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Neither of these latter codes is helpful to the designers of age of the material, degree of compaction, and changes of
large steel silos required at mines, railheads, power environment.
stations, port facilities and similar sites, for the storage For pressure computation, the properties considered
of grain, coal, mineral ores and industrial chemicals. most important are unit weight (γ), angle of internal friction
The best known tank design codes (AWWA D100- (Ф, approximately the same as angle of repose), and the
79,1979; API-620,1970) are relatively simple and appear coefficient of friction (µ) between the stored material and the
to be quite satisfactory for simple fluid storage tanks. bin wall. The coefficient of friction, µ, between stored
However, their provisions are less satisfactory for bulk material and the bin wall may also vary with age of the bin.
solids storage structures, for which the loadings are Whether the wall is metal or concrete, it will probably
much more complex, and the consequent structural become smoother with age, from abrasion by the sliding
behavior and failure criteria more involved. material.
During Filling Horizontal Pressure Vs Height of During Emptying Horizontal Pressure Vs Height of
Silos
Silos
15.00
Height in Meter
15.00
Height in Meter
10.00
10.00
5.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
Pressure in kN/m2
Pressure in kN/m2
Chart 2: Horizontal pressure during emptying Vs height of
Chart 1: Horizontal pressure during filling Vs height of silo.
silo.
Ht. of Pressure at the C.G. of
C.G. ring from level surface D. Application Of Horizontal Pressure And Vertical
Shel Xf
of ring Friction Force On The Vertical Wall In Staad Pro.:
l e- =
from z/z0 Ph x Pv x Pw x Horizontal pressure is increase when height goes increase
Rin z/zo 1-e-
Levele f Xf Xf Xf from level surface. So, we have calculated horizontal
g f z/zo
d kN/m kN/m kN/m pressure at bottom of the plate and top of the plate. Then
No. f
surfac 2 2 2 apply this pressure as trapezoidal pressure on each plate at
e each level. Vertical friction forces apply on each plate by
0.2 0.8 0.1 using a uniform pressure option.
15 2.46 16.69 16.69 7.91
0 2 8
0.2 0.7 0.2
14 3.29 21.61 21.61 10.24
7 6 4
0.3 0.7 0.2
13 4.12 26.20 26.20 12.42
4 1 9
0.4 0.6 0.3
12 4.95 30.48 30.48 14.45
1 7 3
0.4 0.6 0.3
11 5.78 34.49 34.49 16.35
8 2 8
0.5 0.5 0.4
10 6.61 38.22 38.22 18.12
4 8 2
0.6 0.5 0.4
9 7.44 41.71 41.71 19.77
1 4 6
0.6 0.5 0.4 Fig. 8: Application of Horizontal Pressure in STAAD Pro.
8 8.27 44.98 44.98 21.32
8 1 9
0.7 0.4 0.5 V. RESULTS & CONCLUSION
7 9.10 48.03 48.03 22.77
5 7 3
0.8 0.4 0.5
6 9.93 50.88 50.88 24.12
2 4 6
0.8 0.4 0.5
5 10.76 53.54 53.54 25.38
9 1 9
0.9 0.3 0.6
4 11.59 56.03 56.03 26.56
5 9 1
1.0 0.3 0.6
3 12.42 58.34 58.34 27.65
2 6 4
1.0 0.3 0.6
2 13.25 60.50 60.50 28.68
9 4 6
1.1 0.3 0.6 Figure 9: Stress Sx in silo wall with stiffener due to
1 14.08 62.53 62.53 29.64 horizontal
6 1 9
Table 3: During emptying pressure at the C.G. of ring from
level surface
Figure 10: Stress Sx in silo wall without stiffener due to Because of this equivalent thickness of the corrugated
horizontal sheet it reduces the value of hoop stress and ultimately it
Ht. of reduces the thickness of the vertical wall.
C.G. Provide [2] Stiffness of vertical stiffener use in the modeling of silo
Equival Hoop
She of d Thk. wall is very small so, there is not considerable difference
Phx Hoop ent Stress
ll ring of in the value of Sx (Hoop Stress), when we are modeling
Xf in Tensi Thk. of Manua
Rin from Corruga silo with stiffener or without stiffener.
kN./ on In Rect. lly in
g Level ted [3] Where, Sx = Hoop tension force per unit length per unit
m2 kN. Plate In kN./m
No. ed Plate In thickness
mm 2
surfa mm [4] Stiffness of vertical stiffener is very small so, it can not
ce restraint the corrugated sheet from both the ends. Value
192.2 of hoop stress in manual calculation and in STAAD Pro.
15 2.46 16.69 2.00 6.72 28611 are almost matching, except in the case of top and
7
248.9 bottom plate. It shows that our assumptions while
14 3.29 21.61 2.00 6.72 37038 modeling the silos are correct.
0
301.7
13 4.12 26.20 2.00 6.72 44908 REFERENCES
8
12 4.95 30.48
351.1
2.00 6.72 52258 [1] John W. Carson, Ph.D., M.ASCE1 “Limits of Silo
8 Design Codes” 2014 American Society of Civil
397.3 Engineers.
11 5.78 34.49 3.20 8.00 49664
1 [2] M. Esther Magdalene Sharon, C.V.Kavitha Abirami and
10 6.61 38.22
440.3
3.20 8.00 55037 K.Alagusundaram “Grain Storage Management in
0 India” Journal of Postharvest Technology 02 (01): 012-
480.5 024, January’ 2014
9 7.44 41.71 3.20 8.00 60068
5 [3] M.Wojcik, P.Iwicki, J.Tejchman “3D buckling analysis
518.2 of a cylindrical metal bin composed of corrugated
8 8.27 44.98 3.20 8.00 64778
3 sheets strengthened by vertical stiffeners” Science
553.3 Direct/Thin-Walled Structures 49 (2011) 947–963.
7 9.10 48.03 3.20 8.00 69166
3 [4] E.Gallego, C.González-Montellano, A.Ramírez,
586.1 F.Ayuga, E.Gallego et al. “A simplified analytical
6 9.93 50.88 3.20 8.00 73265 procedure for assessing the worst patch load location on
2
616.7 circular steel silos with corrugated walls” Science
5 10.76 53.54 3.20 8.00 77093 Direct / Engineering Structures 33 (2011) 1940–1954.
4
645.4 [5] P.Iwicki, M.Wójcik, J.Tejchman “Failure of cylindrical
4 11.59 56.03 4.00 8.63 74787 steel silos composed of corrugated sheets and columns
1
672.0 and repair methods using a sensitivity analysis” Science
3 12.42 58.34 4.00 8.63 77874 Direct/Engineering Failure Analysis 18 (2011) 2064–
6
697.0 2083.
2 13.25 60.50 4.00 8.63 80765 [6] Rotter J.M. “Guide for the economic design of circular
0
720.3 metal silos” Spon Press; 2001.
1 14.08 62.53 4.00 8.63 83470 [7] Adem Dogangun1; Zeki Karaca2; Ahmet Durmus3; and
5
Table 4: Hoop stress applied on plate due to horizontal Halil Sezen, M.ASCE4. “Cause of Damage and Failures
pressure during emptying in Silo Structures” Journal Of Performance Of
Constructed Facilities © ASCE / March /April 2009 /
65
[8] Adam J. Sadowski1 and J. Michael Rotter, F.ASCE2.
“Buckling in Eccentrically Discharged Silos and the
Assumed Pressure Distribution” 858 / Journal Of
Engineering Mechanics © ASCE/July 2013
[9] Y.M. Cheng1; K. T. Chau2; L. J. Xiao3; and N. Li4.
“Flow Pattern for a Silo with Two Layers of Materials
with Single or Double Openings” 1278/Journal Of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering ©
ASCE / September 2010
Chart. 3: Comparison of hoop stress results from STAAD [10] IS-4995(Part-1&2) – 1974 “Code of practice for RCC
Pro. and Manual calculation bins”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[11] IS-875 (Part-1,2&3) – 1987 “Indian code of practice for
A. Following observation can be made from the above loads for buildings and structures”, Bureau of Indian
stress diagrams due to Horizontal pressure during filling Standards, New Delhi.
and emptying condition. [12] IS-1893 (Part-1) 2002 “Indian standard criteria for
[1] We have use equivalent thickness of the corrugated earthquake resistant design of structure”, Bureau of
sheet while modeling of the silo in STAAD Pro. Indian Standards, New Delhi.