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PRESSURE
TRANSDUCER
HANDBOOK
Understanding,
Specifying and Applying
Capacitive Pressure Transducers
T E C H N I C A L D A T A
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T
he sensing and measurement of physical quantities through small changes in electrical
capacitance is scarcely a new concept. The natural benefits of this approach were rec-
ognized for many years. But it was not until Setra engineers introduced new materials,
new designs, and innovative, dedicated circuitry that the techniques full potential was realized
in the practical, real world of pressure measurement.
Today, capacitive pressure transducers are widely used in both highly-specialized and general
equipment applications that call for thoroughly dependable accuracy and/or long-term stability.
They are especially in demand wherever a job involves adverse operating conditions, such as
shock, vibration, temperature extremes, etc. Designers and engineers find that the electrical
simplicity and inherently rugged mechanical structure of the typical capacitive sensor result in
relative freedom from the problems to which more glamorous technique are usually susceptible.
The specific facts and data on the following pages will help to introduce you to capacitive pres-
sure transducers (if you are not already familiar with them) and will assist you in evaluating their
applicability to pressure measurement problems that call for more than offhand solutions.
H I S T O R Y O F S E T R A
ABOUT SETRA
Founded in 1967, Setra Systems, Inc. is a leading designer and manufacturer of pressure, ac-
celeration, and weight sensing devices. Setra has devoted its engineering and research efforts
to the development of transducers and systems based on highly accurate variable capacitive
transduction principle. The dead ended sensor design eliminates the risk of sensor contamina-
tion, prevalent with the flow through the sensor designs used to many competitors. The integ-
rity of the ventilation control system is at the heart of a contaminant free environment which is
why Setra’s capacitive sensor design is the preferred solution for Critical Environments.
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T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S
SECTION PAGE
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TION TO
AN I N T R O D U C Capacitive Transducers
CE BASED
&
P A C I T A N
CA DUCERS
E T R A N S functional simplicity
PRESSUR structural sophistication
High Accuracies
Depending on application requirements, Setra
transducers can provide accuracies as high as
±0.02% FS. Such precision, not attainable by
many other transducer types, is particularly use- Long Term Stability
ful in test-and-measurement applications, baro- All Setra transducers are designed and specified
metric standards transfer, altimetry, etc. to maintain accuracy settings longer than com-
petitive units. Unlike sensors such as bonded
Minimal Mechanical Motion strain gauges, capacitive transducers exhibit ex-
A measurable voltage change is produced by a tremely low creep, aging effects, humidity effects
very slight change in capacitor plate gap. The and other common enemies of output stability.
extremely small deflection of Setra sensor di- Setra transducers provide long-term zero stabili-
aphragms helps to minimize hysteresis and ties as low as 0.05% FS/yr.
repeatability errors and to provide very fast re-
sponse times.
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TYPICAL
TYPICAL PRESSURE
PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
TRANSDUCER TYPES
TYPES
Micro-Cal MODEL 869 AccuSenseTM MODEL ASM MODELS 370 & 470
Ultra-Low Pressure Generating and Documenting High Accuracy/Gauge Pressure Environmental Monitoring
Calibrator Test & Measurement/Industrial Test & Measurement
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High-Level Output
Setra transducers need no signal amplification. output characteristic of capacitive sensing, en-
As a result, they avoid problems common to sure high immunity to external radio frequency
low-level output devices, such as piezoresistive and electrostatic discharge interference. Similar-
(thin film and IC) types. Such problems normally ly, they are essentially immune to radio frequency
include poor long-term stability, thermal stability, interferences emissions.
high RFI susceptibility and humidity effects.
Resistant to Harsh Environments
Broad Media Compatibility Setra’s transducers are tough! Those models
All wetted parts of Setra sensors are either of designed for industrial use are specified to with-
stainless steel or tough ceramic material. As a stand a minimum of 10 million full scale cycles
result, they can handle a wide range of difficult with specified accuracy and thermal performance.
fluids, including acids, salt solutions, corrosive When they are installer per ANSI B40.2 applying
gases and liquids with high particulate content. a maximum of 75% F.S. pressure, they will ex-
hibit unlimited cycle life. What’s more, all indus-
High Electromagnetic Compatibility trial units are certified to between 100 G and 200
(EMC) G shock loading, and can withstand vibration at
Setra’s sturdy metal cases, shielded cables and minimum peak amplitudes from 10 G to 20 G.
careful construction, together with the high-level
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Comparative Characteristics
Capacitance vs. Strain Gauge Transducers
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• Off-road vehicles
• Dairies - breweries
Capacitive • Tank level measurement systems
A P P L
L IC
IC A
ATTIO
IONNSS
APP
• Pharmaceutical and biotechnology processing
• Natural gas lines
• Off-shore drilling equipment
• Freeze drying equipment
Because they have earned a reputation for con-
sistently high accuracy and unmatched long- Heating, Ventilating, Air
term stability, Setra pressure sensors find broad Conditioning (HVAC)
application in areas where characteristics rate • HVAC and VAV control systems
from important to vital. • Energy management systems
A few of these include: • Clean room control
• Filter condition monitoring
Test & Measurement • Fume hood control
• Turbo-jet/Turbo-fan aircraft engine test stands- • Pump speed control
internal pressure measurements at multiple • Hospital isolation wards
points.
• Engine test stands for Autobus- Europe Barometric applications
• Wind tunnels • Presently in use at over 400 remote Land & Sea
• Dynamometers Weather Stations
• Stack gas monitoring & analysis • In use at over 500 airports as part of AWOS (Au-
• Medical instrumentation tomated Weather Observing Systems) and ASOS
• Hydraulic and Pitot static aircraft test systems (Automated Surface Observation Systems), for
• A broad range of instruments, including laser in- automatic barometric pressure reporting
terferometers, porosimetry instruments, particle • Used in weather stations throughout the U.S.
measuring systems, automated sorption analyz- and Canada
ers, etc. • In use by major weather systems manufacturers
• General R & D and Metrology Laboratory appli- in Europe
cations • Widely used as transfer pressure standards
• Used by many airports and avionics shops for
Industrial & Military altimeter recertification
• High-speed compressors
• Process control systems
• Canning/bottling systems
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E L E C R I C A L C O N N E C T I O N S
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Terminal Transducer Wiring
FOR USE WITH ALL SETRA MODELS 204, 204D,
205-2, 206*, 212FT*, 239, and 270
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S P E C I A L D E R I V A T I O N S
ACCURACY
ACCURACY
Expressed in %FS as constant temperature.
Accuracy as RSS non-linearity, hysteresis and non-repeatability
NON-LINEARITY
NON-LINEARITY NON-LINEARITY
NON-LINEARITY
Relationship of a calibration curve to Relationship of a calibration curve to a speci-
a specified straight line. fied straight line through its end points.
Used for non-linearity measurement on all Used for non-linearity measurement on all
Setra Pressure Transducers except Setra Pressure Transducers except
Models 270, 276, 370, and 470. Models 270 and 276.
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NON-LINEARITY
NON-LINEARITY HYSTERESIS
HYSTERESIS
Relationship of a calibration curve to a
specified straight line with end points at The maximum difference in output at
zero and full scale. any pressure value within the specified
range, when the value is approached
with increasing and decreasing pres-
Terminal Method
sure.
Example: ±0.012% FS
NON-REPEATABILITY
NON-REPEATABILITY LONG
LONG TERM
TERM STABILITY
STABILITY
The ability of a transducer to reproduce The ability of a transducer to reproduce
output readings when the same pres- output readings obtained during its orig-
sure value is applied to it consecu- inal calibration at room conditions for
tively, under the same conditions, a specified period of time.
and from the same direction. Example: Model 270
±0.1% FS over 6 months
at 70oF (21oC)
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ZERO
ZERO OFFSET
OFFSET SPAN
SPAN OFFSET
OFFSET
Zero output is factory set to within Span output is factory set to within a
a certain % of full scale. Results in certain % of full scale. Results in a
a shift up or down of the calibration change in the slope of the curve. Does
curve. Does not affect linearity or not affect linearity or accuracy.
accuracy.
THERMAL
THERMAL EFFECTS
EFFECTS TOTAL
TOTAL ERROR
ERROR BAND
BAND
The change in the zero and span (Worst Case) Over a Temperature
output that occurs due to tempera- Range of -10oF to 130oF
ture changes.
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G L O S S A R Y OF
P R E S S U R E T E R M S
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE - Pressure measured rela- sured values over which a transducer is intended to
tive to a full vaccum. Referred to as pounds per square measure, specified by the upper and lower limits. Ex:
inch absolute (PSIA). 0 to 100 PSIG, FS is 100 PSIG/ 0 to 5 VDC, FS is 5
VDC, 800-1100 MB, FS is 300 MB.
ACCURACY - Combined error of linearity, hysteresis
& repeatability (Setra uses the root sum of the squares GAUGE PRESSURE — Pressure measured relative to
(RSS) method) ambient atmospheric pressure. Quantified in pounds
per square inch gauge (PSIG).
AMBIENT CONDITIONS - The conditions (pressure,
temperature, etc.) of the medium surrounding the case HYSTERESIS - The maximum deviation of any cal-
of the transducer. ibration point on a specified straight line, during any
one calibration cycle. (Setra uses the best straight line
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE - Pressure of the at- method.)
mosphere at the earth’s surface NIST standard atmo-
spheric pressure = 1.01325 bar. LINEARITY - The maximum difference in output, at
any measured value within the specified range, when
BAR — Unit of pressure (or stress). 1 bar = 750.07 the value is approached first when increasing and then
mm of mercury at 0°C, lat. 45° decreasing pressure.
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PRESSURE TRANSDUCER - An electromechanical REPEATABILITY - The ability to reproduce output
device for translating pressure values into voltages readings when the same pressure value is applied
across a high-impedance (5k ohms or greater) load. consecutively, under the same conditions, and in the
same direction.
PRESSURE TRANSMITTER - An electromechanical
device for translating pressure values into currents RESPONSE TIME - The length of time required for
(generally 4-20 mA) into a low-impedance load. the output to rise to a specified percentage of its final
value as a result of a step change in pressure.
PROOF PRESSURE — The maximum pressure that
may be applied without changing performance beyond THERMAL ERROR - The maximum change in output,
specifications (typically, 0.5% FS zero shift). at any pressure value within the spcified range, when
the temperature is changed from room temperature to
PSIA— Pounds per square inch absolute. specified temperature extremes.
PSIV — Pounds per square inch vaccum. THERMAL ZERO SHIFT - The zero shift due to
changed in ambient temperature from room tempera-
RANGE — The spread between the maximum and ture to the specified limits of the operating temperature
minimum pressures between which the transducer range.
has been designed to operate.
TORR— A unit of low pressure equal to a head of 1
SETRACERAM — A patented, ceramic/ glass sens-
TM
mm of mercury, or 133.3 N/m2.
ing element, used by Setra in barometric transducers
and instruments requiring the highest degree of mea- VACUUM— Generally refers to pressures between 0
surement precision and stability. and atmospheric; often measured in 0-30 in. Hg Vac-
uum. Referred to as pounds per square inch vacuum
SPAN— The algebraic difference between the limits (PSIV).
of the range. EX: 0.1 to 5.1 Volts DC; span is 5 VDC.
Sometimes used to designate full scale output; i.e. 5
VDC.
GAUGE/ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
1 atmosphere
Vacuum Range
0 psia 14.7 psia 114.7 psia
VACUUM PRESSURE
14.7 psiv
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AccuSenseTM Model ASL
High Acc. Low Diff. Pressure
Model 270/370/470
Model 264/265/260
Model 276/278
High Diff. Pressure
Model 212FT
OEM Barometric
High Acc. - T&M
T&M / Industrial
Model 240D
Model C290
Flow-Thru-UHP
Model 280E
TRANSDUCER
Industrial/OEM
Industrial/OEM
Model 204
Model 209
Model 230
Model 239
MODEL
TYPICAL
APPLICATION
Altimeter Setting
Barometric Measurements
Chillers
Clean Room Control
Compressor Control
Dynamometers
Energy Management
Engine Test Cells
Filter Condition Monitors
Food & Beverage Process
Fume Hood Control
Gas Bottle Filling Equipment
General Purpose/Industrial
Hazardous Locations
High Acc. Test & Measurement
HPLC
HVAC/VAV Control
HVAC Equipment
Hydraulic/Pneumatic System
Intrinsically Safe Duty
Industrial Engine
Laster Interferometers
Leak Detection
Level Measurement
Medical Instrumentation
Natural Gas Lines
OEM Applications
Off Road Vehicles
Off Shore Drilling
Paper Converting System
P/I Range
Pharmaceutical Process
Pressure Transfer Stds.
Process Control
Pump Speed Control
Refrigeration Equipment
R&D Scientific
Sanitary Filtration System
Sanitary Pressure Lines
Semicon Equipment
Specialty Gas Handling
Test & Measurement
Weather Data Systems
Vacuum Systems
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CHART
PRESSURE
multiplication factors
FROM CONVERSION
PSI BAR MILLIBAR IN.HG IN.H20 MM HG MM H20 PASCAL ATM TORR
(lb/in2) Hectopascal (at 0oC) (at 4oC) (at 0oC) (at 4oC) (N.m2)
TO
PSI 1 14.5039 1.4504 .491159 3.6127 1.93368 1.4223 1.45038 14.6960 1.9337
(lb/in2) x 10-2 x 10-2 x 10-2 x 10-3 x 10-4 x 10-2
BAR 6.8947 1 1 x 10-3 3.3865 2.4908 1.3332 9.8068 1 x 10-5 1.0132 1.3332
x 10-2 x 10-1 x 10-3 x 10-4 x 10-5 x 10-3
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MILLIBAR 68.947 1 x 103 1 33.865 2.4908 1.3332 9.8068 1 x 10-2 1.0132 1.3332
Hectopascal x 10-2
IN.HG 2.0360 29.529 2.9529 1 7.3552 3.9368 2.8959 2.9529 1.0132 3.9368
(at 0oC) x 10-2 x 10-2 x 10-2 x 10-3 x 10-4 x 103 x 10-2
IN.H20 27.680 401.47 .40147 13.596 1 .53525 3.9372 4.0147 29.920 .53525
The SRCM provides a high resolution, The MRMS is BACnet enabled with Au- In critical environments, proper room
flush mount touch screen user interface to-Discover to automatically search & con- pressurization is essential to guarantee
for easy setup & maintenance, while that the space is safe and/or sterile, de-
nect to Setra devices to ensure immediate
fitting into a standard electrical box pending on application requirements.
room status feedback. Built-in configu-
for easy installation. The SRCM offers The SRIM offers local audible and visual
best in class low-differential pressure rable audible & visual alarms alert users to alarms to alert personnel when the
sensing technology for stability and changes in room status or condition. pressure differential is compromised.
accuracy.
SRMD SRPM
Remote Measurement Room Pressure Monitor
Display
The SRPM is a complete sys-
The SRMD is sensor agnostic tem that includes a convenient
and can be used with any an- back-lit RGB LCD screen with
alog 0-5 or 0-10 VDC output, an intuitive graphic interface for
making it the perfect solution for pressure, calibration, alarm, and
retrofit construction where sen- password setup.
sors are already installed.
www.setra.com
800-257-3872
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