Power Electronics

Pekik Argo Dahono

School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia
 Power Electronics
Applications of electronics technology in electrical
energy conversion.

Why electrical power/energy must be converted?

• Many equipment cannot be supplied directly by the
existing power supply.
•Many equipment have lower efficiency if supplied
directly by the existing power supply.
• Many renewable power generating systems are
generating electrical power in the form that is not
compatible with the existing power system.
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Power Converter

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 Converter classification
• DC-DC Converter
• AC-DC Converter (Rectifier)
• DC-AC Converter (Inverter)
• AC-AC Converter

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Power and Signal Processors

Efficiency is the key

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 Voltage Regulator

R1
Rv
Io Vi Io
Vi
R2 Vo
Ro Vo
Ro

Efficiency is very low

No ripples on the input and output sides
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 Switching Regulator
Ts
Vi
Ii Io
Vo TON

Vi Vo Load Io
0

Ii
0

Efficiency is very high TON

Vo = Vi
High ripples on the input and output sides Ts

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Linear and Switching Power Supplies
Linear regulator
Low frequency transformer

Linear

Low voltage capacitor

High-voltage capacitor High-frequency transformer

Switching

Switching regulator

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 Switching Mode Power Supplies
Advantages:
• High efficient and small size
• DC filter capacitor is working at high voltage
(Energy stored is high)
• The reactive component requirements are small.
Disadvantages:
• Control is more complicated
• EMC problems
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 Power Supply Comparison
Power Density Efficiency

Linear Power <0.12 W/cm3 <40%

Supply

SMPS >6W/cm3 >95%

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 Power Electronic Applications
in Power Generation
• Excitation system
• Automatic Voltage Regulator
• Variable Speed Power Generation (Hydro,
Wind, Microturbine gas)
• Power Conditioners for Renewable Power
Generation (Fuel cells, solar cells)
• Energy Storage
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Excitation System in Brushless AC Generator

D1 D3 D5

Rotor

D2 D4 D6

Stator

Exciter Main generator

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Renewable Energy System
Solar Cells

DC/DC DC/DC

Energy Storages
Fuel Cells
Exhaust

Fuel
DC/DC
AC/DC
Fuel
Cells

BUS DC
Fuel Cells Modules
Micro Hydro Electric Power

Generatr DC/AC

Utilitas

AC/DC

DC/AC

AC Loads

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Rote Island Hybrid Power System

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Power Electronic Applications in
Power Transmission
• High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission
• Static VAR Compensators
• Series Compensation
• Phase Shifters
• Dynamic Braking
• Flexible AC Transmission System
• High-Speed Circuit Breakers
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 Static VAR Compensator

• Improving power factor

• Balancing the load
• Reducing voltage drop and losses
• Increasing maximum power transfer
• Improving damping factor
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 HVDC Transmission System
DC Line

AC System
AC System

Converter Converter
Two - terminals
dc system

• Asynchronous links
• Suitable for long distance transmission and
underground cable transmission
• Improving damping factor
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Power Electronic Applications in
Power Distribution
• Static VAR Compensators
• Power Conditioners
• Active Filters
• Unified Power Conditioners
• Dynamic Voltage Restorers
• High-Speed Circuit Breakers
• Light High-Voltage Direct-Current Distribution
• Power conditioners for distributed power
generation
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 Active Filter
is

AC source

Ls

if ih

es
Harmonic
Active source
filter

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Power Electronic Applications in
Transportation Industries
• High-Speed Trains
• Electric vehicles
• Elevators
• Airplanes
• Ships
• Unmanned vehicles

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PWM Inverter for Electric Traction

Pantograph
PWM Inverter

Traction Motors

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Shinkansen

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Diesel Electric Locomotive

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 Hybrid Vehicles
parallel

Split

Series

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More Electricity in the Air

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Power Electronic Applications in
Industries
• Rolling mills
• Variable speed pump systems
• Cement kilns
• Rolling ball mills
• Robotics
• Electrolysis

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 Variable Speed Drive Applications
FLOW
REFERENCE

SET-POINT
CONTROLLER
MOTORIZED
VALVE

STARTER

SENSOR
MOTOR

Fixed Speed PUMP

FLOW
REFERENCE

SET-POINT
CONTROLLER

VSD MOTOR
SENSOR

PUMP

CONTROLLER

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 Variable Speed Pumping System

80
VALVE OPERATION
WITH STANDARD
70
Pipe characteristic 2 EFFICIENTMOTOR
Head/Press ure

Pipe characteristic 1 60
H2
50
H1

INPUT KW
Pump characteristic 1 40 ADJUSTABLE SPEED
OPERATION WITH
ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTOR
30

H3 20
Pump characteristic 2
10

Q2 Q1 Flow
0
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700

FLOW (GPM)

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 Power Electronic Applications in Home
Appliances
• Microwave heating
• Air conditioners
• Refrigerators
• Toasters
• Cookers
• Vacuum cleaners
• Washing machines
• Lightings
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Home Appliances

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 Lighting

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 Lighting

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Contactless Energy Transfer System

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Power Electronic Applications in
Information Industries
• DC power supplies
• Distributed power supplies
• Power conditioners
• Uninterruptible power supplies
• Battery chargers
• Voltage Regulator Modules

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Laptop Power Supply System

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Power distribution in data centers

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New Applications

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Renewable Energy

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All Things Grid Connected

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 Is power electronics new technology?
Power electronics have been developed since the
beginning of 20th century when mercury arc and
vacuum tubes technology was emerged.
Power conversion has been known for a long time by
using a combination of electrical machinery.
Power electronics development has grown very fast
since the introduction of thyristor or SCR
(Semiconductor controlled rectifier) in nineteen
fifties.
Wide band gap devices such as SiC and GaN are
replacing silicon devices.
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Interdiciplinary nature of power electronics

Control Circuit
Signal theory theory
processing
Electronics

Power
Solid - state Power Electronics systems
physics

Computer Electric
machines

Electromagnetics

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 Current Challenges
• Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) issues
• Reliability issues
• Voltage regulator modules for microprocessors
• Intelligent power ICs
• Embedded inverter for motor drives
• High-Voltage DC Transmission Systems
• Flexible AC Transmission Systems
• Harmonics and unified power conditioners
• Renewable power generation system
• Microgrid and smartgrid
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Microprocessor operating voltages

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Switching Matrix

S1 S3

Vi u v
Load

S2 S4

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 Uncontrolled Rectifier

Vi

S1 S3

Vi S1
u Load v
S2

S2 S4
S3

S4

v uv
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 Controlled Rectifier

Vi

S1
S1 S3
S2

Vi u v
Load S3

S4
S2 S4

v uv

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AC regulator

Vi

S1 S3 S1

Vi u v
S2
Load

S3

S2 S4
S4

vuv

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Phase-Controlled AC-AC Cycloconverter
S1 S3

+
ei Beban vo

S2 S4

ei
t

S1 & S 4
t

S 2 & S3
t
Fundamenta l component

vo
t

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DC-DC Converter

Vi

S1 S3
S1

Vi u v S2
Load

S3

S2 S4
S4

v uv

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PWM Inverter

Vi

S1 S3
S1

S2
Vi u v
Load
S3

S4

S2 S4

v uv

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Understanding Power Electronic Circuits

• Consider all power semiconductor switches as

ideal switches
• Ideal switches have no voltage drop, no leakage
current, and transition times are zero.
• Practical considerations are given in detailed
design.
• Background on signal electronics is useful to
understand power electronics.

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The End