Load Shedding Report

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant
guidance and encouragement crowned our efforts with success.
We wish our sincere thanks to Dr. H.C. Nagaraj, Principal, NMIT Bangalore for
providing us with the facilities.
We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. H. M. Ravikumar, HOD, Dept. of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering for constant encouragement for us to exceed in our work. We
wish our grateful thanks to our project guide Mrs. Arunaprabha B.S, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering for her willingness to teach, moral
support given at various stages, her guidance and invaluable time spent with us
throughout the development of the project.
We would like to express our gratitude to Mrs.Veena S, Mrs.Vasudha Hegde,
Dr.V.Krishnan & Mrs.Sowmya Raman, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
for constant encouragement for us to exceed in our work.
We also thank all of those who extended their support and co-operation to us in bringing
out this project.
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ABSTRACT
The motivation for this project came from the frequent power failures which are
found more in urban and rural areas due to overloading/lightning/tripping on electrical
distribution network. Due to such failures domestic consumers are suffering more and
they are unaware about cause of power failure, hazards caused by power failure & also
the delay in restoration of power supply. This kind of power failure occurs frequently and
there is miscommunication between the consumers and the substation center including the
trouble-shooters (electrician/linemen) of that area. This affects the small-scale business
(shops, hotels, etc.), domestic works as well as the social life of people.
The aim of this project is to overcome the communication gap between the consumer
and electrical power supply authority, analysing the type of fault occurred in the power
system network, informing consumer about fault details and quick restoration of power
by using Node MCU Microcontroller and WIFI (IOT) Based Communication System.
The Automated Power Failure Detection and Consumer Information System will
provide the following features:
1. It detects the type of Power System Fault in the distribution transformer.

2. It sends notification alerts to the consumer & electric power distribution authority
about the fault details.
3. It informs consumers about estimated restoration time after troubleshooter’s
(linemen) feedback.
4. It sends feedback message about restoration of power after fault rectification.
5. It serves as information tool for power supply authority & consumer.
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Automated Power Failure Detection & Consumer Information

System Using NODE MCU Microcontroller
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The motivation for this project came from the frequent power failures which are found
more in urban and rural areas due to overloading/lightning/tripping on electrical
distribution network. Due to such failures domestic consumers are suffering more and
they are unaware about cause of power failure, hazards caused by power failure & also
the delay in restoration of power supply. This kind of power failure occurs frequently and
there is miscommunication between the consumers and the substation center including the
trouble-shooters (electrician/linemen) of that area. This affects the small-scale business
(shops, hotels, etc.), domestic works as well as the social life of people.
The aim of this project is to overcome the communication gap between the consumer and
electrical power supply authority, analysing the type of fault occurred in the power system
network, informing consumer about fault details and quick restoration of power by using
Microcontroller and IOT Based Communication System.
The electrical substation which supply the power to the consumers i.e. industries
or domestic can have failures due to some faults which can be temporary or permanent.
These faults lead to substantial damage to the power system equipment. In India it is
common to observe the failures in supply system due to the faults that occur during the
transmission or distribution. The faults might be LG (Line to Ground), LL (Line to Line),
3L (Three lines) in the supply systems and these faults in three phase supply system can
affect the power system. To overcome this problem a system is built, which can sense
these faults automatically and sends information regarding the fault to the consumer and
electrical substation.
The project is designed to detect the 3 phase fault when automatic tripping
mechanism for the three phase supply system occurs. Step-down transformers are used
for getting low voltage output. This concept low voltage testing of fault conditions is
followed as it is not advisable to create on mains line. Fault condition is created with a set
of switches to input LL, LG, 3L fault to the circuit. This system is built using three
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single phase transformers which are wired in star input and star output. A set of OPAMPS
& Comparators are used to create the LL, LG and 3L fault in low voltage side. The
concept is extended to an automated mechanism to send message to the authorities via
Data by interfacing a WIFI modem.
Block diagram:
Figure 1.1 Block diagram
The 3 phase supply voltage is stepped down to voltage compatible for the microcontroller
and logic circuit operation by limiting the current to 1000mA.
The fault detection circuit will differentiate the 3 phase voltages into zero, positive and
negative sequence components using Symmetric component voltage method.
The Logic circuit is used for the analysis of the fault occurred using the sequence voltages
obtained from the fault detection circuit.
NODE microcontroller is the heart of the project which monitors the detection of fault
and displaying the fault in LCD using I2C mode.
wifi module is used for sending the information regarding fault & restoration time.
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The details of the block diagram and working are explained in the coming chapters.
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System Using Microcontroller
CHAPTER-2
REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS
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CHAPTER 2
REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS
2.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Transformers

7805 Voltage Regulator

Op-amps

LCD Module

PCF8574 8 bit I/O Expander (for I2C)

NODE MCU Microcontroller

ESP WIFI Module
2.1.1 TRANSFORMERS:
Specifications:
Primary voltage: 220~ 240V AC
Secondary voltage: 12V AC
Primary Current: 2~5A
Secondary current: 500mA
Efficiency: 92%
Figure 2.1.2 A TYPICAL TRANSFORMER
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2.1.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

Features:
• Output Current up to 1A.

• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.
• Thermal Overload Protection.
• Short Circuit Protection.
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.
Figure 2.1.3 7805 IC
Description:
The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are
available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making
them useful in a Wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting,
thermal shutdown and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible.
If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output Current. Although
designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
2.1.3 OPAMPS (LM741)

An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high - gain electronic voltage
amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.
LM741 Pin out Connections:
Figure 2.1.4 OP-AMP LM741
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A LM741 is an 8-pin op amp, meaning it has 8 pins all having their different functions.
Above is the pin out diagram of a LM741 Op amp chip:
Pin 1: Offset Null- This is the pin where we add voltage to if we want to eliminate the
offset voltage. This is if we want to completely balance the input voltages. More on this at
offset terminals
Pin 2: Inverting Input- This is where the positive part of the input signal that we want to
amplify goes if we want our amplified signal inverted. If we don't want it inverted, we
place the positive part of the signal into the Non-inverting terminal and place the negative
or ground part of our signal here.
Pin 3: Non-inverting Input- This is where the positive part of the input signal that we
want amplified goes if we want our signal non-inverted.
Pin 4: V-- The LM741 Op amp is a dual power supply op amp, meaning it must be
supplied positive DC voltage and negative DC voltage. Pin 4 is where the op amp gets
supplied with negative DC voltage.
Pin 5: Offset Null- This is the pin where we add voltage to if we want to eliminate the
offset voltage. This is if we want to completely balance the input voltages. More on this at
offset terminals
Pin 6: Output- This is the terminal where the output, the amplified signal, comes out of.
Whatever output the amplifier will drive gets connected to this terminal.
Pin 7: V+- This is the terminal which receives the positive DC voltage.
Pin 8: NC- This pin stands for Not Connected. It is not used for anything and should be
left open.
The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. Other types of differential amplifier
include the fully differential amplifier (similar to the op-amp, but with two outputs), the
instrumentation amplifier (usually built from three op-amps), the isolation amplifier
(similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode voltages
that would destroy an ordinary op-amp), and negative feedback amplifier (usually built
from one or more op-amps and a resistive feedback network).
Practical Considerations:
 The input bias current is about 80 nA
 The input offset current is about 10 nA
 The input impedance is about 2 Mega ohms
 The common mode voltage should be within +/-12V for +/-15V supply
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 The output impedance is about 75 ohms.
 The voltage gain rolls off 6dB per octave starting at 100 kHz.
 There is a finite input offset which must be zeroed by a resistor between pins 1
and 5. The input offset is typically 2mV to <6mV.
 The slew rate is 0.5V/microsecond.
 There is some temperature dependence.
2.1.4 LCD MODULE
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments
and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily
programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike
in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is
an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen,
setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be
displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the
LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.
Pin Diagram:
Figure 2.1.5 LCD PIN DIAGRAM

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Pin Description:
Pin No Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register
Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 8-bit data pins (DB0-9) DB3
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
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NodeMCU v2
The NodeMcu is an open-source firmware and development kit that helps you to
Prototype your IOT product within a few Lua script lines.
Features:
 Open-source
 Interactive
 Programmable
 Low cost
 Simple
 Smart
 WI-FI enabled
Arduino-like hardware IO
Advanced API for hardware IO, which can dramatically reduce the redundant work for configuring and manipulating hardware.
Code like arduino, but interactively in Lua script.
Nodejs style network API

Event-driven API for network applicaitons, which faciliates developers writing code running on a 5mm*5mm sized MCU in
Nodejs style.
Greatly speed up your IOT application developing process.
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Specification:
The Development Kit based on ESP8266, integates GPIO, PWM, IIC, 1-Wire and ADC all
in one board.
Power your developement in the fastest way combinating with NodeMCU Firmware!
 USB-TTL included, plug&play

 10 GPIO, every GPIO can be PWM, I2C, 1-wire
 FCC CERTIFIED WI-FI module（Coming soon）
 PCB antenna
ESP8266 :
This is breakout board for the very popular ESP8266 ESP-12 WiFi module ! Now, it is
even easier to connect to the ESP-12 and start using it stand-alone or with the Arduino
Uno !
This board has all the pins broken out to the standard , so it is compatible with berg
headers, breadboards and dot matrix board. It has a 3.3 V AMS Voltage regulator on
board, which means you can plug in your 5V supply directly and start working with the
board. Easy to Access thru PC using USB to TTL converter Board
For those of you who are new to the IoT space, ESP8266 ESP-12 is a highly
integrated chip designed for the needs of a new connected world. It offers a complete
and self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution, allowing it to either host the application
or to offload all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application processor.
ESP8266 ESP-12 has powerful on-board processing and storage capabilities that
allow it to be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through
its GPIOs with minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its
high degree of on-chip integration allows for minimal external circuitry, and the entire
solution, including front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area.
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INTERNET OF THINGS:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects, devices, vehicles, buildings
and other items which are embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The Internet of
Things allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure, creating opportunities for more-direct integration between the physical world
and computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, acc uracy and economic
benefit; when IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an
instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses
technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities.
Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to
interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the IoT will
consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020. British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton first coined
the term in 1999 while working at Auto-ID Labs (originally called Auto-ID centers - referring
to a global network of Radio- frequency identification (RFID) connected objects). Typically,
IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes
beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and covers a variety of protocols,
domains, and applications. The interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart
objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced
applications like a Smart Grid, and expanding to the areas such as smart cities. "Things," in
the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implan ts,
biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters, automobiles with
built- in sensors, DN A analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen monitoring or field
operation devices that assist firefighters in search and rescue operatio ns. These devices
collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow
the data between other devices. Current market examples include smart thermostat systems
and washer/dryers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring. Besides the plethora of new
application areas for Internet connected automation to expand into, IoT is also expected to
generate large amounts of data from diverse locations that is aggregated very quickly, thereby
increasing the need to better index, store and process such data. IoT is one of the platforms of
today's Smart City and Smart Energy Management Systems..
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EVOLUTION OF INTERNET:
Internet of Boffins:
This was the era when ARPAN ET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) carried its
first data packet in 1969. It was the first network to use TCP/IP. This was followed by the
Mark I Network in 1970, which was built by Davis. This network was a packet switched
network to serve NPL in UK. It was soon replaced by Mark II in 1973. The other major
inventions such as Telnet in 1974, Ethernet in 1980, GOSIP in 1190 and a full text web
search engine in 1994 followed the trend. This era is called ‘Internet of Boffins’ since in this
era internet was in a stage of early evolution and research.
Internet of Geeks:
‘Internet of Geeks’ era started with the proposal of IPv6. It was the latest revision of the
internet protocol. The communication protocol provides identific ation and location system
for computers on networks and routes traffic across internet. The popular internet services
started taking roots in this era. Amazon.com started its first online retail service in 1995,
followed by eBay providing customers with online auction and shopping services. Hotmail
started its free web based email service in 1996, followed by Google search in 1998. PayPal
started its first internet payment service in 1998. Internet penetration was low in the market
until 2000.
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Internet of masses:
‘Internet of masses’ era started with the Dot-com bubble burst in 2000. In the starting of this
era Dotcom bubble burst led to high growth in stock markets due to increasing use of internet
in the industrial sector. In this era many people across the globe started using internet. Social
networking sites came into existence. In 2001 Wikipedia came into existence followed by
Facebook in 2004, further followed by YouTube, Twitter and WikiLeaks in the consecutive
years
Mobile Internet:
‘Mobile Internet’ era refers to access to the Internet via cellular phone service provider. The
era got a boost with introduction of smartphones which gave a fast working internet on
phones. This was the era from 2007-2011. There was steep rise in the use of internet by the
people round the globe due to the mobile internet.
Internet of Things:
‘Internet of Things’ refers to an era where things can be connected to each other using
internet.
DEFINITION OF INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)
“Today computers—and, therefore, the Internet—are almost wholly dependent on human

beings for information. Nearly all of the roughly 50 petabytes(a petabyte is 1,024 terabytes)
of data available on the Internet were first captured and created by human beings—by typing,
pressing a record button, taking a digital picture, or scanning a bar code. Conventional
diagrams of the Internet … leave out the most numerous and important routers of all - people.
The problem is, people have limited time, attention and accuracy—all of which means they
are not very good at capturing data about things in the real world. And that's a big deal. We're
physical, and so is our environment … You can't eat bits, burn them to stay warm or put them
in your gas tank. Ideas and information are important, but things matter much more. Yet
today's information technology is so dependent on data originated by people that our
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computers know more about ideas than things. If we had computers that knew everything
there was to know about things—using data they gathered without any help from us—we
would be able to track and count everything, and greatly reduce waste, loss and cost. We
would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling, and whether they were
fresh or past their best. The Internet of Things has the potentia l to change the world, just as
the Internet did. Maybe even more so. “ —Kevin Ashton, "That 'Internet of Things' Thing",
RFID Journal, July 22, 2009 “Things are active participants in business, information and
social processes where they are enabled to interact and communicate among themselves and
with the environment by exchanging data and information sensed about the environment,
while reacting autonomously to the real/physical world events and influencing it by running
processes that trigger actions and create services with or without direct human intervention.”
—Cluster of European research projects on the Internet of Things “The Internet of Things
represents an evolution in which objects are capable of interacting with other objects.
Hospitals can monitor and regulate pacemakers long distance, factories can automatically
address production line issues and hotels can adjust temperature and lighting according to a
guest's preferences, to name just a few examples.” – IBM
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ARCHITECTURE OF INTERNET OF THINGS
Architecture of internet of Things contains basically 4 layers:
 Application Layer
 Lowest Abstraction Layer

 With sensors we are creating digital nervous system.
 Incorporated to measure physical quantities
 Interconnects the physical and digital world Collects and process the real time
information
 Gateway and the network layer
 Robust and High performance network infrastructure

 Supports the communication requirements for latency, bandwidth or security
 Allows multiple organizations to share and use the same network
independently
 Management Service layer
 Capturing of periodic sensory data

 Data Analytics (Extracts relevant information from massive amount of raw
data)
 Streaming Analytics (Process real time data)
 Ensures security and privacy of data.
 Sensor layer
 Provides a user interface for using IoT.

 Different applications for various sectors like Transportation, Healthcare,
Agriculture, Supply chains, Government, Retail etc.
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ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
In general, three types of technologies enable IoT
1. RFID and near-field communication - In the 2000s, RFID was the dominant technology.
Later, NFC became dominant (NFC). NFC has become common in smart phones during the
early 2010s, with uses such as reading NFC tags or for access to public transportation.
2. Optical tags and quick response codes - This is used for low cost tagging. Phone camera
decodes QR code using image-processing techniques. In reality QR advertisement campaigns
gives less turnout as users need to have another application to read QR codes.
3. Bluetooth low energy - This is one of the latest technology. All newly releasing
smartphones have BLE hardware in them. Tags based on BLE can signal their presence at a
power budget that enables them to operate for up to one year on a lithium coin cell battery.
RFID
Radio- frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless use of electromagnetic fields to transfer
data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. The
tags contain electronically stored information. Some tags are powered by electromagnetic
induction from magnetic fields produced near the reader. Some types collect energy from the
interrogating radio waves and act as a passive transponder. Other types have a local power
source such as a battery and may operate at hundreds of meters from the reader. Unlike a
barcode, the tag does not necessarily need to be within line of sight of the reader and may be
embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and Data
Capture (AIDC).
Sensors
Many IoT devices have sensors that can register changes in temperature, light, pressure,
sound and motion. They are your eyes and ears to what's going on the world. Before we talk
about what they do, let's describe them. These sensors are part of a device category called a
microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and are manufactured in much the same way
microprocessors are manufactured, through a lithography process. These sensors can be
paired with an application-specific integrated circuit or an ASIC. This is a circuit with a
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limited degree of programming capability and is hardwired to do something specific. It can

also be paired with microprocessor and will likely be attached to a wireless radio for
communications. For example, you are away on vacation and the house is empty. A moisture
sensor detects water on the basement floor. That sensor finding is processed by an app, which
has received another report from a temperature sensor that detects the flow of water in the
main water pipe. (When water flows, it takes away heat and lowers the temperature).
IPv6
The original idea of the Auto-ID Center is based on RFID-tags and unique identification
through the Electronic Product Code however this has evolved into objects having an IP
address or URI. An alternative view, from the world of the Semantic Web focuses instead on
making all things (not just those electronic, smart, or RFID-enabled) addressable by the
existing naming protocols, such as URI. The objects themselves do not converse, but they
may now be referred to by other agents, such as powerful centralized servers acting for their
human owners. The next generation of Internet applications using Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6) would be able to communicate with devices attached to virtually all human- made
objects because of the extremely large address space of the IPv6 protocol. This system would
therefore be able to scale to the large numbers of objects envisaged. A combination of these
ideas can be found in the current GS1/EPC global EPC Information Services (EPCIS)
specifications. This system is being used to identify objects in industries ranging from
aerospace to fast moving consumer products and transportation logistics.
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APPLCATIONS OF IoT
Aerospace and aviation industry
IoT can help to improve safety and security of products and services by reliably identifying
counterfeit products and elements. The aviation industry, for example, is vulnerable to the
problem of suspected unapproved parts (SUP). An SUP is an aircraft part that is not
guaranteed to meet the requirements of an approved aircraft part (e.g., counterfeits, which do
not conform to the strict quality constraints of the aviation industry). Thus, SUPs seriously
violate the security standards of an aircraft. Aviation authorities report that
at least 28 accidents or incidents in the United States have been caused by counterfeits [24].
Apart from time-consuming material analyses, verifying the authenticity of aircraft parts can
be performed by inspecting the accompanying documents, which can be easily forged. It is
possible to solve this problem by introducing electronic pedigrees for certain categories of
aircraft parts, which document their origin and safety-critical events during their lifecycle
(e.g.,modifications). By storing these pedigrees within a decentralized database as well as on
RFID tags, which are securely attached to aircraft parts, an authentication (verification of
digital signatures, comparison of the pedigree on RFID tags and within the database) of these
parts can be performed prior to installing them in an aircraft. In this way, safety and
operational reliability of aircrafts can be significantly improved.
Automotive industry
Advanced cars, trains, buses as well as bicycles are becoming equipped with advanced
sensors, actuators with increased processing powers. Applications in the automotive industry
include the use of smart things to monitor and report various parameters from pressure in
tyres to proximity of other vehicles. RFID technology has already been used to streamline
vehicle production, improve logistics, increase quality control and improve customer
services. The devices attached to the parts contain information related to the name of the
manufacturer and when and where the product was made, its serial number, type, product
code, and in some applications the precise location in the facility at that moment. RFID
technology provides real-time data in the manufacturing processes, maintenance operations
and offers new ways of managing recalls more effectively. Dedicated Short Range
Communication (DSRC) technology will possibly help in achieving higher bit rates and
reducing interference with other equipment. Vehicle-to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-
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infrastructure (V2I) communications will significantly advance Intelligent Transportation

Systems (ITS) applications such as vehicle safety services and traffic management and will
be fully integrated in the IoT infrastructure.
Telecommunication industry
IoT will create the possibility of merging of diverse telecommunication technologies and
create new services. An illustrative example is the use of GSM, NFC (Near Field
Communication), low power Bluetooth, WLAN, multi- hop
networks, GPS and sensor networks together with SIM-card technology. In these types of
applications the reader (i.e. tag) is a part of the mobile phone, and different applications share
the SIM-card. NFC enables communications among objects in a simple and secure way just
by having them close to each other. The mobile phone can therefore be used as a NFC-reader
and transmit the read data to a central server. When used in a mobile phone, the SIM-card
plays an important role as storage for the NFC data and authentication credentials
(like ticket numbers, credit card accounts, ID information etc). Things can join networks and
facilitate peer-to-peer communication for specialized purposes or to increase robustness of
communications channels and networks. Things can form ad-hoc peer-to-peer networks in
disaster situations to keep the flow of vital informatio n going in case of telecommunication
infrastructure failures.
Medical and Healthcare industry
IoT will have many applications in the healthcare sector, with the possibility of using the cell
phone with RFID-sensor capabilities as a platform for monitoring of medical parameters and
drug delivery. The advantage gained is in prevention and easy monitoring of diseases, ad hoc
diagnosis and providing prompt medical attention in cases of accidents. Implantable and
addressable wireless devices can be used to store health records that can save a patient’s life
in emergency situations, especially for people with diabetes, cancer, coronary heart disease,
stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cognitive impairments, seizure disorders and
Alzheimer’s disease. Edible, biodegradable chips can be introduced into human body for
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guided actions. Paraplegic persons can have muscular stimuli delivered via an implanted
smart thing-controlled electrical simulation system in order to restore movement functions.
Independent Living
IoT applications and services will have an important impact on independent living by
providing support for an aging population by detecting the activities of daily living using
wearable and ambient sensors, monitoring social interactions using wearable and ambient
sensors, monitoring chronic disease using wearable vital signs sensors, and in body sensors.
With emergence of pattern detection and machine learning algorithms, the things in a patient’s
environment would be able to watch out and care for the patient. Things can learn regular
routines and raise alerts or send out notifications in anomaly situations. These services can be
merged with the medical technology services.
Environmental Monitoring
Utilization of wireless identifiable devices and other IoT technologies in green applications
and environmental conservation are one of the most promising market segments in the future.
There will be an increased usage of wireless identifiable devices in environmentally friendly
programs worldwide.
Media, Entertainment Industry
Deployment of IoT technologies will enable ad hoc news gathering based on locations of the
users. The news gathering could happen by querying IoT, to see which multimedia-capable
devices are present at a certain location, and send ing them a (financial) offer to collect
multimedia footage about a certain event. Near field communication tags can be attached to
posters for providing more information by connecting the reader to an URI address that
contains detailed information related to the poster.
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Insurance Industry
Often the introduction of IoT technology is perceived as a grave invasion on privacy of

individuals. However, sometimes people are willing to trade privacy for a better service or a
monetary benefit. One example is car insurance. If insurance clients are willing to accept
electronic recorders in their car, which are able to record acceleration, speed, and other
parameters, and communicate this information to their insurer, they are likely to get a cheaper
rate or premium [29]. The insurer can save money by being involved in a very early stage of
an impending accident and can trigger the most economic actions. A part of the savings can
be given to the customers through discounts on insurance premiums. The same applies for
other assets such as buildings, machinery, etc., that are equipped with IoT technology. In
these cases the technology mostly helps in preventing large-scale maintenance operations or
allows for much cheaper predictive maintenance before an incident occurs.
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CHALLENGES
The workflows in analysed enterprise environment, home, office and other smart spaces in
the future will be characterized by cross organization interaction, requiring the operation of
highly dynamic and ad-ho relationships. At present, only a very limited ICT support is
available, and the following key challenges exist.
(i) Network Foundation - limitations of the current Internet architecture in

terms of mobility, availability, manageability and scalability are some of
the major barriers to IoT.
(ii) Security, Privacy and Trust - in the domain of security the challenges are:
(a) securing the architecture of IO T - security to be ensured at design time
and execution time, (b) proactive identification and protection of IOT from
arbitrary attacks (e.g. DoS and DDoS attacks) and abuse, and (c) proactive
identification and protection of IOT from malicious software. In the
domain of user privacy, the specific challenges are: (a) control over
personal information (data privacy) and control over individual’s physical
location and movement (location privacy), (b) need for privacy
enhancement technologies and relevant protection laws, and (c) standards,
methodologies and tools for identity management of users and objects. In
the domain of trust, some of the specific challenges are: (a) Need for easy
and natural exchange of critical, protected and sensitive data - e.g. smart
objects will communicate on behalf of users / organizations with services
they can trust, and (b) trust has to be a part of the design of IoT and must
be built in.
(iii) Managing heterogeneity - managing heterogeneous applications,
environments and devices constitute a major challenge. In addition to the
above major challenges, some of the other challenges are: (a) managing
large amount of information and mining large volume of data to pro vide
useful services, (b) designing an efficient architecture for sensor
networking and storage, (iii) designing mechanisms for sensor data
discovery, (iv) designing sensor data communication protocols - senor data
query, publish/subscribe mechanisms, and (v) developing sensor data
stream processing mechanisms.
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Future Research Areas :-
There are several areas in which further research is needed for making deployment of the
concept of IoT reliable, robust and efficient. Some of the areas are identified in the
following. In identification technology domain, further research is needed in development
of new technologies that address the global ID schemes, identity management, identity
encoding/ encryption, pseudonimity, revocable anonymity, authentication of par ties,
repository management using identification, authentication and addressing schemes and the
creation of global directory lookup services and discovery services for IoT applications
with various identifier schemes. In architecture design domain, some of the issues that need
attention are: design of distributed open architecture with end-to-end characteristics,
interoperability of heterogeneous systems, neutral access, clear layering and resilience to
physical network disruption, decentralized autonomic a rchitectures based on peering of
nodes etc. In communication protocol domain, the issues that need to be addressed are :
design of energy efficient communication by multi frequency protocol, communication
spectrum and frequency allocation, software defined radios to remove the needs for
hardware upgrades for new protocols, and design of high performance, scalable algorithms
and protocols. In network technology domain further research is needed on network on
chip technology considering on chip communication architectures for dynamic
configurations design time parameterized architecture with a dynamic routing scheme and
a variable number of allowed virtual connections at each output. In addition, power-aware
network design that turns on and off the links in response to burst and dips of traffic on
demand, scalable communication infrastructures design on chip to dynamically support the
communication among circuit modules based on varying workloads and /or changing
constraints are some of the important research issues.
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CHAPTER-3
PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASPECTS
Dept. Of EEE Page 23

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CHAPTER 3
3.1 FAULT ANALYSIS:
A power system is not static at all & changes during operation (switching ON-OFF of
generators and transmission lines) and during planning (addition of generators and
transmission lines). Thus fault studies need to be performed periodically by utility
engineers (like in the CEB). Faults usually occur in a power system due to insulation
failure, flashover, and physical Damage or human error. These faults may either be
symmetrical in nature involving all the three phases or may be asymmetrical where
usually only one or two phases may be involved. Faults may also occur by either short-
circuits to earth or between live conductors, or may be caused due to broken conductors
in any one or more phases. Sometimes simultaneous faults may occur which involves
both short-circuit and broken conductor fault or open circuit fault. Balanced three phase
faults can be analysed using an equivalent single phase circuit. But in case of
asymmetrical faults it is quite complex to analyse by taking any one phase into
consideration, in that case the use of symmetrical components theory helps to reduce the
complexity of the calculations and to analyse the faults. The fault analysis is usually
carried out using per-unit quantities (similar to percentage quantities) as they give
solutions which are nearly consistent over different voltages and power ratings and
operate on values of the order of unity.
Under normal conditions, a power system operates under balanced conditions with
all equipment’s carrying normal load currents and the bus voltages within the prescribed
limits. This condition can be disrupted due to a fault in the system. A fault in a circuit is a
failure that interferes with the normal flow of current. A short circuit fault occurs when
the insulation of the system fails resulting in low impedance path either between phases
or phase(s) to ground. This causes excessively high currents to flow in the circuit,
requiring the operation of protective equipment’s to prevent damage to equipment. The
short circuit faults can be classified as:
• Symmetrical faults
• Unsymmetrical faults
3.1.1 SYMMETRICAL FAULTS:

A three phase symmetrical fault is caused by application of three equal fault
impedances ¯ Zf to the three phases, as shown in Fig. If ¯ Zf = 0 the fault is called a solid
or a bolted fault. These faults can be of two types: (a) line to line to line to ground fault
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(LLLG fault) or (b) line to line to line fault (LLL fault). Since the three phases are equally
affected, the system remains balanced. That is why, this fault is called a symmetrical or a
balanced fault and the fault analysis is done on per phase basis. The behavior of LLLG
fault and LLL fault is identical due to the balanced nature of the fault. This is a very
severe fault that can occur in a system and if ¯ Zf = 0, this is usually the most severe fault
that can occur in a system. Fortunately, such faults occur infrequently and only about 5%
of the system faults are three phase faults.
Figure 3.1.1 SYMMETRICAL FAULT
3.1.2 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS:

Faults in which the balanced state of the network is disturbed are called
unsymmetrical or unbalanced faults. The most common type of unbalanced fault in a
system is a single line to ground fault (LG fault). Almost 60 to 75% of faults in a system
are LG faults. The other types of unbalanced faults are line to line faults (LL faults) and
double line to ground faults (LLG faults). About 15 to 25% faults are LLG faults and 5 to
15% are LL faults. These faults are shown in Fig.3.1.2
Figure3.1.12 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT

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Majority of the faults occur on transmission lines as they are exposed to external
elements. Lightening strokes may cause line insulators to flashover, high velocity winds
may cause tower failure, ice loading and wind may result in mechanical failure of line or
insulator and tree branches may cause short circuit. Much less common are the faults on
cables, circuit breakers, generators, motors and transformers. Fault analysis is necessary
for selecting proper circuit breaker rating and for relay settings and coordination. The
symmetrical faults are analysed on per phase basis while the unsymmetrical faults are
analysed using symmetrical components. Further, the ¯ZBUS matrix is very use full for
short circuit studies.
Figure 3.1.3 PRACTICAL FAULTS CAUSED DUE TO LIGHTENING
3.2 PRACTICAL FAULTS

3.2.1 UNSYMMETRICAL OR UNBALANCED FAULT ANALYSIS:
For the analysis of unsymmetrical or unbalanced faults, symmetrical component
method is used. The use of symmetrical components simplifies the analysis procedure of
unbalanced system and also helps in improving the understanding of the system behavior
during fault conditions. A review of symmetrical components is presented next.
3.2.2 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS:

Any unbalanced set of three phase voltage or current phasors can be replaced by three
balanced sets of three phase voltage or current phasors. These three balanced set of
voltage or current phasors are called symmetrical components of voltages or currents. Let

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¯Ia, ¯Ib, and ¯Ic be an arbitrary set of three current phasors representing phase currents.
Then using symmetrical components they can be expressed
Figure 3.2 FAULT CURRENTS
3.2.3 OBSERVATIONS:
For different kinds of faults in power system we can observe the relationship between all
the three sequence components (currents/voltages) as follows:
SUMMARY OF DIFFERENT VALUES OF SYMMETRICAL VOLTAGE COMPONENTS AND

THEIR RELATIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS
Types of fault Additional condition
L-G R Y B ≠ ≠
L-L 0 Y B =
L-L-G R Y B = =

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3- 0 Y 0 == ~~ 0
SUMMARY OF DIFFERENT VALUES OF SYMMETRICAL CURRENT COMPONENTS

AND THEIR RELATIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS
Types of fault Additional condition
L-G R Y B = =
L-L 0 Y B =-
L-L-G R Y B ≠ ≠
3- 0 Y 0 = 0, ≠0
3.3 MULTISIM SIMULATIONS

3.3.1 INTRODUCTION
NI Multisim is an electronic schematic capture and simulation program which is a part of
circuit design programs, like OrCAD PSPICE. At present time it was mainly used as an
educational tool to teach electronics technician and electronics engineering programs in
colleges and universities. National Instruments has maintained the educational legacy,
with a specific version of Multisim with features developed for teaching electrical and
electronics engineering. As this project is about the fault detection in three phase circuit
we had developed the three phase circuit to analyse the types of fault by calculating the
sequence components. The steps to be followed are:
 Step 1: Generation of balanced three phase supply.
 Step 2: Creation of different kind of faults using switches.
 Step 3: Calculation of sequence components for unbalanced condition.
 Step 4: Observation of sequence components and corresponding voltage
waveform.
 Step 5: Put the logic by observing the sequence components and detection of
types of fault.

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Generation of balanced three phase supply: The three phase supply can be obtained by
using three 230V / 12V transformers are used for sensing the phase voltages (3
transformers for the three phases).
Fault Creation: Three push-button switches are connected in the three phase circuit as
shown in Fig.3.6. Both symmetrical and asymmetrical can be created by pressing any one
or more push-button switches at a time.
Calculation of sequence components: To calculate the sequence components for any
0 0
unbalanced system we need to shift the faulty voltages/currents to 120 and 240 . Then by
using summer circuit the sequence components can be calculated.
Logic: From the values of various sequence components logic can be used to discriminate
all types of fault.
3.3.2 USE OF ACTIVE ALL PASS FILTER FOR PHASE SHIFTING:

The type of filter that doesn’t affect the amplitude and shifts the phase of any
signal is known as all pass filter. The main purpose of this filter is to add phase shift to the
response of the circuit. The amplitude of an all pass filter is same for all frequencies.
There are two kinds of filter first order and second order all pass filter.
The transfer function of the first order all pass filter active filter will be in the form of
T(s) = (s – a) / (s + a) (3.1)
The pole of this transfer function is located in the left half plane and the zero in the right
half plane at equal distance from the origin on real axis. The magnitude of the numerator
is identical with the magnitude of the denominator and | T (j ) | = 1 for all . the circuit
having this characteristics is known as all pass filter (APF). The APF circuit is shown in
Fig. (2) & (3) using operational amplifier can be used to obtain specified phase shift at
one frequency without changing the magnitude of T (j ), even if frequency changes [9].
The phase shift produced can be obtained from equation (3.1) as
-1 -1
Tan (-ω RC) – Tan ( RC ) (3.2)
Because of the nature of pole and zero locations,
= (3.3)

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From the equations (3.3) and (3.4)
(3.5)
Substituting the value of from equation (3.2) in equation (3.5) we get
-1
Tan ( RC) (3.6)
0
To obtain a phase shift of 120 at a frequency of 50 HZ, i.e. = 314, from equation (3.6)
the values of RC is computed as RC = 0.001838. So the values calculated are R =
18.3KΩ and C = 0.1µF. If two components, i.e. R&C are inter changed, values of R&C
are equal to 55KΩ and 0.1µF respectively then the phase shift of the circuit is twice, i.e.
0. 0
240 The circuit shown in Fig.3.1 and Fig.3.2 is used to rotate the phase voltage by 120
0
and 240 .
0
Figure 3.3.1 ALL PASS FILTER FOR SHIFTING 120
Figure 3.3.2 ALL PASS FILTER FOR SHIFTING 2400

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3.3.3 SUMMATION CIRCUIT FOR OBTAINING SEQUENCE
COMPONENTS OF VOLTAGES:
0 0
Using the phase shifting circuits a phase shift of 120 or 240 can be obtained for
voltages and .In order to extract the sequence components we have to sum up ,
and according to the following formulas:
(3.7)
) (3.8)
(3.9)
Va0
Figure 3.3.3 SUMMER CIRCUIT FOR ZERO SEQUENCE VOLTAGE

COMPONENTS

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Va1
Figure 3.3.4 SUMMER CIRCUIT FOR POSITIVE SEQUENCE VOLTAGE

COMPONENTS
Va2
Figure 3.3.5 SUMMER CIRCUIT FOR NEGATIVE SEQUENCE VOLTAGE

COMPONENTS
The complete circuit will be as shown in Fig.3.3.7. The sequence component voltages are
then rectified and fed into the filter circuit to get a proper dc output. Now that dc outputs
are compared with a constant voltage 1V by the comparator circuit. If the filtered
sequence component voltage is higher than the reference voltages then the output of
comparator is the offset voltage of the comparator. Now according to the comparator
output for individual faults we can set up logics such that one LED will glow.

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Figure 3.3.6 COMPLETE CIRCUIT FOR SIMULATION PURPOSE IN

MULTISIM
3.4 WAVEFORM OF THE FAULTS:

If we take the output voltages waveforms after the summer circuit then they will
look like as follows:
No fault:
Figure 3.3.7 NO FAULT VOLTAGE-TIME WAVEFORM

The voltage waveform shows that only one sequence component is present i.e positive
sequence component and negative and zero components are zero.
Single line to ground fault: -

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Figure 3.3.8 SINGLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT VOLTAGE-TIME

WAVEFORM
The waveform shows that all the three voltage sequence components are present but their
magnitudes are different.
Line to line fault:-
Figure 3.3.9 LINE TO LINE FAULT VOLTAGE-TIME WAVEFORM

During double line fault zero sequence components is absent both positive and negative
components are present they have equal magnitudes.
Double line to ground fault:-
Figure 3.3.10 DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT VOLTAGE-TIME

WAVEFORM

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During Double Line to Ground fault all the three voltage sequence components are
present and have equal magnitudes. During the three phase fault all the three sequence
components will be absent.

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3.5 PROCESS FLOW:
Figure 3.5 FLOW CHART

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3.6 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION:
The circuit is constructed in the NI MULTISIM simulation software using virtual ICs.
(Refer Fig 3.5.2).
Figure 3.6.1 COMPLETE SIMULATION MODEL
The logic circuit used for fault detection is shown in fig 3.6.2.
Figure 3.6.2 FAULT ANALYSING LOGIC CIRCUIT

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The prototype of the project is done using hardware components. The Fault Detecting
circuit consists of combination of Op-Amps, Resistors, Capacitors and Diodes. The fault
detection is done in such a way that there is a summer circuit for summing the 3
symmetrical component voltages and the 2 phase shift circuits (120 degree & 240 degree)
for each phase. The combination is then connected to a filter circuit for each phase and
the output is then compared with the logic HIGH voltage of microcontroller and send to
microcontroller as well as fault indication LEDs.
Figure 3.6.3 FAULT DETECTION CIRCUIT

The Fault Analysing circuit (Logic circuit) is built using logic gates with the inputs from
the detection circuit. The output of the each indication pin in connected to a LED and to
Microcontroller I/O pins. The Microcontroller is connected to the LCD and Keypad using
I2C connections and also connected to GSM module using UART connection.

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Put your model pic
Figure 3.6.4 FAULT ANALYSING CIRCUIT WITH NODE Mcu, LCD &
WIFI MODULE
To create the 3 phase fault we used the transformers of ratting 220/12V and also to for
simulating the fault in real-time we are using push button switches since creating 3 phase
faults without the highly sophisticated protection circuit is dangerous. The 4 Push
buttons provided represent the Sequence voltages and the fault is created using the
combination of these push buttons.
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CHAPTER-4
RESULT & OUTCOMES

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CHAPTER 4
4.1 SIMULATION RESULTS:
Figure 4.1(a) NO FAULT
Figure 4.1(b) L-G FAULT

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Figure 4.1(c) L-L-G FAULT
Figure 4.1(d) L-L FAULT

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System Using MSP430 Microcontroller
Figure 4.1(e) 3 PHASE FAULT
During Normal Condition the Zero Sequence Voltage & Negative Sequence Voltage
is 0 and only Positive Sequence Voltage is present so through the filter circuit and
summing circuit combination of Op-Amp the voltage is obtained and the NO FAULT
LED glows, the Microcontroller is under continuous monitoring mode and displays NO
Fault in LCD.
Logic Used For fault detection and analysis:

No Fault: Va0 =0, Va1 = 1, Va2 = 0, so No Fault LED will glow when (Va0 ‘ x Va1 x Va2 ‘ = 1)
L-G Fault: Va0 =1, Va1 = 1, Va2 = 1, so L-G Fault LED will glow when (V a0 x Va1 x Va2 x (Va1 -
Va2 ) = 1)
L-L-G Fault: Va0 =1, Va1 = 1, Va2 = 1, so L-L-G Fault LED will glow when (V a0 x Va1 x Va2 x (Va1
- Va2 )’ = 1)
L-L Fault: Va0 =0, Va1 = 1, Va2 = 1, so L-L Fault LED will glow when (Va0 ‘ x Va1 x Va2 = 1)
3-Phase Fault: Va0 =0, Va1 = 0, Va2 = 0, so 3-Phase Fault LED will glow when (Va0 ‘ x Va1 ‘ x Va2 ‘
= 1)

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Figure 4.2 (a) NO FAULT
Figure 4.2(b) L-G FAULT

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System Using MSP430 Microcontroller
Figure 4.2 (c) L-L FAULT
Figure 4.2(d) L- L-G FAULT

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Figure 4.3 Fault and restoration confirmation BLYNK

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SOFTWARE DETAILS:
NODE MCU IDE
Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a

microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical board.
Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user
communit y that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and
microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and
control objects in the physical world. The project's products are distributed as open-source
hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License
(LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL) permitting the manufacture of Arduino
boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially
in preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communications interfaces, includ ing Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models,
which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The
microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features from the
programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler toolcha ins
the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE)
based on the Processing language project.
LIBRARIES
The Arduino environment can be extended through the use of libraries, just like most
programming platforms. Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g.
working with hardware or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from
Sketch > Import Library.
A number of libraries come installed with the IDE, but you can also download or
create your own. See these instructions for details on installing libraries.
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Standard Libraries Used
 Ethernet-for connecting to the internet using the Arduino Ethernet Shield,

Arduino Ethernet Shield 2 and Arduino Leonardo ETH.
 PCD8544 - for controlling or to communicate with Nokia 5110 lcd.
 Wifi - for connecting to the internet using the Arduino WiFi shield.
 Ubidot Library- to connect with ubidot.com.
BLYNK:
Blynk is a Platform with iOS and Android apps to control Arduino, Raspberry Pi and the likes
over the Internet. It’s a digital dashboard where you can build a graphic interface for your
project by simply dragging and dropping widgets. It’s really simple to set everything up and
you'll start tinkering in less than 5 mints. Blynk is not tied to some specific board or shield.
Instead, it's supporting hardware of your choice. Whether your Arduino or Raspberry Pi is
linked to the Internet over Wi-Fi, Ethernet or this new ESP8266 chip, Blynk will get you
online and ready for the Internet of Your Things.
BLYNK SERVER:
Blynk Server is an Open-Source Netty based Java server, responsible for forwarding
messages between Blynk mobile application and various microcontroller boards (i.e.
Arduino, Raspberry Pi. Etc).Blynk Cloud is software written on Java using plain TCP/IP sockets
and running on our server. Blynk iOS and Android apps connect to Blynk Cloud by default.
Access is free for every Blynk user. To run Blynk Server, all we need is Java Runtime
Environment.
Design:
The design consists of two main part hardware and software. The hardware contains microprocessor ,
microcontroller, different sensors, actuator’s etc. Software consists of different programming concept which are
used in our project. With the help of IoT this hardware and software can link to each other.
IOT ARCHITECHTURE:
The Internet of thinks (IOT) is a rapid explained technology that is shaping up to bring the next revolution in
computing and information technology. IOT system has application across industries through their unique
flexible and ability to be suitable in any environment. The physical layer consists of the devices that are to be
controlled. The sensors to sense the surrounding environmental conditions are also connected to this layer. The
data link layer consists of IoT gateway router (here, we have used NodeMCU as router gateway), device
manager and various communication protocols. This layer links the home appliances to the webserver or cloud
via Wi-Fi communication. The application and presentation layer consist of web protocol. This layer constitute
either designing of a webpage for accessing the devices connected to the perception layer via PC or laptop
computer, or building an android or iOS mobile application if the devices are to be controlled and monitored
via smartphones.
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EMBEDDED C
Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C
Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming requires
nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such as
fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations.
Embedded Programming
Embedded refers to the combination of hardware and software. Embedded systems

programming is the programming of an embedded system in some device using the
permitted programming interfaces provided by that system. EmbeddedJava is an example
of a development environme nt for programming embedded systems that will execute Java
programs.
Arduino is a very minute part of embedded systems, in fact we can call it as an application
product of embedded system. Arduino is just any other microcontroller board, with a
specifically designed API and software which makes programming it very easy. Arduino is
just a drop of water in Embedded System Ocean.
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CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION & FUTURE

ENHANCEMENTS

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION & FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

5.1 CONCLUSION
Design and implementation of an Automated Power Failure Detection & Consumer
Information System using NODE MCU Microcontroller has been discussed. The
purpose of the system is to detect the 3 phase fault and to inform the consumer and
trouble shooter regarding the fault.
The fault is detected using the fault detecting circuit and is analysed using the logic circuit
and Microcontroller. The thought of always being tracked and your data being recorded
does bring a fear to a consumer’s mind, but we have to move away from it to see the
benefits that this great technology is going to bring to us. The above examples were about a
'connected you', making your life seamless, but it brings with it higher benefits like
connected cities, better commerce and an improved ecosystem. As often happens, history is
repeating itself. Just as in the early days when Cisco’s tagline was “The Science of
Networking Networks,” IoT is at a stage where disparate networks and a multitude of
sensors must come together and interoperate under a common set of standards. This effort
will require businesses, governments, standards organizations, and academia to work
together toward a common goal. Next, for IoT to gain acceptance among the general
populace, service providers and others must deliver applications that bring tangible value to
peoples’ lives. IoT must not represent the advancement of technology for technology’s
sake; the industry needs to demonstrate value in human terms. In conclusion, IoT represents
the next evolution of the Internet. Given that humans advance and evolve by turning data
into information, knowledge, and wisdom, IoT has the potential to change the world as we
know it today—for the better. How quickly we get there is up to us.
5.2 FUTURE WORK

This project can be further developed as an efficient security tool by integrating it
with the SCADA system, impedance measurement device, Power Line Controller
Communication, and Web based device (to make Internet of Things) to monitor any
3 phase network while sitting in a remote area. By doing this, one can keep an eye
on the power system through an internet connected to the user’s mobile phone or
PC or laptop.
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The system can be integrated with access control devices such as digital locking
system, facial/finger-print recognition systems etc. so as to provide the remote user
with real-time information about fault occurred in the 3 phase system.
The combination of both the control ways (i.e Internet & GSM) through single
processor can significantly reduce the overall cost and efficiency of the system. The
MSP430 C200 wireless link module itself has both internet accessibility and SMS
capabilities. Hence, in future we can make use of single booster pack alone to
monitor the Power System in both the ways; i.e via Internet as well as via SMS.

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REFERENCES
1. J. L. Blackburn, T. J. Domin, 2007, “Protective Relaying, Principles and

Applications, Third Edition,” Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, Boca Raton, FL,
pp.75-80
2. C. L. Fortescue, “Method of symmetrical coordinates applied to the solution of
polyphone networks,” AIEE Trans., pt. II, Vol. 37, pp. 1027–1140, 1918.
3. Stephen E. Marx, P.E. Bonneville Power Administration Malin, Oregon,
“Symmetrical Components 1&2” 28th Annual HANDS ON RELAY SCHOOL
March 14 - 18, 2011 Washington State University Pullman, Washington.
4. H. J. W. Spoelder, “Virtual Instrumentation and Virtual Environments,” IEEE
Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 3, Sept. 1999,pp 14-19.
5. Zrudsky, D.R. and Pichler, J.M., “Virtual Instrument for Instantaneous Power
Measurements,” IEEE Trans. on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 41 4,
Aug. 1992, pp. 528 -534 Oct. 1998, pp. 1155 -1 158.
6. Korrapati, R.B & Swain.N.K,”Study of modulation Using Virtual Instruments”.
Proceeding of National Conference on Allied Academies, spring 2000.
7. Vinicius J. & Osvaldo S. “ Using LabVIEW in a Mini Power System Model
Allowing Remote Access and New Implementation.” International Conference on
Engineering Education, 2007.
8. C.L Wadhwa “Electrical Power System “New Age International Publishers, Fifth
Edition 2009.
9. Mr.Y.N.V.Bala Krishna , Miss.Ch.V.V.Satyavathi, Mr. Ch.N.V.Prakash Babu,
Mr.A.Sarath Babu “Extraction of symmetrical components by using operational
amplifiers and their applications in indicating power system faults” Dec 2003.

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1. It detects the type of Power System Fault in the distribution transformer.

Automated Power Failure Detection & Consumer Information

Dept. Of EEE, N.M.I.T Page 1

Automated Power Failure Detection & Consumer Information

Dept. Of EEE, BMS Page 2

Automated Power Failure Detection & Consumer Information

Figure 1.1 Block diagram

Dept. Of EEE Page 3

Automated Power Failure Detection & Consumer Information

Dept. Of EEE Page 4

Automated Power Failure Detection & Consumer Information

2.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Figure 2.1.2 A TYPICAL TRANSFORMER

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2.1.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

• Output Current up to 1A.

Figure 2.1.3 7805 IC

2.1.3 OPAMPS (LM741)

LM741 Pin out Connections:

Figure 2.1.4 OP-AMP LM741

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2.1.4 LCD MODULE

Figure 2.1.5 LCD PIN DIAGRAM

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Pin No Function Name

Nodejs style network API

 USB-TTL included, plug&play

DEFINITION OF INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

“Today computers—and, therefore, the Internet—are almost wholly dependent on human

ARCHITECTURE OF INTERNET OF THINGS

Architecture of internet of Things contains basically 4 layers:

 Lowest Abstraction Layer

 Gateway and the network layer

 Robust and High performance network infrastructure

 Management Service layer

 Capturing of periodic sensory data

 Provides a user interface for using IoT.

In general, three types of technologies enable IoT

limited degree of programming capability and is hardwired to do something specific. It can

Aerospace and aviation industry

infrastructure (V2I) communications will significantly advance Intelligent Transportation

Medical and Healthcare industry

Media, Entertainment Industry

Often the introduction of IoT technology is perceived as a grave invasion on privacy of

(i) Network Foundation - limitations of the current Internet architecture in

Future Research Areas :-

PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASPECTS

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3.1.1 SYMMETRICAL FAULTS:

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Figure 3.1.1 SYMMETRICAL FAULT

3.1.2 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS:

Figure3.1.12 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT

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Figure 3.1.3 PRACTICAL FAULTS CAUSED DUE TO LIGHTENING

3.2 PRACTICAL FAULTS