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Running mechanics and muscle activation patterns during early and late
acceleration phase of repeated treadmill sprints

Conference Paper  in  Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · November 2018

DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.034

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Olivier Girard Franck Brocherie

Murdoch University Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance
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Gregoire P Millet Jean-Benoît Morin

University of Lausanne University of Nice Sophia Antipolis
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S14 Abstracts / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 21S (2018) S5–S76
O18
Can child and family behaviours in the first year
of life predict fundamental movement skill
development at 5 years old?
J. Hnatiuk ∗ , L. Barnett, J. Salmon, K. Hesketh
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin
University, Geelong, Australia
Introduction: Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are impor-
tant for the development of physical activity and health outcomes
in children. Yet, few modifiable predictors of FMS are known; par-
ticularly in the early years of life.
Methods: Study sample consisted of 264 children from the Mel-
bourne InFANT Program. Mothers completed questionnaires when
their child was 4 and 9 months old assessing a range of child and
family-related factors hypothesised to influence FMS development
(e.g., infants’ time spent on their tummy, on the floor, maternal self-
efficacy for promoting physical activity, maternal physical activity
levels, equipment available in the home, etc.). At 5 years old, chil-
dren were assessed on six locomotor and six object control skills
using the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2); raw scores
were summed to create a total locomotor and total object control
skill score, respectively. Multivariate linear regression models were
used to examine the association between child and family-related
behaviours at 4 and 9 months old and children’s locomotor and
object control skills at 5 years old, controlling for child age and sex,
and the cluster-based recruitment method.
Results: Compared to those in the lowest tertile, children in the
highest tertile for tummy time and for time spent with older chil-
dren at 4 months old had higher object control skills at 5 years
old (ˇ = 2.17, CI95 [0.03, 4.31]; ˇ = 2.60, CI95 [0.39, 4.81], respec-
tively). Similarly, children whose mothers were optimistic about
their ability to promote physical activity at 4 months old had higher
locomotor skills at follow-up (ˇ = 2.27, CI95 [0.38, 4.15]). However,
children in the highest tertile for playing baby games with mum
at 4 months old had lower object control (ˇ = −3.20, CI95 [−5.66,
−0.74]) and locomotor (ˇ = −2.79, CI95 [−4.84,−0.74) skills. At 9
months old, children with more physical activity related equip-
ment in their homes had higher object control (ˇ = 0.79, CI95 [0.05,
1.53]) and locomotor (ˇ = 0.80, CI95 [0.01, 1.60]) skills. Compared
to those in the lowest tertile, children in the middle and highest
tertile for time outdoors had higher locomotor skills (ˇ = 2.68, CI95
[0.78, 4.58]; ˇ = 2.85, CI95 [0.34, 5.36], respectively).
Discussion: Selected child and family behaviours in the first
year of life can predict FMS development at 5 years old, with many,
but not all, associations in the direction of hypotheses. Early fam-
ily and child behaviours holds promise as a target for intervention
programs promoting FMS.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.033
View publication stats
O19
Running mechanics and muscle activation
patterns during early and late acceleration
phase of repeated treadmill sprints
O. Girard 1,∗ , F. Brocherie 2 , G. Millet 3 , J. Morin 4 ,
C. Hansen 5
1 Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
2 French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris,
France
3 Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
4 University of Nice, Nice, France
5 University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel,
Germany
Introduction: Previous studies of repeated running sprints, as
typically performed by team-sport players, have either consid-
ered all strides composing each ‘all-out’ effort or targeted only
few strides close to maximal velocity. Additionally, there is only
few data on the synchronization between surface EMG activity and
ground reaction forces. The neuro-mechanical determinants of per-
formance during the acceleration phase of repeated sprints have
received limited interest so far. We determined, for three phases
of the gait cycle and six lower limb muscles, whether running
mechanics and muscle activation patterns vary depending on the
acceleration phase analyzed (i.e., early vs. late phase) in compari-
son with the reference approach performed on all steps (i.e., entire
acceleration sequence) during repeated treadmill sprints.
Methods: Ten male athletes performed three sets of five 5-
s sprints (25 s and 3 min of recovery between sprints and sets,
respectively) on an instrumented treadmill, allowing continu-
ous measurement of running kinetics/kinematics. Ground reaction
forces were synchronized with EMG activity of the rectus femoris,
vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius
lateralis and tibialis anterior of the right leg over the pre-activation,
first and second half of support as well as entire support phases.
Mechanical and EMG data corresponding to early, late and entire
sections of the sprint acceleration (steps 1–6, steps 7–12 and steps
1–12, respectively) have been compared.
Results: Vertical and horizontal forces, contact time as well
as step length and step frequency differed among the different
sections of the sprint acceleration as running velocity increased
(all p < 0.001). Independently from the analyzed section, most of
mechanical variables decreased from the first to the third set
(all p < 0.05). For pre-activation, first half, second half and entire
support phases taken separately, each of the six studied muscles
displayed specific main fatigue (sets 1, 2 vs. 3) and distance inter-
val (early, late vs. entire acceleration phases) effects (all p < 0.05).
Except for tibialis anterior muscle during the pre-activation phase
(p < 0.05), no significant interaction effect was found for the 6 EMG
signals studied here for any of the three identified phases of the
gait cycle (all p > 0.27).
Discussion: Due to change in running velocity, ground reaction
forces and muscle activation patterns during the acceleration phase
of repeated treadmill sprints vary depending on the distance inter-
val. Identification of the neuro-mechanical adjustments across the
gait cycle, however, did not differ when considering all steps or only
a few steps during the early or late acceleration phases.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.034