Water grid project

Dr. D.Y. PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

Kasaba Bavada, Kolhapur 416 006

PROJECT REPORT

ON

WATER GRID

SUBMITTED TO,

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FOR THE

SEMINAR

SUBMITTED BY,

NAME ROLL NO.

Pranav Parashuram Dhumal 11

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Abhay Joshi Sir

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DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project report entitled “WATER GRID ’’ written and submitted by us
to the D.Y. PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECH. KOLHAPUR. is in partial fulfillment
of the degree “Civil Engg.” under the guidance of
Prof. A. M. JOSHI
This is our original work. The matter submitted in this project has not been copied from

any other material and it is an independent write up. We understand that any copying is liable to

be punished in a way the institute authorities deem fit.

Name of Student Roll No. SIGN

PRANAV PARASHURAM DHUMAL. 11

Date:

Place: Kolhapur

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D.Y. PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

Kasaba Bavada, Kolhapur 416 006

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled ‘’WATER GRID’’ during the
academic year 2017-2018 is genuine and bonafied work prepared by, PRANAV

PARASHURAM DHUMAL In partial fulfillment for the award of degree of TE

“Civil Engineering” has been completed under my supervision and guidance.
Prescribed by,

SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR

Prof. A. M. JOSHI Prof. M.J. PATIL. Dr. A. N. JADHAV

(Seminar Guide) (H.O.D) (Principal)

Date:

Place: Kolhapur

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AKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to express our deep sense of gratitude, with

sincere thanks and appreciation to Principal, Dr. A.N. JADHAV, DYPCET Kolhapur for

opportunity given to us to undergo the Seminar

I acknowledge gratefully our Seminar Guide Prof. A. M. JOSHI SIR who has

extended his full co-operation and guidance to make this project a successful one. It

was possible for us to complete this project report with the help of valuable guidance

and constant encouragement.

We are also thankful to HOD Prof. M.J. PATIL., Civil Dept., for giving us a

chance to extend our self & giving us the opportunity to submit this project to our

department. We would like to thank to teachers, friends, for their cooperation in our

project.Last but not least, we thank our parents for their support and all our friends who

have directly or indirectly helped us in giving final shape to this report.

Date:

Place: Kolhapur

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page No.

A) Abstract
B) Introduction
C) Back Ground for a National Water grid
D) Water Grid
1. Water Grid Techniques
2. Water Quality and security
3. Water Management and Supply
4. Sustainable Development
5. Technological invention
E) Success stories
F) Conclusion

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A] ABSTRACT

In India, having large variation of water resources with space and time, inter basin water
projects, inter linking of river, proper water management, seems to the ultimate solution to ease
the water crises, droughts, to achieve a stable economic growth of nation.
‘Water quality and quantity’ The OECD projects the demand of water is set to increase by
55% between 2010 and 2050, due to growing demand from manufacturing, energy generation
and domestic use. Ground water depletion may become the greatest threat to agriculture and
urban water supplies in several region in coming decade. According to world health
organization, 3 million people die each year from diseases spread by un cleaned water.
To substitute this adopts some techniques like water quality.
Water conservation is an important aspect of decresing demand, but is not the sole solution.
Current water consumption is not sustainable.

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B] INTRODUCTION
Water is essential for economic growth, human health, and the environment. Yet governments
around the world face significant challenges in managing their water resources effectively. The
problems are multiple and complex: billions of people are still without access to safe water and
adequate sanitation; competition for water is increasing among the different uses and users; and
major investment is required to maintain and improve water infrastructure in OECD and non-
OECD countries.

Freshwater is a renewable resource, but its current distribution is far from uniform. Only 0.75%
of the total amount of water is fresh and readily available for use.4 Known groundwater
resources represent over 90% of the world’s readily available freshwater resources, not counting
water stored as ice. Yet the rate of groundwater depletion more than doubled between 1960 and
2000.

The overall availability and distribution of freshwater is changing dramatically. Climate change
will intensify the hydrological cycle, change regional weather patterns and melt mountain
glaciers that currently provide steady water supplies to downstream communities in many
countries. Heat waves will become more frequent and longer in duration and extreme
precipitation events will increase.

Water scarcity is predicted to hit more regions of the world. The OECD’s Environmental
Outlook projects that around 3.9 billion people – over 40% of the world’s population – are likely
to be living in river basins under severe water stress by 2050.

Too much water is also a problem for many. From 1995 to 2015, flooding accounted for 47% of
all weather related disasters, affecting 2.3 billion people, the vast majority of whom live in
Asia.8 In the last 20 years, 157 000 people have died as a result of floods.9 The poor are most
affected by water-related risks and disasters: 89% of the deaths due to storms occurred in low-
income countries, even though only 26% of the storms occurred in these countries. Again
though, the impact of flooding is not limited only to developing country.

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Strategy has to be maintain for adequate water supply. The main objectives are to respond to
the drought and provide long term water security for the region, particularly to avoid the need to
place severe water restrictions on residents. Other aims of the Water Grid are to move risk away
from individual water storage facilities to the regional level and to efficiently coordinate the
utility of water sources in India.

What is water grid?

The Water Grid is a region-wide, long term, water supply scheme that provides a sustainable
water infrastructure network for the regions of India. The project is the largest urban response to
the drought, which severely affected water supplies in area and surrounds, particularly between
2004 and 2007. The basic component of the project is a network of potable bulk water pipelines
that connect areas that have an oversupply of water to those areas lacking water. The project
went online in October 2008 and by November 2008 parts of the region were receiving a
diversified supply of water for the first time.

Civil engineering works in water Grid are pumping stations, wastewater treatment and
effluent reclamation plants, laying water and wastewater, recharging ground water table,
feasibility studies, project management, construction, operation and maintenance of facilities,
implementation of technologies for streamlining operations, managing and operating wastewater
treatment plants, operating water treatment plants, municipal water systems, water security, etc.

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C ] Back Ground for a National Water grid

Two proposals, put forth earlier in the seventies which attracted considerable attention, are
National Water Grid by Dr. K. L. Rao former irrigation minister and Garland Canal by Captain
Dastur. These proposals were not pursued further by the Government as they were not techno-
economically feasible. The continued interest shown by various quarters gave impetus to study
inter-basin water transfer proposals. The then Ministry of Irrigation (now Water Resources)
formulated a National Perspective Plan (NPP) for Water Resources Development in August 1980
envisioning inter basin water transfer in the country. The National Perspective Plan comprises of
two components, namely i) Peninsular Rivers Development and ii) Himalayan Rivers
Development. The National Water Development Agency (NWDA) was set up on 17th July 1982
by Indian government as a Society under Societies registration act 1860 under the Ministry of
Water Resources to study the feasibility of the links under Peninsular Component of National
Perspective Plan. The NWDA is fully funded by Government of India. Subsequently in 1990-91,
NWDA Society resolved to take up the studies of Himalayan Component also. Further, on 28th
June, 2006 preparation of DPR of link projects and prefeasibility/ feasibility reports of intra-
basin links as proposed by states were also included in the functions of NWDA Society and
modified the functions accordingly. The functions of NWDA were further modified to undertake
the work of preparation of DPRs of intra-state links also.

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D] WATER GRID

 Grid techniques
 Water quality
 Water security
 Water supply
 Water resource management
 R&D and developing water technologies
 Rain enhancement
 Water conservation& Sustainable development

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1] GRID TECHNIQUES

RIVER & CANAL LINKING:

The interlinking of river project is a Civil Engineering project, which aims to connect Indian
rivers through reservoirs and canals. The farmers will not have to depend on the monsoon for
cultivation and also the excess or lack of water can be overcome during flood or drought. You
will be surprised to know that India has only four per cent of the water available, and India's
population is around 18 per cent of the world's population. But every year, hundreds of millions
of cubic cusec water flows into the ocean and India has to meet its needs with only 4 per cent of
the water.
Every project has two aspects, but we should focus on how much more people will get benefit
from this project. This article is based on the interlinking of the river project, in which its history
and the benefits of this project are explained.
Background:
What is the interlinking River project?
This project will connect 60 rivers of India, including river Ganga. Hopefully with the help of
this project, there will be a reduction in the dependence of farmers on uncertain monsoon rains
and there will also be millions of cultivated land for irrigation. This project is divided into three
parts: North Himalayan river link constituents; Southern Peninsular Component starting from
2005, Interstate interlinking of rivers. This project is being managed under the National Water
Development Authority of India (NWDA), Ministry of Water Resources.
Proponents:

It will irrigate about 87 million acres of farmland, control floods, and generate 34 GW of
hydroelectric power.
These are tantalizing prospects: India’s rain-fed farms are forever hostage to the vagaries of
nature, so much so that even one bad monsoon has a direct and debilitating economic impact

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 India also desperately needs clean energy to fuel its development processes, and if river
water can be leveraged and redirected to serve these purposes, that’s an option worth
exploring.
 This project can solve the problem of drought and flood, because at the time of need the
river which causes flood can give water to the area of river which have a shortage of
water because the water can be stored or water can be transferred from water surplus area
to the deficit. Ganga and the Brahmaputra region can get rid of floods that come every
year with the help of this project.
 The irrigation, land will also increase by about 15 percent.
 15,000 km of river and 10,000 km of navigation will be developed. Thereby reducing the
transportation cost.
 Large scale afforestation and about 3,000 tourist spots will be built.
 This project will solve the problems of drinking water and financially also will solve the
problem.
 It is also possible to get jobs for the landless farmers of rural areas.

Cons of the Project:

It will lead to massive displacement of people .

 Since the Ganga basin’s topography is flat, building dams would not substantially add to
river flows and these dams could threaten the forests of the Himalayas and impact the
functioning of the monsoon system.
 The transfer of such enormous amounts of water will inundate forests and land for
reservoirs, and the weight of billions of litres of water may even have seismic
implications in the Himalayan region.

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Other issues:

 River inter-linking is an expensive business from building the link canals to the
monitoring and maintenance infrastructure. Implementation of the project not only needs
a huge financial capital but also political support, both are scarce commodities as of now.
 Another important issue is building consensus among states and Land acquisition.
 Once the project is implemented it would lead to large scale displacement of people and
animals. Hence appropriate rehabilitation measures should be taken by the Government.
 A careful scientific assessment of the project and its impact on the environment, is
necessary in case of a project of this magnitude especially with regard to Biodiversity

Stormwater Catchment

In Israel there are very few natural water sources. The state of those few sources has deteriorated
in recent years following the prolonged drought that hit the country. One of the actions initiated
by “Mekorot” to increase the amount of available water and improve the water balance is the
collection of stormwater – activity that is also considered unique in the world.
Through this activity “Mekorot” succeeds in exploiting valuable water that if not for the
Company’s initiative would have been lost. In an average year of rain, about 25 million cubic
meters of stormwater are collected, and directed to various consumer uses. In the storm that
struck Israel in January 2013, “Mekorot” managed to collect about 19 million cubic meters of
floodwater in the Company’s stormwaters collection factories across the country: 13 million
cubic meters of water for agricultural use and 6 million cubic meters of water, which were
introduced into the groundwater reservoirs so they are later directed for domestic use.

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2] WATER QUALITY AND SECURITY

Water quality & security has been defined as "the reliable availability of an acceptable quantity
and quality of water for health, livelihoods and production, coupled with an acceptable level of
water-related risks". It is realised to the degree that water scarcity is non-existent, or has been
decreased or eliminated, and to the degree that floodsand contamination of freshwater supplies
are non-threatening.

"Sustainable development will not be achieved without a water secure world. A water secure
world integrates a concern for the intrinsic value of water with a concern for its use for human
survival and well-being. A water secure world harnesses water's productive power and minimises
its destructive force. Water security also means addressing environmental protection and the
negative effects of poor management. It is also concerned with ending fragmented responsibility
for water and integrating water resources management across all sectors—finance, planning,
agriculture, energy, tourism, industry, education and health. A water secure world reduces
poverty, advances education, and increases living standards. It is a world where there is an
improved quality of life for all, especially for the most vulnerable—usually women and
children—who benefit most from good water governance."

Water security is achieved when there is enough water for everyone in a region and the water
supply is not at risk of disappearing. According to the Pacific Institute "While regional impacts
will vary, global climate change will potentially alter agricultural productivity, freshwater
availability and quality, access to vital minerals, coastal and island flooding, and more. Among
the consequences of these impacts will be challenges to political relationships, realignment of
energy markets and regional economies, and threats to security".

It impacts regions, states and countries. Tensions exist between upstream and downstream users
of water within individual jurisdictions.

During history there has been much conflict over use of water from rivers such as
the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Another highly politicized example is Israel's control of water
resources in the Levant region since its creation, where Israel securing its water resources was
one of several drivers for the 1967 Six Day War.

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Water security is sometimes sought by implementing water desalination, pipelines between

sources and users, water licences with different security levels and war.

Water allocation between competing users is increasingly determined by application of market-

based pricing for either water licenses or actual water.

The OECD projects that demand for water is set to increase by 55% between 2010 and 2050, due
to growing demand from manufacturing, energy generation and domestic use. There will be
increasing competition for water amongst uses and users, putting ecosystems at risk.
Groundwater depletion may become the greatest threat to agriculture and urban water supplies in
several regions in the coming decades. Climate change will only exacerbate these tensions, as
uncertainty rises about future water availability and demand.

In India, there is competition for water resources of all inter state rivers except the
main Brahmaputra river among the riparian states of India and also with neighbouring countries
which are Nepal, China, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, etc. Vast area of the Indian
subcontinent is under tropical climate which is conducive for agriculture due to favourable warm
and sunny conditions provided perennial water supply is available to cater to the high rate
of evapotranspiration from the cultivated land. Though the overall water resources are adequate
to meet all the requirements of the subcontinent, the water supply gaps due to temporal and
spatial distribution of water resources among the states and countries in the subcontinent are to
be bridged.

There is intense competition for the water available in the inter state rivers such
as Kavery, Krishna, Godavari, Vamsadhara, Mandovi, Ravi-Beas-
Sutlez, Narmada, Tapti, Mahanadi, etc. among the riparian states of India in the absence of water
augmentation from the water surplus rivers such as Brahmaputra, Himalayan tributaries
of Ganga and west flowing coastal rivers of western ghats. All river basins face severe water
shortage even for drinking needs of people, cattle and wild life during the intense summer season
when the rainfall is negligible.

Water security can be achieved along with energy security as it is going to consume electricity to
link the surplus water areas with the water deficit areas by lift canals, pipe lines, etc. The total
water resources going waste to the sea are nearly 1200 billion cubic meters after sparing

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moderate environmental / salt export water requirements of all rivers. Interlinking rivers of the
subcontinent is possible to achieve water security in the Indian subcontinent with the active
cooperation of the countries in the region.

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3] WATER MANAGEMENT AND SUPPLY

India receives about 4,000 cubic kilometers of rain annually, or about 1 million gallons of fresh
water per person every year. However, the precipitation pattern in India varies dramatically
across distance and over calendar months. Much of the precipitation in India, about 85%, is
received during summer months through monsoons in the Himalayan catchments of the Ganges-
Brahmaputra- Meghna (GBM) basin. The northeastern region of the country receives heavy
precipitation, in comparison with the northwestern, western and southern parts. The uncertainty
of start date of monsoons, sometimes marked by prolonged dry spells and fluctuations in
seasonal and annual rainfall is a serious problem for the country. The nation sees cycles of
drought years and flood years, with large parts of west and south experiencing more deficits and
large variations, resulting in immense hardship particularly the poorest farmers and rural
populations. Lack of irrigation water regionally leads to crop failures and farmer suicides.
Despite abundant rains during July–September, some regions in other seasons see shortages of
drinking water. Some years, the problem temporarily becomes too much rainfall, and weeks of
havoc from floods. This excess-scarcity regional disparity and flood-drought cycles have created
the need for water resources management. Rivers inter-linking is one proposal to address that
need.

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Challenges:

Four girls carrying water in India

As of 2010, only two cities in India — Trivandrum and Kota — get continuous water supply. In
2005 none of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million distributed water
for more than a few hours per day, despite generally sufficient infrastructure. Owing to
inadequate pressure people struggle to collect water even when it is available. According to
the World Bank, none have performance indicators that compare with average international
standards. A 2007 study by the Asian Development Bank showed that in 20 cities the average
duration of supply was only 4.3 hours per day. None of the 20 cities had continuous supply. The
longest duration of supply was 12 hours per day in Chandigarh, and the lowest was 0.3 hours per
day in Rajkot. According to the results of a Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) Program carried
out by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) in 2006 in 28 cities, the average duration of
supply was 3.3 hours per day, with a range from one hour every three days to 18 hours per day.
In Delhi residents receive water only a few hours per day because of inadequate management of
the distribution system. This results in contaminated water and forces households to complement
a deficient public water service at prohibitive 'coping' costs; the poor suffer most from this
situation. For example, according to a 1996 survey households in Delhi spent an average
of ₹2,182 (US$33.40) per year in time and money to cope with poor service levels. This is more
than two times as much as the 2001 water bill of about US$18 per year of a Delhi household that
uses 20 cubic meters per month.

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Vision:

The major challenge that has accompanied India since its inception is the regular and reliable
supply of water of the best quality to all the inhabitants of India. Through integrated management
of the water resources and providing solutions for the future, from a national perspective, the
complex challenge and in providing wide-ranging solutions to the growing consumption of
water.
Maximizes the potential for water production from natural sources on the one hand. while
providing new solutions to increase the amount of available water on the other. The result: From
the peaks of just like in the big cities, 365 days a year – t brings water to every water faucet in
homes, agriculture and industry in India.

In order to meet the needs of households, agriculture and industry in Israel, produce water from nature and from
alternative sources.

Natural water sources:

Sources of surface water – Surface water is flowing or standing water, located at ground level,
and is used for pumping drinking water.

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Groundwater – There are two main focal points of groundwater reservoirs India: the mountain
aquifer and the coastal aquifer. Regeneration of these sources depends on rainwater that seeps
into the ground and accumulates in underground reservoirs. In addition, there are also aquifers
with brackish water which are mainly used for agriculture and desalination.

Water sources/water resources – Main alternatives:

Desalinated seawater – This is water which, after desalination and the necessary treatment, can
be an invaluable source of water for various uses, especially for drinking. For this reason
Mekorot invests huge resources in developing water technologies and water desalination plants.
Desalination of brackish water – The source of this water is underground, in natural reservoirs,
which are located deep inside the bowels of the earth, such as the mountain aquifer and the
coastal aquifer. Pumps the water and desalinates it to the appropriate quality for household or
agriculture use. In remote areas desalinating brackish water from local reservoirs is the main
source of water supply for agriculture-based communities.
Effluents – This water from wastewater that has undergone treatment and is therefore fit for
reuse, especially for agriculture and industry. Water recycling facilitates significant savings for
the water industry and it allows water that is more suitable for drinking (potable water) to be
diverted to households.

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Achievements:

Jamshedpur, a city in Jharkhand with 573,000 inhabitants, provided 25% of its residents with
continuous water supply in 2009. Navi Mumbai, a planned city with more than 1m inhabitants,
has achieved continuous supply for about half its population as of January 2009. Badlapur,
another city in the Mumbai Conurbation with a population of 140,000, has achieved continuous
supply in 3 out of 10 operating zones, covering 30% of its population. Trivandrum, the capital of
Kerala state with a population of 1,645,000 in 2011, is the largest Indian city that enjoys
continuous water supply.

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4] WATER CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The major risks related to water: risk of too much, too little and too polluted water; and
disruption to freshwater systems. In addition, lack of access to water supply and sanitation can be
considered as another water-related risk. The OECD argues that investing in water security is a
condition for sustainable growth and development.

Managing water-related risks requires improved policy coherence across sectors, such as climate
change adaptation, water management and disaster risk reduction. The analyses best policy
responses. Specific work focuses on water in the context of adaptation to climate change.
The Roundtable on Financing Water ambitions to expedite investment that contributes to water
security and sustainable growth.

Water management is not merely an environmental issue. It is a development issue. The

Global Dialogue on Water Security for Sustainable Growth recently established how water
security contributes to sustainable growth. This connection is highlighted by the role of water in
the Sustainable Development Goals, with a stand-alone water goal and several references to
water in other goals.

The Task Force on Water Security and Sustainable Growth demonstrated in their Securing
Water, Sustaining Growth report that water resources can play a defining role in economic
development. Water-related risks act as a drag on global economic growth.

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Farming accounts for around 70% of water used in the world today and also contributes to
water pollution from excess nutrients, pesticides and other pollutants. But the competition for
water is increasing and the costs of water pollution can be high.

Increased pressure from urbanization industrialization and climate change will provide
agriculture with more competition for water resources and climate change could affect water
supply and agriculture through changes in the seasonal timing of rainfall and snow pack melt, as
well as higher incidence and severity of floods and droughts.

Sustainable management of water in agriculture is critical to increase agricultural production,

ensure water can be shared with other users and maintain the environmental and social benefits
of water systems. Governments need to improve the economic efficiency and environmental
effectiveness of policies that seek to improve water resource use efficiency and reduce water
pollution from agricultural systems.

To assist policy makers in addressing this challenge and analysis contribute to formulating policy
responses that will move agriculture towards the sustainable management of water.

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5] TECNOLOGICAL INVENTION

Desalination

The needs of the water market, and especially the constant water shortage in India, To expand its
operations from the supply of water from natural sources to producing water from alternative
sources as well. Desalination is one of the most prominent methods for producing water from
these same sources. With experience of over 50 years in water desalination “Mekorot” is one of
the world's leading water companies.

Desalination is a process that extracts mineral components from saline water. More generally,
desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance, as in soil
desalination, which is an issue for agriculture.

“Mekorot” is now leading the water revolution in Israel and is building the “New National
Carrier”, which will receive the desalinated water from the five desalination facilities along the
Mediterranean Sea and transfer them simultaneously in all directions: from the west to east,
north and south.Within this framework “Mekorot Development and Enterprise”, a subsidiary of

“Mekorot”, is establishing the new desalination facility in Ashdod. The facility will add every
year more than 100 cubic meters of water to the national water system. At the same time,
“Mekorot” is operating nationwide 40 desalination facilities for brackish water and seawater,
providing today high quality drinking water in the scope of about 40 million cubic meters per a

Saltwater is desalinated to produce water suitable for human consumption or irrigation. One by-
product of desalination is salt. Desalination is used on many seagoing ships and submarines.
Most of the modern interest in desalination is focused on cost-effective provision of fresh

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water for human use. Along with recycled wastewater, it is one of the few rainfall-independent
water sources.

Due to its energy consumption, desalinating sea water is generally more costly than fresh water
from rivers or groundwater, water recycling and water conservation. However, these alternatives
are not always available and depletion of reserves is a critical problem worldwide. Currently,
approximately 1% of the world's population is dependent on desalinated water to meet daily
needs, but the UN expects that 14% of the world's population will encounter water scarcity by
2025.

Desalinated water is usually healthier than water from rivers and ground water, and there is less
salt and limescale in it.

According to the International Desalination Association, in June 2015, 18,426 desalination plants
operated worldwide, producing 86.8 million cubic meters per day, providing water for 300
million people. This number increased from 78.4 million cubic meters in 2013, a 10.71%
increase in 2 years. The single largest desalination project is Ras Al-Khair in Saudi Arabia,
which produced 1,025,000 cubic meters per day in 2014. Kuwait produces a higher proportion of
its water than any other country, totaling 100% of its water use.

Water reclaimation:

Wastewater treatment consists of four stages:

• Pretreatment: The stage where the coarse or suspended material is removed.

• Primary treatment: A physical energy intensive process which aims to reduce the load on the
biological treatment (secondary). In this process, about 30% of the organic substances and 40%
to 60% of the suspended solids are removed through gravitational settling.

• Secondary treatment: A biological process that aims to decompose the organic substances in
wastewater. The process is performed by using bacteria and microorganisms that digest the
material waste, while inserting oxygen into the liquid by mechanical means. In order to facilitate
the removal of pollutants from the wastewater, the bacteria population is allowed to proliferate,

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until it reaches a quantity that is sufficient to digest the contaminating materials in a given period
of time. During the digestive stage, the bacteria grow into larger chunks that can be separated
from the liquid through gravitational settling. After settling, secondary effluents of high quality
are obtained which are permitted to be used in agriculture, pursuant to the regulations of the
Ministry of Health.

• Tertiary treatment: During this stage, the removal of contaminants, bacteria and other
microorganisms that are found in secondary effluents is guaranteed. This is done by filtering the
effluents through a deep and sterilization granular (particulate) bed. The reclaimed effluents are
permitted for the unrestricted irrigation of all agricultural crops.

E] Success stories

Success storie of water grid in Gujarat

Gujarat constantly faces severe water scarcity. About 70 per cent of the state’s freshwater
resources are located within 30 per cent of its geographical area. Further, several regions such as
Saurashtra and Kutch remain arid and receive insufficient rainfall, facing the brunt of frequent
droughts. In a bid to mitigate the problem of water scarcity, the Gujarat government undertook
the development of a state water supply grid in 2011. To this end, it launched the Swarnim
Gujarat Saurashtra-Kutch Water Grid Project. Earlier, a large area of the Kutch-Saurashtra
region relied on water supply tankers to meet their water requirements. In addition, the high
salinity in the region’s water bodies led to diseases among the local population. The extreme
water crisis compelled people to migrate to other regions. To augment water supply to dry areas,
Gujarat Water Infrastructure Limited (GWIL) launched the Swarnim Gujarat Saurashtra–Kutch
Water Grid Project,

which was commissioned in April 2015.

Project details A total investment of Rs 25 billion, financed by the state government, was
undertaken for the development of the water grid. The scope of work involved the construction
of three pumping stations at Dhanki in Lakhtar taluka on the branch canal of the Narmada canal

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network. The stations draw water from the river Narmada, which is conveyed to the Saurashtra
and Kutch regions through three bulk water supply pipelines. The pipelines span a total length of
361 km. This network comprises a 120.5 km long pipeline from Dhanki to Maliya, a 146.1 km
long pipeline from Dhanki to Hadala, and a 94.5 km long pipeline from Dhanki to Navda. Mild
steel pipes with diameters ranging from 1,850 mm to 2,400 mm have been laid for the execution
of the project. GWIL awarded the project works to sever

al organisations. It signed a contract worth Rs 6.91 billion with IVRCL Limited. Under the
agreement, IVRCL Limited laid the bulk water transmission main pipeline from Dudhrej PS to
Navagam and from Navda to Budhel. Apart from carrying out the civil and electromechanical
works, the company is responsible for the operations and maintenance (O&M) of the pipes for a
five-year period. Besides, GWIL awarded two contracts worth Rs 5.13 billion to SPML Infra
Limited. The first contract worth, Rs 2.67 billion, involved the laying of a 42.4 km long bulk
water transmission main from Dhanki to Navada, near the Ahmedabad-Rajkot national highway
(NH-8A). It also involved the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) of a 560 million
litre per day (mld) pump house and other intake arrangements at Dhanki. The second contract
was for laying a 33.5 km long bulk water transmission main from Dhanki to Dudhrej. It also
involved the construction of

VIBRANT GUJARAT SPECIAL

pumping infrastructure, including a 545 mld pump house. The works entailed a total cost of Rs
2.46 billion. Both these projects have been commissioned. Further, the company has commenced
O&M activities of the infrastructure for a period of five years. All EPC projects are highly
schedule-driven and the phases are implemented simultaneously to complete the project as early
as possible. However, sometimes companies face several challenges that lead to cost overruns
and project delays. SPML too faced some challenges while executing these projects. For
instance, the pipe manufacturers did not have the facility to manufacture large diameter three-
layered polyethylene coated pipes. Therefore, they had to upgrade their facilities to be able to
supply the required pipelines. Further, the company had to develop a complete logistics chain for
the transportation of heavy pipes (each 12 metre pipe weighed 11.5 metric tonnes) using

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specially made 18wheeled low bed trailers for the project. SPML also devised a mechanism to
enhance access to the site for the safe laying of pipelines in diverse soil and climatic conditions.
It was a challenge for the company to weld the pipes together, given their large diameters. Apart
from this, post welding, each pipe had to be again coated with three-layered polyethylene. It was
a huge task for the company to place heavy pumping machineries. Besides, the rotators of all
pumps for the project had to be specially imported from Germany. GWIL also awarded a Rs 3.48
billion contract to Larsen & Toubro Limited for laying the bulk water transmission main pipeline
in Surendranagar and Junagarh districts of the state. Further, a Rs 2.89 billion contract was
awarded to Hindustan Construction Company Limited. The work involved the construction of a
57 km long transmission pipeline between Dhanki and Maliya. Besides, Pratibha Industries
Limited was awarded a Rs 4.03 billion contract for laying a 63 km long pipeline network from
Dhanki to Chuli. In addition to the project’s scope of works, several other socio-political factors

were kept in mind. For instance, it was ensured that the land acquisition process did not interfere
with the prosperity of farmers and fair land prices were given for the acquisition. Further, the
project was given clearances in a time-bound manner and with a high degree of transparency.
Focus was also laid on effective monitoring and resolution of issues pertaining to project
execution. The project has some salient features that are worth highlighting. For instance, all
pipes used in the project are coated with three-layered polyethylene and food grade epoxy to
prevent corrosion and increase the flow velocity. Moreover, the engineering designs used in the
project are environment friendly. The project has also received the United Nations Public Service
Award for implementing initiatives to foster community participation.

Project outcome The water scarcity scenario in Gujarat has

changed substantially after the commissioning of the project. The water grid has enabled the
state government to supply water to 132 towns and 11,456 villages in the Saurashtra, Kutch,
North Gujarat, Panchmahal and Ahmedabad regions. About 1,650 mld of potable water is
supplied to 39 million people across these regions. Water supply to Rajkot city alone has been
augmented by 40 mld. The availability of water has also led to a rapid increase in industrial
development in the otherwise dry region.

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Conclusion The Gujarat water grid project has been extremely successful in augmenting the
supply of drinking water to the dry regions of the state. It has been reported that the length of its
pipeline network is longer than the length of the total railways network in India. Further, the size
of the pipelines used in the project is noteworthy, with the pipes capable of allowing a small
vehicle to pass through it. Owing to the project, the state government has seen an increase in the
number of household water connections. In addition, it has reduced people’s reliance on
groundwater and rainfall for meeting their drinking water needs. In fact, learning from the
experience of Gujarat, several other states, such as Telangana and Maharashtra, are also in the
process of developing water grids. The project is, therefore, helping to mitigate water scarcity

issues across the country. ◗ Contributed by SPML Infra Limited

The Swarnim Gujarat Water Supply Project was initiated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
during his tenure as the chief minister of Gujarat. India’s biggest water supply project is among
the largest engineering interventions, which has helped the state government to provide drinking
water to millions of people across the Saurashtra-Kutch region comprehensively and effectively.
Sufficient availability of water has improved the quality of life, as well as attracted investments
for setting up industries in the region. I am proud that our company, SPML Infra, was a reliable
partner in this mega infrastructure development project. I hope that the phenomenal success of
this project will make other states adopt the same to deal with water scarcity issues.

The project has led to an increase in the number of household water connections and reduced
people’s reliance on groundwater and rainfall for meeting their drinking water needs.

Success storie of water grid in Telangana

To change this situation, the Telangana government, under the able leadership of CM Sri K
Chandrashekar Rao, has designed the Telangana Water Grid - a mammoth project intended to
provide a sustainable and permanent solution to the drinking water woes.

The objective of Telangana Water Grid is to provide 100 liters of clean drinking water per person
in rural households and 150 liters per person in urban households. This project aims to provide
water to about 25000 rural habitations and 67 urban habitations.

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Chief Minister Sri K Chandrashekar Rao drew inspiration for the Telangana Water Grid, from
the success of another project that he himself conceived and executed, while he was the MLA for
Siddipet Assembly Constituency.

The Siddipet Drinking Water Project, which was the brainchild of Sri K Chandrashekar Rao took
shape in 1996-97. The project, which costed Rs 60 Crores involved lifting water from Lower
Manair Dam and supplying it to every household in about 180 villages in Siddipet constituency.
The successful implementation of this project and the glitch-free operation from past two
decades, is a testimony to the vision and foresight of our beloved CM.

The Telangana Water Grid would depend on water resources available in Krishna & Godavari -
two perennial rivers flowing through the state. A total of 34 TMC of water from Godavari river
and 21.5 TMC from Krishna river would be utilized for the water grid. Plans are ready to use
water from Srisailam, Sriram Sagar Project, Komuram Bheem Project, Paleru Reservoir, Jurala
Dam, Nizam Sagar Project. This scientifically designed project intends to use the natural
gradient wherever possible and pump water where necessary and supply water through pipelines.
The state-level grid will comprise of a total of 26 internal grids.

The main trunk pipelines of this project would run about 5000 KM, and the secondary pipelines
running a length of about 50000 KM would be used to fill service tanks in habitations. From here
the village-level pipeline network of about 75,000 KM would be used to provide clean drinking
water to households.

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F] CONCLUSION

"Here there’s water and no land, and here there’s land and no water. So this water must be
sent to that land."

Potential benefits of smart water grids include improved leak management, water
quality monitoring, intelligent drought management, and energy savings. It is not yet well
understood how different implementations of smart water grids yield what benefits and costs.
We argue that integrative analysis of multiple benefits for larger-scale smart water grid
systems could help pave the way for the future. For example, while viewing the smart water
grid purely as a way to reduce water losses might not justify the investment, considering
water losses and drought management might tip the balance. In addition, as the benefits can
accrue to a number of different actors, e.g., utilities, homeowners, and society as a whole,
there are important questions as how to distribute costs among beneficiaries. Support for
research and development is needed to enable such work, coupled with cooperation with
municipal water utilities.

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REFERANCE

 http://www.mekorot.co.il/Eng/newsite/DevEnterprise/Pages/Default.aspx
 http://www.oecd.org/water/water-quantity-and-quality.htm

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"Here there’s water and no land, and here there’s land and no water. So this water must be sent
to that land." Levi Eshkol.

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