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Patients with dissecting or aneurysmal disease of the aortic arch represent a unique challenge for the cardiac
surgeon, and the employment of valid surgical and endovascular techniques and appropriate methods of
cerebral protection is crucial for obtaining satisfactory postoperative results. Open surgical repair remains the
approach of choice, even if supported by increasingly improved endovascular procedures. At present, a wide
range of surgical, endovascular and hybrid procedures is available for the treatment of these high-risk patients.
The aim of this review is to describe the different procedures used in patients with aortic arch pathology and
to review the main results available in the literature.
Key words. Aneurysm; Aorta; Dissection; Hybrid treatment.
Kazui et al.40, 220 TAR, SGT ASCP 12.7 3.3 9.3 Sanguinamento: 3.6 Sopravvivenza:
2000 AD: 70 22°C Complicanze: - a 1 anno: 83 ± 6
DA:150 - polmonari: 32.7 - a 5 anni: 79 ± 6
- renali: 5.9
Kazui et al.41, 50 TAR, SGT ASCP 2 4 4 Sanguinamento: 4 Sopravvivenza
2001 DA: 50 22°C Complicanze: a 1 anno: 92
- polmonari: 12
- renali: 6
Di Eusanio et al.44, 352 TAR, SGT/EBT ASCP 6.8 3.5 5.4 Sanguinamento: 9.7
2004 AD: 49 22-26°C Complicanze:
DA: 303 - cardiache: 1.2
- polmonari: 17.6
- renali: 4.5
Spielvogel et al.46, 150 TAR, TG ASCP+DHCA 4.7 4.1 4.7 Sanguinamento: 4.7 Sopravvivenza:
2007 DA: 150 15°C Complicanze: - a 1 anno: 75
- polmonari: 16 - a 3 anni: 73
- renali: 6 - a 5 anni: 61
Watanuki et al.43, 54 TAR, SGT ASCP + Ax 3.7 5.6 5.6 Sanguinamento: 9.7 Sopravvivenza a 3 anni:
2007 AD: 54 art Complicanze: 87.8 ± 1.2
22-28°C - cardiache: 5.6
- polmonari: 13.0
- renali: 1.9
Ogino et al.42, 431 TAR, SGT ASCP + Ax 4 3.3 9.9 Sanguinamento: 7.5 Sopravvivenza
2008 Diss an: 164 art Complicanze - a 3 anni: 87.2 ± 1.7
Nondiss an: 22-28°C - cardiache: 6.2 - a 5 anni: 80.5 ± 2.6
367 - polmonari: 14.1
- renali: 2.3
AD, dissezione acuta; ASCP, perfusione cerebrale anterograda selettiva; Ax art, cannulazione dell’arteria ascellare; DA, aneurisma degenerativo;
DHCA, arresto di circolo in ipotermia profonda; Diss an, aneurisma dissecante; EBT, tecnica “en bloc”; Nondiss an, aneurisma non dissecante; PND,
disfunzione neurologica permanente; RCP, perfusione cerebrale retrograda; SGT, tecnica dei graft separati; TAR, sostituzione totale dell’arco aor-
tico; TG, tecnica del graft triforcato; TND, disfunzione neurologica temporanea.
Nonostante la tecnica “elephant trunk” in due tempi rappre- mo tempo della tecnica “elephant trunk” la mortalità riportata per
senti l’approccio standard per il trattamento chirurgico degli aneu- la prima procedura è stata compresa tra 2.1% e 12.2%. La se-
rismi estesi dell’aorta toracica, alcuni aspetti meno favorevoli de- conda procedura è stata eseguita nel 44-51.4% dei pazienti, con
vono essere evidenziati: 1) la mortalità di una procedura in due una mortalità compresa tra 3.9% e 9.6% (Tabella 2)48-51, 2) l’alta
stadi è una mortalità cumulativa data dalla somma delle mortali- prevalenza di lesione del nervo laringeo ricorrente di sinistra risul-
tà delle due procedure chirurgiche e della mortalità del periodo di tante in paralisi delle corde vocali ed insufficienza respiratoria.
intervallo. In studi recenti con più di 100 pazienti sottoposti al pri- Negli ultimi anni, con l’idea di migliorare l’outcome chirur-
gico dopo la prima e la seconda procedura, sono state intro-
dotte diverse modifiche alla tecnica originale. Svensson et al.52
e Taniguchi et al.53 hanno proposto di eseguire l’anastomosi di-
stale ad un livello più prossimale (prima dell’origine dell’arteria
succlavia sinistra e dell’arteria carotide sinistra) dove l’aorta è
meno dilatata, per ridurre sia l’incidenza di lesione al nervo ri-
corrente di sinistra sia la tensione sulla linea di sutura. Il tratta-
mento della patologia residua dell’aorta toracica discendente
con tecniche endovascolari utilizzando l’“elephant trunk” co-
me zona di atterraggio può certamente ridurre la mortalità e la
morbilità della seconda procedura54,55.
La “arch-first technique”
Introdotta da Kouchoukos et al.56, questa tecnica consiste in
un intervento in un unico tempo per la sostituzione dell’intera
aorta toracica (Figura 6A). È utilizzabile come alternativa alla
Figura 5. Approccio in due tempi con tecnica “elephant trunk” in tecnica “elephant trunk” nei pazienti la cui malattia è confina-
paziente con aneurisma dell’aorta toraco-addominale (A). Sostitu-
ta all’aorta toracica.
zione dell’arco aortico con “elephant trunk” (primo tempo in ster-
notomia mediana) (B). Sostituzione dell’aorta toraco-addominale in Con tale tecnica l’intera aorta toracica è esposta attraverso
toraco-freno-laparotomia (secondo tempo) (C). una toracotomia anteriore bilaterale (clamshell incision). In ipo-
Tabella 2. Sostituzione estesa dell’aorta toracica con la tecnica “elephant trunk”: risultati tra prima e seconda procedura.
Safi et al.50, 254 TAR+ET Mortalità intraospedaliera: 6.3 n=115 (45.2%) Mortalità tra I e II procedura: 16
2007 PND: 2.0 TAA sost.: 75 (65.2%) Mortalità intraospedaliera: 9.6
Paraplegia: 0.9
DTA, aorta toracica discendente; ET, “elephant trunk”; PND, disfunzione neurologica permanente; sost, sostituzione; TAA, aorta toraco-addomi-
nale; TAR, sostituzione totale dell’arco aortico.
PROSPETTIVE FUTURE
Figura 7. Classificazione
Il recente sviluppo di dispositivi ed endoprotesi ha permesso di
della zona di atterraggio
in aorta toracica. eseguire una completa ricostruzione endovascolare dell’arco
CA, aneurisma cronico; CVA, accidente cerebrovascolare; DA, aneurisma dissecante; EC, collasso dell’endograft; EL, endoleak; FU, follow-up; IMH, ematoma intramurale; PsA, pseudoaneurisma; PTAR,
rottura post-traumatica dell’aorta; PU, ulcera penetrante; SAA, aneurisma dell’arteria succlavia; TND, disfunzione neurologica transitoria.
TRATTAMENTO DELLA PATOLOGIA DELL’ARCO AORTICO
aortico. Il graft endoluminale Inoue è un dispositivo in unico sari per superare le difficoltà correlate alla variabilità anatomi-
pezzo non modulabile con una o tre branche, già utilizzato in ca dell’arco aortico e della posizione dei vasi epiaortici. È pos-
15 pazienti che hanno rifiutato o che sono stati giudicati ad al- sibile che lo sviluppo futuro di graft disegnati al computer po-
to rischio per la chirurgia convenzionale. L’iniziale esperienza trà rendere effettuabili il posizionamento e la misura accurata
con questo dispositivo è stata associata ad un tasso di succes- delle endoprotesi in zona 0, escludendo procedure chirurgiche
so iniziale del 60%82. associate più invasive.
Chuter et al.83 hanno proposto una procedura con bypass
carotido-carotido-succlavia seguito dal posizionamento di
un’endoprotesi biforcata attraverso l’arteria anonima nella zo- RIASSUNTO
na 0. Successivamente, attraverso un approccio femorale, una Il paziente con patologia aneurismatica o dissecante dell’arco aor-
seconda endoprotesi viene posizionata per coprire l’arco aorti- tico rappresenta una formidabile sfida terapeutica. Il trattamento
co, la componente prossimale e l’aorta toracica discendente chirurgico convenzionale rappresenta l’approccio di scelta, anche
non dilatata. se affiancato da procedure endovascolari in continuo perfeziona-
Più simile alle endoprotesi standard, il sistema endovasco- mento. Allo stato attuale, un ampio ventaglio di procedure chirur-
lare di Najuta consiste in un dispositivo fenestrato. I trial clinici giche, endovascolari e ibride è disponibile per il trattamento di que-
a riguardo sono tutt’ora in corso84. sti pazienti ad elevato rischio.
Sebbene queste esperienze preliminari abbiano dimostrato Obiettivo della presente rassegna è di descrivere le diverse proce-
l’attuabilità tecnica di procedure puramente endovascolari, il dure utilizzabili nel paziente con patologia dell’arco aortico ripor-
loro sviluppo è ancora in fase iniziale. Stent più versatili e fles- tando i principali risultati disponibili in letteratura.
sibili con possibilità di modificazioni dimensionali sono neces- Parole chiave. Aneurisma; Aorta; Dissezione; Trattamento ibrido.
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