LINE ENCODER – DECODER

1.1 Objectives
1. To understand the theory and applications of line code encoder and decoder.
2. To understand the encode and decode theory and circuit structure of NRZ.
3. To understand the encode and decode theory and circuit structure of RZ.
4. To understand the encode and decode theory and circuit structure of AMI.
5. To understand the encode and decode theory and circuit structure of Manchester.
1.2 Basic Theory
Give a brief explanation about:
1. Encode and decode theory and circuit structure of NRZ
2. Encode and decode theory and circuit structure of RZ
3. Encode and decode theory and circuit structure of AMI
4. Encode and decode theory and circuit structure of Manchester

1.3 Experiment Apparatus

1. DC Power Supply 1
2. Function Generator 2
3. Oscilloscope 1
4. GOTT – DCT01 Line Encoder Module 1
5. GOTT – DCT02 Line Decoder Module 1
6. BNC to Alligator cable 4
7. BNC to BNC cable 2
8. Large banana to banana cable 5
9. Small banana to banana cable
10. T-connector 2

1.4 Procedures
1.4.1 Unipolar NRZ signal encode and decode
1. To implement a unipolar NRZ encode circuit refer to figure DCT1-1 on GOTT
DCT-6000-01 module.
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2. Setting the frequency of function generator to 1 kHz TTL signal and connect this
signal to the Data I/P. Then observe on the output waveform by using
oscilloscope and record the measured results in table 1.1.
3. To implement a UNI-NRZ decode circuit refer to figure DCT2-1 on GOTT
DCT-6000-01 module.
4. Connect the UNI-NRZ 0/P of figure DCT1-1 to the UNI-NRZ I/P of figure
DCT2-1. Next observe on the output waveform by using oscilloscope and record
the measured results in table 1.1.
5. According to the input signals in table 1.1, repeat step 2-4 and record the
measured results in table 1.1.

1.4.2 Unipolar RZ signal encode and decode

1. To implement a unipolar RZ signal encode circuit refer to figure DCT 1-2 on
GOTT DCT-6000-01 module.
2. Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal and connect this
signal to the CLK I/P of figure DCT 1-2 and CLK at the left bottom. After that
connect the Data O/P at the left bottom to the Data I/P in figure DCT 1-2. Then
observe on the waveforms of CLK I/P, Data I/P and UNI-RZ O/P by using
oscilloscope, and record the measured results in table 1.2.
3. To implement a UNI-RZ decode circuit refer to figure DCT2-2 on GOTT DCT-
6000-01 module.
4. Connect the UNI-RZ O/P of figure DCT 1-2 to the UNI-RZ I/P of figure DCT2-
2. Next observe on the waveforms of UNI-RZ I/P, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4 and Data
O/P by using oscilloscope. Finally record the measured results in table 1.3.
5. According to the input signals in table 1.2, repeat step 2 – 4 and record the
measured results in table 1.2 and 1.3.
6. Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal and connect this
signal to the CLK I/P in figure DCT 1-2. Then setting another frequency of
function generator to 1 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the Data I/P in
figure DCT1-2. Then observe on the waveform of CLK I/P, Data I/P and UNI-
RZ O/P by using oscilloscope, record the measured results in table 1.4.
7. Connect the UNI-RZ O/P of DCT1-2 to UNI-RZ I/P of DCT2-2. Then observe

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 the waveforms of UNI-RZ O/P, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4 and Data I/P by using
oscilloscope, then record the measured results in table 1.5.
8. According to the input signals in table 1.4, repeat step 6 – 7 and record the
measured results in table 1.4 and 1.5.

1.4.3 Bipolar RZ signal encode and decode

1. To implement a bipolar RZ signal encode circuit refer to figure DCT1-2 on
GOTT DCT-6000-01 module.
2. Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal and connect this
signal to the CLK I/P in figure DCT1-2 and CLK at the left bottom. After that
connect the Data O/P at the left bottom to the Data I/P in figure DCT1-2. Then
observe on the waveforms of CLK I/P, Data I/P, TP1 and BIP-RZ O/P by using
oscilloscope, and record the measured results in table 1.6.
3. To implement a BIP-RZ decode circuit refer to figure DCT2-2 on GOTT DCT-
6000-01 module.
4. Connect the BIP-RZ O/P of figure DCT1-2 to the BIP-RZ I/P of figure DCT2-2.
Next observe on the waveforms of BIP-RZ I/P, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4 and Data
O/P by using oscilloscope. Finally record the measured results in table 1.7.
5. According to the input signals in table 1.6, repeat step 2-4 and record the
measured results in table 1.6 and 1.7.
6. Setting frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal and connect this
signal to the CLK I/P in figure DCT1-2. Then setting another frequency of
function generator to 1 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the Data I/P in
figure DCT1-2. Then observe on waveforms of CLK I/P, Data I/P, TP1 and BIP-
RZ O/P by using oscilloscope, and record the measured results in table 1.8.
7. Connect the BIP-RZ O/P of DCT 1-2 to BIP-RZ I/P of DCT2-2. Then observe
on the waveforms of BIP-RZ I/P, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4 and Data O/P by using
oscilloscope, then record the measured results in table 1-9.
8. According to the input signals in table 1.8, repeat step 6-7 and record the
measured results in table 1.8 and 1.9.

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 1.4.4 AMI signal encode and decode

1. To implement an AMI signal encode circuit refer to figure DCT 1-3 on GOTT
DCT-6000-01 module.
2. Setting the frequency of function generator to 100Hz TTL signal and connect this
signal to the CLK I/P in figure DCT 1-3 and CLK at the left bottom. After that
connect the Data O/P at the left bottom to the Data I/P in figure DCT1-3. Then
observe on the waveforms of CLK I/P, Data I/P, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4, TP5 and
AMI O/P by using oscilloscope, and record the measured results in table 1.10.
3. To implement a transformation circuit of AMI to RZ as shown in figure 2-6 or
refer to figure DCT2-3 on GOTT DCT-6000-01 module.
4. Connect the AMI O/P of figure DCT1-3 to the AMI I/P of figure DCT2-3. Next
observe on the waveforms of AMI I/P, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4, TP5, TP6 and Data
O/P by using oscilloscope. Finally record the measured results in table 1-11.
5. According to the input signals in table 1.10, repeat step 2-4 and record the
measured results in table 1.10 and 1.11.
6. Setting the frequency of function generator to 100Hz TTL signal and connect this
signal to the CLK I/P in figure DCT1-3. Then setting another frequency of
function generator to 50 Hz TTL signal and connect this signal to the Data I/P in
figure DCT1-3. Then observe on the waveforms of CLK I/P, Data I/P, TP1, TP2 ,
TP3 , TP4 , TP5 and AMI O/P by using oscilloscope, and record the measured
results in table 1.12.
7. Connect the AMI O/P of DCT1-3 to AMI I/P of DCT2-3. Then observe on the
waveforms of AMI I/P, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4, TP5, TP6 and Data O/P by using
oscilloscope, then record the measured results in table 1.13.
8. According to the input signals in table 1-8, repeat step 6-7 and record the
measured results in table 1.12 and 1.13.

1.4.5 Manchester Signal Encode and Decode

1. To implement a Manchester signal encode circuit refer to figure DCT1-4 on
GOTT DCT-6000-01 module.
2. Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal and connect this

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 signal to the CLK I/P in figure DCT 1-4 and CLK at the left bottom. After that
connect the Data O/P at the left bottom to the Data I/P in figure DCT1-4. Then
observe on the waveforms of CLK I/P, Data I/P and Manchester O/P by using
oscilloscope, and record the measured results in table 1.14.
3. To implement a Manchester decode circuit refer to figure DCT2-4 on GOTT
DCT-6000-01 module.
4. Connect the Manchester O/P of figure DCT 1-4 to the Manchester I/P of figure
DCT2-4. Next observe on the waveforms of Manchester I/P, TP1 and Data O/P
by using oscilloscope. Finally record the measured results in table 1.15.
5. According to the input signals in table 1.14, repeat step 2-4 and record the
measured results in table 1.14 and 1.15.
6. Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal and connect this
signal to the CLK I/P in figure DCT1-4. Then setting, another frequency of
function generator to 1 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the Data I/P in
figure DCT 1-4. Then observe on the waveforms of CLK I/P, Data I/P and
Manchester O/P by using oscilloscope, and record the measured results in table
1-16.
7. Connect the Manchester O/P of DCT1-4 to Manchester I/P of DCT2-4. Then
observe the waveforms of Manchester I/P, TP1 and Data O/P by using
oscilloscope, then record the measured results in table 1.17.
8. According to the input signals in table 1.16, repeat step 6-7 and record the
measured results in table 1-16 and 1.17.

1.5 Measurement Result

1.5.1 Unipolar NRZ signal encode and decode
Table 1.1. Measured results of UNI-NRZ signal encode and decode
Input Signal
Signal Waveforms
Frequencies
(Data I/P) Data I/P UNI-NRZ O/P Data O/P

1 kHz

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Input Signal
Signal Waveforms
Frequencies
(Data I/P) Data I/P UNI-NRZ O/P Data O/P

2 kHz

4 kHz

1.5.2 Unipolar RZ signal encode and decode

Table 1.2. Measured results of UNI-RZ signal encode

Output Signal Waveforms

Input Signal
Frequencies
(CLK I/P) CLK I/P Data I/P UNI-RZ O/P

2 kHz

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 Output Signal Waveforms
Input Signal
Frequencies
(CLK I/P) CLK I/P Data I/P UNI-RZ O/P

5kHz

Table 1.3 Measured results of UNI-RZ signal decode.

Input
Signal
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
Frequencies
(CLK I/P)

UNI- RZ I/P TP1 TP2

2kHz
TP3 TP4 DATA O/P

5kHz UNI- RZ I/P TP1 TP2

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 Input
Signal
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
Frequencies
(CLK I/P)

TP3 TP4 DATA O/P

Table 1.4 Measured results of UNI-RZ signal encode.

Input Signal
Frequencies Output Signal Waveforms

CLK I/P Data I/P CLK I/P Data I/P UNI-RZ O/P

2 kHz 1 kHz

5 kHz 2.5 kHz

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 Table 1.5 Measured results of UNI-RZ signal decode.
Input Signal
Frequencies
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
CLK DATA
I/P I/P

UNI- RZ I/P TP1 TP2

2kHz 1 kHz
TP3 TP4 DATA O/P

UNI- RZ I/P TP1 TP2

2,5
5kHz
kHz

TP3 TP4 DATA O/P

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Input Signal
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
Frequencies

1.5.3 Bipolar RZ Signal Encode and Decode

Table 1.6 Measured results of BIP-RZ signal encode.
Input Signal
Frequencies (Clock Output Signal Waveforms
I/P)
CLK I/P Data I/P

2 kHz
TP1 BIP-RZ O/P

CLK I/P Data I/P

5kHz

TP1 BIP-RZ O/P

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 Input Signal
Frequencies (Clock Output Signal Waveforms
I/P)

Table 1.7 Measured results of BIP-RZ signal decode.

Input Signal
Frequencies (Clock Output Signal Waveforms
I/P)
BIP-RZ I/P TP1

TP2 TP3

2 kHz

TP4 DATA O/P

5kHz BIP-RZ I/P TP1

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 Input Signal
Frequencies (Clock Output Signal Waveforms
I/P)

TP2 TP3

TP4 DATA O/P

Table 1.8 Measured results of BIP-RZ signal encode.

Input Signal
Frequencies
Output Signal Waveforms
DATA
CLK I/P
I/P
CLK I/P Data I/P

2 kHz 1 kHz

TP1 BIP-RZ O/P

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 Input Signal
Frequencies
Output Signal Waveforms
DATA
CLK I/P
I/P

CLK I/P Data I/P

5kHz 2.5 kHz

TP1 BIP-RZ O/P

Table 1.9 Measured results of BIP-RZ signal decode.

Input Signal
Frequencies
Output Signal Waveforms
DATA
CLK I/P
I/P
BIP-RZ I/P TP1

2 kHz 1 kHz

TP2 TP3

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 Input Signal
Frequencies
Output Signal Waveforms
DATA
CLK I/P
I/P

TP4 DATA O/P

BIP-RZ I/P TP1

TP2 TP3

5kHz 2.5 kHz

TP4 DATA O/P

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 1.5.4 AMI Signal Encode and Decode
Table 1.10 Measured results of AMI signal encode.
Input Signal
Frequencies (CLK Output Signal Waveforms
I/P)
CLK I/P Data I/P

TP1 TP2

100 Hz
TP3 TP4

TP5 AMI O/P

CLK I/P Data I/P

500 Hz

TP1 TP2

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 Input Signal
Frequencies (CLK Output Signal Waveforms
I/P)

TP3 TP4

TP5 AMI O/P

Table 1.11 Measured results of AMI signal decode.

Input Signal
Frequencies (CLK Output Signal Waveforms
I/P)
AMI I/P TP1

100 Hz

TP2 TP3

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 Input Signal
Frequencies (CLK Output Signal Waveforms
I/P)

TP4 DATA O/P

AMI I/P TP1

TP2 TP3
500 Hz

TP4 DATA O/P

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 Table 1.12 Measured results of AMI signal encode.
Input Signal
Frequencies Output Signal Waveforms
CLK I/P Data I/P
CLK I/P Data I/P

TP1 TP2

100 Hz 50 Hz

TP3 TP4

TP5 AMI O/P

500 Hz 250 Hz CLK I/P Data I/P

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 Input Signal
Frequencies Output Signal Waveforms
CLK I/P Data I/P

TP1 TP2

TP3 TP4

TP5 AMI O/P

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 1.5.5 Manchester signal encode and decode

Table 1-14 Measured results of Manchester signal encode.

Input Signal Output Signal Waveforms
Frequencies (CLK
I/P) CLK I/P Data I/P Manchester O/P

2 kHz

3 kHz

8 kHz

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 Table 1.15 Measured results of Manchester signal decode.
Input Output Signal Waveforms
Signal
Manchester
Frequencies TP1 Data O/P
I/P
(CLK I/P)

2 kHz

3 kHz

8 kHz

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 Table 1-16 Measured results of Manchester signal encode.
Input Signal
Frequencies Output Signal Waveforms

CLK I/P Data I/P CLK I/P Data I/P Manchester O/P

2 kHz 1 kHz

3 kHz 1.5 kHz

8 kHz 4 kHz

Table 1.17 Measured results of Manchester signal decode.

Input Signal
Output Signal Waveforms
Frequencies
CLK Data Manchester
TP1 Data O/P
I/P I/P I/P

1
2 kHz
kHz

1.5
3 kHz
kHz

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 Input Signal
Output Signal Waveforms
Frequencies
CLK Data Manchester
TP1 Data O/P
I/P I/P I/P

4
8 kHz
kHz

1.6 Problem Discussion

1. Explain what are the common types of line coding ?
2. Explain what are the advantages of line code?
3. Explain how the unipolar and nonreturn-to-zero signals encode and decode ?
4. Explain how the unipolar and bipolar return-to-zero signals encode and decode ?
5. Explain how the AMI signal encodes and decodes ?
6. Explain how the Manchester signal encodes and decodes ?
7. Explain why do we need line coding ?
8. Give an actual example of the application of line code.

1.7 Conclusion

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