DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (DEEE)

EXPERIMENT NO: 05
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

AIM: Parallel operation of two dissimilar (2 KVA, 3 KVA) single phase transformers and
determination of load sharing and analytical verification given the short circuit test details.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Type Range Quantity

Equipment
1 Ammeter MI 0 -10 Amp 02
2 Ammeter MI 0 – 20 Amp 01
3 Voltmeter MI 0 – 600 Volt 01
4 Voltmeter MI 0 – 75 Volts 01
5 Wattmeter UPF 75 V / 10 Amp 01
6 Resistive Load NA ---- 01

PROCEDURE :

a) Make connections as per circuit diagram; keep the Load switch (DPST) and SPST(S1) switch
open.
b) First, Perform polarity test on each of the units and note down terminals with the same
polarity.
c) Switch ON the main supply, see the voltmeter reading of V connected across SPST switch, if
this reading double the secondary voltage of both the transformers then switch OFF main
supply and interchange the connections of secondary of any transformers.
d) If it reads zero which confirms that two transformers are connected correctly and parallel
then switch SPST(S1)can be closed, this way the polarity can be checked.(since wrong
polarity will short circuit the transformer if operated in parallel).
e) Also, confirm that no load voltages of both the transformers match in magnitude.
(It is important to perform both these tests before attempting the parallel operation).

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f) As we are not applied load on the Transformers, the ammeters shows zero readings.
g) Start applying the load on transformers, then T/F-1 and T/F-2 starts drawing the
corresponding currents as per their ratings.
h) Note down the corresponding current readings I1 , I2 & IL .
i) As we increase the load the corresponding values of currents I1 , I2 & IL increases.
j) Repeat the procedure for 4 to 6 readings by applying load stepwise.
k) Once the readings are noted down switch off the loads gradually, open SPST switch and
switch OFF the main supply.
l)

TABULATION OF READINGS OF LOAD TEST :

S.No PRACTICAL VALUES THEORETICAL VALUES

I1 (Amp) I2 (Amp) IL (Amp) I1 (Amp) I2 (Amp) IL (Amp)
1
2
3
4
5
6

FOR THEORETICAL VALUES :

Procedure for conducting SC tests to determine Z1 & Z2 :

a) Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram for SC test for each Transformer.
b) Keeping the auto transformer at zero output position close the supply switch.
c) Vary the auto transformer till the ammeter reads the rated full-load current of the
Transformer under test.
d) Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
e) Bring the auto transformer to zero output position and open the supply switch.
f) Tabulate the readings, disconnect the windings.

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THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF CURRENT SHARING BY EACH TRANSFORMER :

(Note : Impedance calculating should be in (a+jb) rectangular form and load sharing shall be
reported in the tabular column in a+jb form.)

𝑍2 𝑍1
I1 = I L X (Amp) ; I2 = I L X (Amp)
𝑍1 +𝑍2 𝑍1 +𝑍2

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST FOR EACH TRANSFORMER TO DETERMINE Z1 & Z2 :

SC TEST TO BE CONDUCTED INDIVIDUALLY ON EACH TRANSFORMER :

S.No Vsc (Volts) Isc (amp) Wsc (watts) COS ⍉sc R01 (Ω) X01 (Ω)
T/F-1
T/F-2

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 DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (DEEE)

Calculation of Z1 and Z2 by conducting SC Test :

𝑊𝑠𝑐
1. R01 = 2 (Ω)
𝐼𝑠𝑐

𝑉𝑠𝑐
2. Z01 = (Ω)
𝐼𝑠𝑐

3. X01 = √𝑍01
2 2
− 𝑅01 (Ω)

CONCLUSION : The load sharing between the two transformers connected in parallel is studied
theoretically and verified practically.

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

 DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (DEEE)

EXPERIMENT NO: 03
SUMPNER’S TEST (or) BACK TO BACK TEST

AIM : To conduct Back to Back test on two identical transformers and to determine the efficiency
and regulation of Transformer.

APPARATUS :

S.No Name of the Type Range Quantity

Equipment
1 Ammeter MI 0 -20 Amp 01
2 Ammeter MI 0 – 2 Amp 01
3 Voltmeter MI 0 – 75 Volt 01
4 Voltmeter MI 0 – 300 Volts 01
5 Voltmeter MI 0 – 600 Volts 01
6 Wattmeter LPF 300 V / 2.5 Amp 01
7 Wattmeter UPF 75 V / 20 Amp 01

NAME PLATE DETAIS :

1. Transformer ratings : 1.2 KVA

2. Primary Voltage : 240 V
3. Secondary Voltage : 120 V

THEORY :
1. In OC test we find :
a) Core loss (Wo)
b) Core Parameter (Ro & Xo)
2. In SC test we find :
a) Copper loss (Wcu)
b) Winding Parameters (R01 & X01)
3. From Sumpner’s test we find :
a) all the four parameters can be find (i.e. Ro, Xo, Ro1 & Xo1)
b) In addition to above we can also find temperature rise of transformers.

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4. Advantage of this test :

a) To find Ro, Xo, Ro1 & Xo1 need to conduct two separate test (i.e. OC and SC test)
and consumes time and extra power.
b) In one attempt we can conduct OC test as well as SC test and we can find all four
quantities at a time.
c) The Power required to conduct this test is less when compare to OC and SC test.
d) We can also perform the Heat run test on a same test.
5. We required two identical transformers to conduct this test.

PROCEDURE :

1. Make circuit as per given circuit diagram.

2. Two primaries of Transformers are connected in parallel.
3. Two secondaries of transformers are connected in series opposition.
4. Give rated primary voltage to the transformer by varying auto transformer gradually.
5. According to that emf’s will induce in the primary and secondary winding.
6. Net voltage across secondaries becomes zero due to series opposition which shows
voltmeter (V) connected across A & B terminals.
7. Means the secondary of the transformers acting like a open circuit.
8. Under this condition source will supply No-load current (io) and No-load power (Wo).
9. Note down the readings of ammeter A1 and W1.
10. Wattmeter reads No-load power loss (i.e Wo= Core loss or Iron loss) and ammeter
reads No-load current (Io).
11. Keep the primary supply as it is and close switch (S1-polarity switch) and apply
voltage towards secondary side through auto transformer until rated current flows
through Primary and secondary, just like short circuit test.
12. Small amount of voltage is enough ( say 30% of full load voltage) to get rated current
in primary and secondary.
13. Current will flow through primary terminals (C-D-E-F-G) not through ammeter (A1)
and wattmeter (W1).
14. W1 reading will not change, W2 reads copper loss (from short circuit test)
15. Note down the readings of A2 and W2. ( short circuit current and copper losses of both
the transformers respectively)

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TABULATION :
OC TEST :
2*Io 2* Wo
Vo (Volts) Ro (Ω) Xo (Ω) Zo (Ω)
(Amp) (Watts)

SC TEST :
2*Vsc (Volts)
Isc (Amp) (Across auto 2*Wsc Req (Ω) Xeq (Ω) Zeq (Ω)
transformer output)

CALCULATIONS PER EACH TRANSFORMER :

𝑊𝑂
1. COS ⍉O = 𝑉𝑂∗ 𝐼𝑂

𝑉𝑂 𝑉𝑂
2. Zo=√𝑅𝑜2 + 𝑋𝑂2 3) Ro = 𝐼 Ω 4) Xo = 𝐼 Ω
𝑂 𝑋 𝐶𝑂𝑆⍉𝑂 𝑂 𝑋 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ⍉𝑂

Wsc Vsc
5. Req = Ω 6) Zeq = Ω 7) Xeq=√𝑍𝑒𝑞
2 − 𝑅2
𝑒𝑞
(Isc)2 Isc

TABULATION FOR CALCULATION OF % REGULATIONAT FULL-LOAD :

S.No Load PF % Regulation @ Lagging PF % Regulation @ Leading PF

1
2
3
4
5

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 DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (DEEE)

𝐼𝑠𝑐 {𝑅𝑒𝑞 ∗𝐶𝑂𝑆⍉ ± 𝑋𝑒𝑞 ∗𝑆𝑖𝑛⍉ }

% REGULATION = x 100
𝑉𝑜

CALCULATION OF COMBINED EFFICIENCY AT DIFFERENT LOADS AND INDIVIDUAL

EFFICIENCY IS CALCULATED :

S.No FRACTION OF FULL LOAD EFFICIENCY @ PF =1 EFFICIENCY @ PF =0.8

X
1 0.25
2 0.50
3 0.75
4 1.0

(𝑋∗𝐹𝑈𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷 (𝐾𝑉𝐴)∗𝐶𝑂𝑆∅ )∗ 1000

%ɳ= x 100
(𝑋∗𝐹𝑈𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷 (𝐾𝑉𝐴)∗𝐶𝑂𝑆∅∗1000)+𝑊𝑜+𝑋 2 ∗𝑊𝑠𝑐

RESULT: The characteristic curve of efficiency at different loads and % Regulation at full-load at
different power factors are drawn.

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

 DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (DEEE)

EXPERIMENT NO: 04
SCOTT CONNECTION (or) T-CONNECTION ON TRANSFORMERS

AIM : To obtain two single phase (1-∅) supplies from a three phase (3-∅) supply by scott
connecting the two transformers and further study the loading on the three phase side
due to loading on the two single phase & determination of efficiency of the combined set
(2 x 1.2 KVA).

APPARATUS :

S.No Name of the Type Range Quantity

Equipment
1 Ammeter MI 0 -20 Amp 03
2 Voltmeter MI 0 – 300 Volts 02
3 Voltmeter MI 0 – 600 Volts 01
4 Wattmeter UPF 300 V / 20 Amp 02

THEORY :
Here we are using two transformers (T/F-1 & T/F-2 )
a) Transformer-1 called as -------- Main Transformer
b) Transformer-2 called as -------- Teaser Transformer
c) Transformer-1 in which used 86.6 % of secondary tappings, whereas
d) Transformer-2 in which used 50 % of secondary tapping.

PROCEDURE :

1. Make the connection as per circuit diagram.

2. The supply is given to the secondary of both the transformers.
3. Loads are connected to primaries of main transformer and teaser transformer.
4. Use wattmeters (W1 & W2) to measure power taken by the two transformers.
5. Connect two voltmeters and two ammeters towards load side to measure voltage and
current by each load.
6. Before going to start main supply confirm that the auto transformer kept at zero
position.
7. After confirming the Auto-transformer at zero position, switch on the supply.
8. Now gradually vary the auto-transformer till the voltmeters V1, V2 connected across load
should shows 240V.
9. Once the rated voltage are applied then vary the load in steps.
10. First apply balanced load for main transformer and teaser transformer.

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11. Switch ON one equal loads to the T/F-1 and T/F-2.

12. Note down the corresponding values of wattmeters, ammeters and voltmeters
(i.e. W1,W2,I1,I2,V1,V2).
13. The loads are applied step wise ( equal loads need to apply for each transformer and take
the corresponding readings of the meters)
14. The same procedure will be repeat by applying the unequal loads to the main
transformer and teaser transformer.
15. The corresponding values of W1,W2,I1,I2,V1,V2 are noted down.

TABULAR COLUMN :

BALANCED LOAD READINGS :

S.No W1 W2 INPUT V1 V2 I1 I2 OUTPUT %ɳ

UN-BALANCED LOAD READINGS :

S.No W1 W2 INPUT V1 V2 I1 I2 OUTPUT %ɳ

CALUCULATION :

1. Input = W1+W2 (watts)

2. Output = (V1 x I1) + (V2 X I2)

𝑂𝑈𝑇 𝑃𝑈𝑇
3. %ɳ = X 100
𝐼𝑁𝑃𝑈𝑇

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

 DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (DEEE)

EXPERIMENT NO: 08
REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY USING SYCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD

AIM : To find the regulation of a 3-⌀ alternator by using synchronous impedance method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

S.No Equipment Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter MI 0-300/600V 1
2 Ammeter MI 0-5/10A 1
3 Ammeter MI 0- 2.5/5A 1
4 Rheostat Wire-wound 145Ω/2A 2
5 Rheostat Wire-wound 400Ω/1.7A 1
6 Tachometer Digital -------- 1
7 Connecting wires ------------ --------- required

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC Motor (Prime mover) Rating 3-⌀ Alternator Rating

KW 7.5 hp Power rating
Voltage 230v PF
Current Line Voltage
Speed 1500 rpm Speed 1500 rpm
Excitation Shunt Excitation Voltage 230 V (DC)
Voltage 230 V (DC) Rated Current
Field Current

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 DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (DEEE)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE :

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST :

1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. Before starting the experiment, the potential divider network in the alternator field circuit
and field regulator rheostat of motor circuit is set minimum resistance position.
3. Switch ON the supply and close the DPST switch. The DC motor is started by moving starter
handle.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of DC motor to attain rated speed (equal to synchronous speed of
alternator)
5. By decreasing the field resistance of alternator, the excitation current of alternator is
increased gradually in steps.
6. Note the readings of field current, and its corresponding armature voltage in a tabular
column.
7. The voltage readings are taken up to and 10% beyond the rated voltage of the machine.

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 DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (DEEE)

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST :

1. For short circuit test, before starting the experiment the potential divider is brought back to
zero output position, i.e. resistance should be zero in value.
2. Now close the TPST switch.
3. The excitation of alternator is gradually increased in steps until rated current flows in the
machine and note down the readings of excitation current and load current (short circuit
current)
4. Switch OFF the supply.

OBSERVATIONS :

OC TEST S.C.TEST
S.N S.N
Field Current (Amp) OC Voltage/phase (Vo) Field Current If (Amp) SC Current Isc (Amp)

Procedure to find Armature resistance of alternator:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the supply. By varying the rheostat, take different readings of ammeter and
voltmeter in a tabular column.
3. From the above readings, average resistance Ra of a armature is found out.

OBSERVATIONS :

𝑽
S.No Armature Current (amp) Armature Voltage (volts) Rdc = (Ω)
𝑰

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 DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (DEEE)

Connection Diagram to find Ra :

Procedure to find synchronous impedance from OC and SC test:

1. Plot open circuit voltage, short circuit current verses field current on a graph sheet.
2. From the graph, the synchronous impedance for the rated value of excitation is calculated.
3. The excitation emf is calculated at full load current which is equal to the terminal voltage at
no-load.
4. The voltage regulation is calculated at rated terminal voltage.

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

𝑉𝑜𝑐
𝑍𝑠 = for the same If and speed : 𝑋𝑠 = √𝑍𝑆2 − 𝑅𝑎2 [Ra Rdc ]
𝐼𝑠𝑐

Generated emf of alternator on no load is :

𝐸𝑂 = √(𝑉 𝐶𝑂𝑆 ∅ + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 )2 + (𝑉 𝑆𝐼𝑁 ∅ ± 𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑠 )2

+ for lagging p.f

- for leading p.f

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 DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (DEEE)

The percentage regulation of alternator for a given p.f is :

𝐸𝑜− 𝑉
% Reg = X 100
𝑉

Where Eo = Generated emf of alternator.

V = Full-load, rated terminal voltage per phase.

MODEL GRAPH :

Draw the graph between If (vs) Eo per phase and If (vs) Isc

PRECAUTIONS :

1. Connections must be made tight.

2. Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off.

RESULT :

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD

 DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (DEEE)

EXPERIMENT NO: 07
DIRECT LOAD TEST ON ALTERNATOR

AIM : To conduct direct load test on Alternator and obtain voltage regulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

S.No Equipment Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter MI 0-300/600V 1
2 Ammeter MI 0-5/10A 1
3 Ammeter MI 0- 2.5/5A 1
4 Rheostat Wire-wound 145Ω/2A 2
5 Rheostat Wire-wound 400Ω/1.7A 1
6 Tachometer Digital -------- 1
7 Connecting wires ------------ --------- required

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC Motor (Prime mover) Rating 3-⌀ Alternator Rating

KW 7.5 hp Power rating
Voltage 230v PF
Current Line Voltage
Speed 1500 rpm Speed 1500 rpm
Excitation Shunt Excitation Voltage 230 V (DC)
Voltage 230 V (DC) Rated Current
Field Current

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 DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (DEEE)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. Before starting the experiment, the potential divider network in the alternator field circuit
and field regulator rheostat of motor circuit is set minimum resistance position.
3. Switch ON the supply and close the DPST switch. The DC motor is started by moving starter
handle.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of DC motor to attain rated speed (equal to synchronous speed of
alternator)
5. Increase excitation current of alternator gradually until we get rated terminal voltage by
decreasing the field resistance.
6. Note the readings of line current, and its corresponding armature voltage under no load
condition in a tabular column.
7. Now close TPST switch to apply load on alternator.
8. Apply load on alternator step wise and note the readings of line current, armature voltage for
corresponding load values in a tabular column.

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9. Increase load up to rated current and take the values of terminal voltage, line current and
calculate regulation of alternator at different load conditions.
10. Remove load gradually from the alternator and switch off the power supply.

OBSERVATIONS :

S.No Armature Current (amp) Armature Voltage (volts) % Regulation

1
2
3
4
5

VIJAY RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE – II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC, DASNAGAR-NIZAMABAD