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INTRODUCTION
There has been increasing interest in utilization of agricultural waste ashes in concrete. If
the waste can be reused and recycled; natural resources are used efficiently, waste is kept out of
landfills and the waste disposal costs are saved. Utilization of the waste as cement replacement
not only reduces the economic and environmental problems associated with the waste disposal
but also reduces the CO2 emissions during cement manufacture which requires extreme heat. 1
Therefore, partial replacement of cement with bamboo culm ash in concrete bricks has twofold
effect; (1) reducing the waste and the problems associated with them and (2) reducing the cement
content in concrete bricks and its negative economic and environmental impacts.
There are natural waste products such as rice husk ash, sawdust and sugar cane straw
ash that are already in use in concrete as mineral admixtures to improve concrete properties and
hardened state. Another potential source is bamboo waste generated during the annual industrial
construction materials, bamboo furniture and even high-tech industry. These wastes are either
disposed of in landfills or burnt, ultimately harming the environment by polluting the air and
lignocellulosic composite, emits methane, with a heating effect of 72 times higher than that of
CO2 .2
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Statement of the Problem
The main concern of the study is to develop a “Bamboo Culm Ash as an Additive to the
Concrete Bricks” that will be highly acceptable to the society and would be very beneficial to
1. What is the compressive strength of the concrete bricks with bamboo ash?
3. Can the Bamboo Culm Ash (BCA) concrete be used to replace the Portland cement
in concrete brick?
Hypothesis
The hypothesis of the study is that there is a significant difference between the strength
of bricks with Bamboo Culm Ash (BCA) to the strength of plain bricks.
Assumption
That cement with Bamboo Culm Ash (BCA) would enhance the strength of the brick.
The researcher focused only on the strength of the Bricks with Bamboo Culm Ash. The
study used Portland cement as a raw material. Also, the proponent concentrates only to three
ratio of mixture, 90% cement with 10% Bamboo Culm Ash, 80% cement with 10% Bamboo Culm
Ash and 70% cement with 30% Bamboo Culm Ash. The proponent also delimited the study on
the physical and chemical properties present on the Bamboo Culm Ash.
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Significance of the Study
The result of the study will, in one way or another, influence and benefit the following:
Students. This will be a great help and can encouraged the students to utilize their
creativity, imagination and thinking capacity to come up with new ideas which will lead to wider
Manufacturers. This study will help the manufacturers to come up with new material that
can help to reduce the cost in construction and make use of the natural resources of the country.
Community. It will provide information regarding the possible use of bamboo culm ash as
Future Researchers. It could help them providing with some helpful and important ideas
related to their respective researchers. May this study provide them with the pertinent data that
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Notes
1. Naik, T.R., and Moriconi, G., “Environmental-friendly durable concrete made with recycled
Development of Cement, Concrete and Concrete Structures, Toronto, Ontario, 2005, pp.
5-7.
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Chapter 2
This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies that have bearing in relation
to the present study on creating Bamboo Culm Ash as an additive to the concrete bricks. The
Related Literature
In developing countries like India skyscrapers are touching to new heights in metros, at
the same time large masses are struggling to get appropriate shelter, because of the ever-
increasing population and unaffordable costs of the construction materials. Same is the situation
in rural areas. This is because of the fact that, the construction industry is the major consumer of
energy and materials in most of the countries, which is not the true sign of sustainable
development. This underlines the acute need for alternative construction materials having low
cement composite matrices. In addition to low cost, it is replenish-able and offers good
mechanical strength. It can be handled by local unskilled labors and no expensive or artificial form
of energy for its manufacture is required. It can be used as a whole, splits or in the form of fibers.
dimensional changes due to water absorption from surrounding concrete resulting in consequent
loss of bond and cracking. As it is organic matter containing sugar, it attracts borer insects. It also,
decays due to attack of fungus in wet condition. However, appropriate treatments can overcome
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Bamboo is one of the construction materials known to mankind since time immemorial. It
is the most common construction material used for hut type structures in developing countries. Its
use as reinforcement to cement matrices was recognized at the beginning of twentieth century.
Institute of Technology which was 7 followed by several field applications in China up to 1919.
and easy availability of reinforcing steel till 1936. During Second World War, the American and
the Japanese armed forces used bamboo for reinforcing cement matrices for emergency military
were carried out in the United States, India, Philippines and Thailand to understand the
Related Studies
Yusoff et al. (1992) studied the chemical composition of one, two and three year old
role in its durability and service life. Durability of bamboo against mold, fungal and borers’ attacks
is strongly associated with its chemical composition. Furthermore, the ash content of bamboo is
also made up of inorganic minerals, primarily silica, calcium and potassium. Manganese and
magnesium are two other common minerals. Silica content is the highest in the epidermis, with
very little in the nodes. Reactions of this ash (heated at moderately high temperatures) with
calcium hydroxide are known to be pozzolanic in nature. The mechanism for this display of
strength is the reaction of silicates with lime to form secondary cementitious phases (calcium
silicate hydrates with a lower Ca/Si ratio) which display gradual strengthening properties usually
after 7 days.
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Akaninyene et al. (2013) studied the effect of Periwinkle Shell Ash (PSA) and Bamboo
Leaf Ash (BLA) on the mechanical properties of concrete for a standardized mix of 1:2:4.2 They
have conducted experiments with varied percentages of PSA and for 10% of BLA. They
concluded that concrete with 80% cement, 10% PSA and 10% BLA gives better strength than
other mixes. Hence, in the present work it is proposed to study the effect of substitution of BLA in
characteristics.
Dwivedi et al. (2006) reported the reaction between calcium hydroxide (CaOH) and
bamboo leaf ash for 4 hours of reaction, using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
technique, while Singh et al. (2007) studied the hydration of bamboo leaf ash in blended Portland
cement2. Bamboo leaf ashes were obtained in a laboratory electric furnace at 600C calcining
temperature for 2 hours of retention. Once calcined, the ashes were ground and sieved below 90
µm, fineness similar to that of Portland cement. The ash showed grey colour. These studies
concluded that bamboo leaf ash is an effective pozzolanic material. When 20% weight of bamboo
leaf ash was mixed with OPC, the compressive strength values of mortars at 28 days of hydration
Ernesto et al. (2007) discussed the characterization and studied the pozzolanic behavior
between calcium hydroxide (CaOH) and bamboo leaf ash (BLA) obtained by calcining bamboo
leaves.2 Based on the chemical composition, morphology and XRD pattern test on bamboo leaf
ash, they concluded that this kind of ash is formed by silica with a completely amorphous nature
and a high pozzolanic activity. Sabir et al. (1998) measured the uni-directional water absorption
of mortar and concrete. They tested the sorptivity of various mortars, found out the variation in
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McCarter et al. (1996) studied the absorption of water and chloride ion penetration into
concrete and found that sorptivity is to be minimized to bring down problems due to either chloride
ion penetration or sulphate attack on concrete. Bai et al. (2002) found from their studies that
addition of fly ash increases sorptivity, whereas addition of silica fume reduces sorptivity.
The previous studies and literature were closely related to the present study. The study of
Akaninyene is similar to the present study. The difference is the present study used bamboo culm
From the foregoing reviewed related studies, it is evident that most of them focused on
the physical, chemical and mechanical property of bamboo ash. However, no one has tried to
conduct a study about the mixture of bamboo culm ash and cement to make a brick.
For this reason, the study tried to bridge the gap on the possibility that the brick with
Theoretical Framework
This portion of the study described the principles that are applicable to the evaluation of
the performance if Concrete mixed with BCA. The theory is based on the design books and
different design standards such as NSCP and ASTM standard. This principle is very useful in the
practice of civil engineering profession and is vital to the development of Concrete mixed with
The researcher uses the theory of recycling of the bamboo culm for its possible
economical use and to avoid it from risk to the environment and also the theory of comparison of
the compressive strength of plain concrete and concrete mixed with bamboo culm ash.
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This study will provide low cost of concrete because of the replacement of bamboo culm
ash to the Portland cement if the concrete mixed with bamboo culm ash will meet the required
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THEORY OF
RECYCLING
Portland
cement mixed
NSCP with BCA, fine ASTM
aggregates,
and water
THEORY OF
COMPARISON
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Conceptual Framework
The concept of this study is illustrated by the diagram in figure 2. The input includes the
different Codes, Standard and Specification. The researchers used the National Structure Codes
of the Philippines (NSCP), American Standard for Testing Materials (ASTM) as guide in the
The throughput covers the selection of materials required by ASTM C33 Standard
Specification for Concrete Aggregates. In the experimental study, the open heaped-up burning
method of bamboo culm ash was adopted because of its potential reactivity and it is one of the
most common methods of disposal of bamboo culm in this country. Thus, the output of this study
The feedback directed to the input block gave supplementary information regarding the
compression strength test. On the other hand, the feedback heading for the throughput guided
the researcher on improving the process to produce better compressive strength of the specimen.
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ASTM
NSCP
WATER
AGGREGATES
INPUT BAMBOO CULM ASH
PORTLAND CEMENT
1. SELECTION OF
THE MATERIALS
2. MIXTURE
PROPORTION
THROUGHPUT
3. PREPARATION OF
SPECIMEN
4. COMPRESSIVE
TEST
CONCRETE BRICK
OUTPUT MIXED WITH
BAMBOO CULM ASH
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Chapter 3
This chapter deals with the manner in which the problem was investigated to yield the
desired goal. Included are the choice of design applicable to the problem, its purpose and the
RESEARCH DESIGN
For this study, the researcher believe that the most appropriate design is the quantitative
design because it involves the collection and analysis of collected data that is obtained from tests.
Specifically, this study employed the experimental type of research since it undertaken the testing
of the product where it was used and also it underwent a laboratory test to know the durability
RESEARCH METHOD
The present study – Bamboo Culm Ash as an Additive to the Concrete Bricks, use the
experimental, comparative, and descriptive method in dealing with the research. Experimental
method was used in the study since laboratory test in the determination of the mixture proportion
of cement and bamboo culm ash (BCA) were made. The data and result needed depend on the
Comparative method was used since the strength of mixture proportion of cement and
bamboo culm ash (BCA) are to be compared to the strength of plain concrete based on the
standard specification. Descriptive method was used to discuss the methods and procedures of
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Collection of Materials
In this study, the researcher carefully selected the materials needed in the experiment.
These are the Portland cement, fine aggregates, BCA and water.
Fine Aggregates
The fine aggregates are carefully selected in order to ensure that the materials are free
from decaying matters that may affect the good quality of the product. So, the researcher decides
to get the fine aggregates in Legazpi City because of easy access of this material.
Portland Cement
Portland cement ASTM type 1 was used in the experiment because it is the most
commonly used cement, accessible in hardware and it is highly suitable for use in the general
concrete construction.
Bamboo Culm is one of the most widely available agricultural wastes here in the Bicol
area and the majority of the culm is either burnt or dumped as waste. In this research, the bamboo
culm will be used as a cement replacement material. The raw bamboo culm used in this study
came from Oas, Albay and it will be burned for an hour to obtain the residue which is called the
Ash. After burning the bamboo culm, it was sieved in order to get the Bamboo Culm Ash (BCA)
Experimental Procedures
The researcher prepared the materials that where used in the experiment, these materials
are Portland cement, fine aggregates, water and bamboo culm ash as partial replacement for
cement. There is five ratio and it is 100% plain cement with aggregates and 90% cement with
10% Bamboo Culm Ash (BCA), 80% cement with 20% Bamboo Culm Ash (BCA) and 70% cement
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with 30% Bamboo Culm Ash (BCA). The plain concrete was produced in order to make a
comparative analysis
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Definition of Terms
In order to understand the study clearly, the following terms are conceptually and
operationally defined:
organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a
Bamboo Culm is a perennial evergreen that is part of the grass family (a very tall and
Portland Cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world
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NOTES
1. file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Documents/12_chapter2.pdf
2. file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Documents/3601.pdf
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_International
4. http://www.bamboobotanicals.ca/html/about-bamboo/bamboo-growth-habits.html
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_cement
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