash…sore throat….headache…nausea….upset stomach

Because these symptoms are similar to common illnesses like the flu, the person with
them might not think they need to see a healthcare provider. And even if they do, their
healthcare provider might suspect the flu or mononucleosis and might not even
consider HIV.

symptoms of ADIS can include

 Fever
 chronic swollen lymph glands, especially of the armpits, neck, and groin
 chronic fatigue
 night sweats
 dark splotches under the skin or inside the mouth, nose, or eyelids
 sores, spots, or lesions of the mouth and tongue, genitals, or anus
 bumps, lesions, or rashes of the skin
 recurrent or chronic diarrhea
 rapid weight loss
 neurologic problems such as trouble concentrating, memory loss, and
confusion
 anxiety and depression

Treatment options for HIV

Treatment should begin as soon as possible after a diagnosis of HIV, regardless of
viral load. The main treatment for HIV is antiretroviral therapy, a combination of
daily medications that stop the virus from reproducing. This helps protect CD4 cells,
keeping the immune system strong enough to fight off disease.

5
Lecture 10 VIRUS Dr. Farah Amir
Antiretroviral therapy helps keep HIV from progressing to AIDS. It also helps reduce
the risk of transmitting HIV to others.

Pathogenesis and clinical significance of HIV infection

The pathology of HIV disease results from either tissue destruction by the virus itself
or the host's response to virus-infected cells. In addition, HIV can induce an
immunodeficient state that leads to opportunistic diseases that are rare in the absence
of HIV infection. The progression from HIV infection to AIDS develops in fifty
percent of HIV-infected individuals in an average of ten years, and, if untreated, it is
uniformly fatal generally within two years of diagnosis. However, there is a
significant fraction (about ten percent) of HIV-infected individuals who have not
developed AIDS after twenty years. Development from HIV infection to end-stage
AIDS progresses through several phases.