CHEMICAL TREATMENT METHODS
complete removal of the dissolved cationic and
Treatment methods in which the
removal or conversion of contaminants is
brought about by the addition of chemicals or by
other chemical reactions
Most commonly used- coagulation &
disinfection
Coagulation The process of adding and initial
mixing of chemicals used for the chemical
treatment of water by precipitation.
Coagulants are certain chemical
compounds added to the wastewater which on
thorough mixing form a gelatinous precipitate
called floc.
Some substances used as coagulants:
1. Alum (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O) – most
commonly used
2. Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O)
3. Lime (Ca(OH)2)
4. Ferric Chloride (FeCl3)
5. Ferric Sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3)
Disinfection Used to destroy the pathogenic
organisms that may be present in natural water
Means of disinfecting water:
1. Chlorination – most common
2. Use of Ozone
3. UV Radiation
Precipitation The removal of dissolved ionic
species such as calcium and magnesium
(hardness) by adding chemicals that bring about
their precipitation
Lime-soda Process. Lime(Ca(OH)2) and
soda ash(Na2CO3) are added to the water then
react with the calcium and magnesium salts to
form insoluble precipitates, calcium carbonate
and magnesium hydroxide, which can be
removed from the water by sedimentation.
Prepared by: Federico, Jace Darrel P.
Ion Exchange Used for the selective or
anionic ions in solution. This process results in
water of zero hardness.
*Precipitation and Ion Exchange are used for
water softening or removal of hardness
Adsorption Used for the removal of a variety
of organic compounds such as those responsible
for color, taste and odor. Activated carbon is the
most commonly used adsorbent.
Steps of adsorption process:
1. Macrotransport- the movement of
organic material through the water to
the liquid-solid interface.
2. Microtransport- the diffusion of the
organic material to the adsorption sites
in the micropores and submicropores of
the activated carbon.
3. Sorption- the attachment of the organic
material to the activated carbon pores
and micropores.
Chemical Oxidation Used to oxidize various
compounds that may be found in water such as
those responsible for taste and odor. It is used to
convert undesirable chemical species to species
that are not harmful or that are less harmful.
SPECIAL TREATMENT METHODS
Removal of Taste and Odors
Causes:
1. Dissolved gases
2. Living organic material
3. Decaying organic material
4. Industrial wastes
5. Chlorine
Methods:
1. Aeration
2. Adsorption
3. Oxidation
Removal of Iron and Manganese
Methods:
1. Oxidation & Precipitation
2. Chemical Addition & Settling or
Filtration
3. Filtration through manganese
zeolite
4. Ion Exchange
DESALTING METHODS
Desalting involves the removal of dissolved salts
from water varying from brackish (TDS = 1000 to
35000 mg/L) to ocean water (TDS > 35000 mg/L)
Involves Phase Change:
Distillation- water is boiled then water vapor
and other volatile impurities are released to the
atmosphere above the boiling liquid while the
dissolved solids remain in the boiling liquid
Freezing- the temperature of water containing a
high concentration of salts s gradually lowered
until ice crystals are formed. Ice crystals are
removed and separated from the brine.
Involves Separation of DS w/in the Aqueous
Phase:
Ion-exchange Demineralization- similar to those
used for softening
Electrodialysis- ions diffuse through membranes
that are selectively permeable to different types
of ions under the action of electric potential.
Reverse Osmosis- this process makes use of
membranes that are selectively permeable to
water rather than to salts.
A Treatment Process Flow Diagram can be
defined as the grouping together of the
necessary unit operations and processes to
achieve a specified treatment objective.
Prepared by: Federico, Jace Darrel P.
STEPS in WATER-TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN
1. Bench Tests and Plot-Plant Studies.
Purpose:
a. To establish the suitability of
alternative unit operations and
processes for treating a given water.
b. To obtain the data and information
necessary to design the selected
operations and processes.
2. Selection of Design Criteria. Design
criteria are selected on the basis of
theory, the results of bench tests and
plot-scale studies, and the past
experience of the designer.
3. Layout of the Physical Facilities. Plant
layout.
4. Preparation of Hydraulic Profiles
Reasons to prepare the profiles:
a. To ensure that the hydraulic
gradient is adequate for flow
through the treatment facilities.
b. To establish the head for pumps
where required.
c. To ensure that plant facilities will not
be flooded or backed up during
periods of peak flow.
5. Preparation of Solids Balances. The
determination of the quantities of solids
entering and leaving each unit operation
or processes.
6. Preparation of Construction Drawings
Specifications and Cost Estimates