Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 1

In this package:
1. Calculation of inductance for multiconductor/multiphase transposed
High voltage transmission lines
2. Underground cables
3. Artistically designed high voltage towers

21-Oct-11
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 2
Voltage Drop and Reactance for Multiphase
Multi-conductor Lines
n = number of conductors per phase (n = 1,2, 3 or 4)
m = number of phases (m = 3)
Ij = current in phase # j
dij = distance between conductor # i and j within a phase
Dij = distance between phases # i and j
g11 = GMR of conductor # 1 in phase # 1
ΔVij= Voltage drop per unit length of line in conductor #i in
phase #j
Then the voltage drop in conductor #1 in phase # 1 per
unit length will be:
μ0 ⎧⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
ΔV11 = jω ⎨⎢ 1 I ln 1 + I ln 1 + " + I ln 1
2π ⎣ g11 n 1 d12 1 d1n ⎥⎦
⎩ n n

+ I 2 ln 1
D12
+ I 3 ln 1
D13
+ " + I m ln 1
D1m }
21-Oct-11
 The Voltage Drop for an Unsymmetrical 3
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 3

Phase Line
For a m=3 phase line:

ΔV11 = jω
μ0
2π {
I1 ln 1
G11
+ I 2 ln 1
D12
+ I 3 ln 1
D13 }
G11 is the GMR of phase # 1

G11 = G22 = G33 = n g11 ⋅ d12 ⋅ d13 ⋅"⋅ d1n

g11 is the GMR of conductor #1 in phase # 1

21-Oct-11
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 4

Transposition of Transmission Lines

Objective: To obtain phase symmetry with the
approximate same average inductance
and capacitance between phases and to
earth for the total line length
Position: 1 2 3

Position: 1 2 3
21-Oct-11
 The Voltage Drop for a Symmetrical Transposed
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 5

3 Phase Line (1)

Change in notation:
a,b,c,: subscripts denote electrical phases along the line
1,2,3,: subscripts denote geographical position along the line
“1”: the left position, “2”: the center position, “3”: the right position
I,II,III: subscript for the section of the line
For section I we get
per unit line length:
ΔVa , I = jω
μ0
2π {
I a ln 1
Gaa
+ I b ln 1
D12
+ I c ln 1
D13 }
For section II we get
ΔVa , II = jω
μ
2π
0
{ I ln 1
a G aa
+ I b ln 1
D23
+ I ln 1
c D } 12

For section III we get ΔVa , III = jω

μ
2π
0
{ I ln 1
a G aa
+ I b ln 1
D13
+ I ln 1
c D } 23

The distance from phase a current Ia to the

current Ib is D12, D13 and D23, respectively
depending on section. Similar for current Ic
21-Oct-11
 The Voltage Drop for a Symmetrical Transposed
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 6

3 Phase Line (1)

These 3 formulas are be added and divided by 3 to take the average values

ΔVa , I + ΔVa , II + ΔVa , III

ΔVa =
3

μ0 ⎧ 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤
ΔVa = jω ⎨ a
I ln 1 + I b⎢ ln + ln 1 + ln 1
2π ⎩ Gaa 3 ⎣ D13 D12 D23 ⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 1
+ I c ⎢ln + ln 1 + ln 1 ⎤⎫
⎥ ⎬
3 ⎣ D13 D12 D23 ⎦ ⎭

μ0 ⎧
I b + I c ) ⎡⎢ ln 1 ⎤
1
ΔVa = jω ⎨ a
I ln 1 + ( + ln 1 + ln 1
D23 ⎥⎦
2π ⎩ Gaa 3 ⎣ D12 D13

We then use the fact that the sum of the

currents for a symmetrical system: Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
21-Oct-11
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 7
The Voltage Drop for a Symmetrical Transposed 3
Phase Line (1)

The current balance gives:

Ib + I c = − I a

..and combine the last 3 μ0 ⎧⎪ 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎫⎪

logarithm factors:... ΔVa = jω I a ⎨ln 1 G − ⎢ln ⎥⎬
2π ⎪⎩ aa 3 ⎣ D12 D13 D23 ⎦ ⎪⎭

..This is the final formula μ0 3 D D D

for the voltage drop: ΔVa = jω I a ln 12 13 23
2π Gaa

21-Oct-11
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 8
The Voltage Drop for a Symmetrical Transposed
3 Phase Line (2)
….. this formula is valid for inductance,
reactance and voltage drop calculations

μ0 3 D D D
ΔVa = jω L I a = jXI a = jω
12 13 23
I a ln
2π Gaa
The voltage drop now only depends on the current in the
same phase. Due to symmetry the phases are independent!
Therefore a one phase inductance
equivalent circuit can be established!!

21-Oct-11
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 9
GMR for Phases with Different Number of
Conductors
Radius of each conductor: r
1 d d d

d 2 d d
d

A phase A phase A phase A phase

with 4 with 3 with 2 with 1
conductors conductors conductors conductor
1 1 1 1
− − − −
Gaa =
4
re ⋅ d ⋅ 2
4 3
Gaa =
3
re ⋅ d 4 2
Gaa =
2
re ⋅ d 4 Gaa = re 4

21-Oct-11
 Example of Reactance Calculations for a Line
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 10

with 4 Conductors Per Phase

D = 15m
d
12
d12 = d14 = d = 20 cm R = 1.5cm
d
13
1 2 d13 = 2 ⋅ d
d
14 2R 4 3
−1
D13=2D Gaa = 4 g11 ⋅ d12 ⋅ d13 ⋅ d14 = 4
R⋅e 4 ⋅d3 2
D=15m D=15m
3 D12 D13 D23 = 3 D ⋅ 2D ⋅ D = D ⋅ 3 2
D12 =D D23 =D

μ 0 3 D12 D13 D23 μ0 D⋅ 3 2 Gaa = 4

0.015 ⋅ e
−1
⋅ 0.23 ⋅ 2 = 0.10722 m
X =ω =ω
4
ln ln
2π Gaa 2π 4 −1
R ⋅e 4 ⋅d3 2

μ0 3
15 ⋅ 30 ⋅15 18.899
X = 2 ⋅ 3.1416 ⋅ 50 ⋅ ln = 50 ⋅1.26 ⋅10−6 ln
2 ⋅ 3.1416 0.10722 0.10722

X = 63 ⋅10−6 ln (176.26 ) = 325.8 ⋅10−6 [ Ω / m ] = 0.325 [ Ω / km ]

21-Oct-11
 Summary of Inductance Calculations for
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 11

Multi-phase Transmission Lines

• Internal and external inductances have been calculated
for a single phase line.
• These calculation have been extended to a system of
parallel phases and conductors
• The models above have been applied to 3 phase
transposed transmission lines with bundled conductors
• (Magnetic potential calculations can also be applied to
multiple parallel conductors with a general cross section
to define GMR and GMD mathematically. Can be
skipped)

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Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 12

Underground cables

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Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 13

145 kV underground cables

• The 3 phase 145 kV
cables are laid as 3
individual cables
• The trench is about
1.5m deep and the
width is also 1.5 m
• 2 parallel cables often
mean 2 separate
trenches

21-Oct-11 Source: Landsnet

Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 14

145 kV underground cables

21-Oct-11 Source: Landsnet

Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 15

145 kV Underground cables

English translation:
• Location is appraised with
respect to earthquakes and
geothermal activity
• Cable characteristics and power
quality
• Reliability and availability
• Transfer capability in the power
system
• Environmental impact
• Lifecycle cost assessment
21-Oct-11 Source: Landsnet
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 16

145 kV underground cables

3 m wide right of
way

Concrete filling

Sand

Earth wire

21-Oct-11 Source: Landsnet

Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 17

1 phase underground cables

Single-phase high-voltage cable with a solid dielectric

21-Oct-11
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 18

3 phase underground cables

Three-phase distribution cable with solid dielectric.
PEX-
PVC-sheet Filler Insulation Conductor shield
Copper screen Insulation shield Conductor

21-Oct-11
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 19

Cross section of a double circuit cable

A double circuit 2500mm2 cable for 230-400 KV
2
Tvöfaldur 2500 mm jarðstrengur
230-400 kV
(öll mál í mm)

350 350 3300 350 350

1450

R S T T S R

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Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 20

Artistically
designed high
voltage power
lines

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Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 21

Artistically designed power lines

21-Oct-11
 Artistically designed
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 22

power lines (2)

21-Oct-11
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 23

Artistically designed power lines (3)

21-Oct-11 Source: Pylon Design Competition of British architects: http://www.flickr.com//photos/deccgovuk/sets/72157627544769507

Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 24

Artistic Power lines in Finland?

21-Oct-11
Lecture 12 Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson 25

References
• Photographs:
– Sigurjón Svavarsson [sigusva@hi.is]

21-Oct-11