Lesson 1:

Module 001: Introduction, Matter and its Properties, Atoms,

Molecules and Ions

The study of Chemistry

CHEMISTYR is branch physical science that studies matter and its properties and
behavior
Anything that has mass and occupied space is referred to as a matter.
Elements are the basic unit of matter, and cannot be broken down into simpler
substances. Elements can be found in the periodic table. Infinitesimally small building
blocks of matter are referred as atoms. Molecules are substance with two or more
atoms joined together.

Units of Measurement
Properties of matter are mostly calculated by numbers, or quantitative. Units of a
quantity must be specified when a number represents a quantity as a measured. Metric
system are the units used in scientific measurements

SI Units
In 1960, the International system of Units (SI) was agreed as the preferred units in
scientific measurements. Figure below shows the 7 SI base units.
Mass and Weight
 Mass- measure of the amount of matter in an object
 Weight- force that gravity exerts on object. Weight is the process of
measuring mass.
Volume
Meter (m) I defined as the SI unit of length, while the SI-derived unit or
volume is the cubic (m3).
1cm3= (1 X 10-2m)3= 1 x 10-6 m3
1dm3 = (1 X 10-1m)3= 1 x 10-3 m3
Liter (L) is a common unit of volume,1 liter of volume is equal to 1000
milliliters (mL) or 1000 cm3:
1 L= 1000 mL
= 1000 cm3
= 1 dm3

kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) is identified as the SI-derived unit for
density. However, for solids and liquid, more commonly used are grams
per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) and grams per milliliter (g/mL).
Due to low densities of gasses, these are expressed in grams per liter
(g/L).
1 g/cm3= 1g/mL= 1000kg/m3
1g/L= 000.1 g/mL
Temperature Scale
Measurement of the degree of hotness or coldness of an object is referred
to as temperature.
There are 3 temperature scale that are being used:
 Degrees Celsius(oC)- defines as freezing point of water as 0oC and
boiling point of water as 100oC
 Degree Fahrenheit (oF)- define as normal freezing point of water as
32oF and boiling point of water as 212oF
 Kelvin (k)- SI base unit of temperature; absolute temperature scale.
Zero Kelvin (0 K), is the lowest temperature that can be attained
theoretically.
To convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius;

To convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit:

According to experimental studies, absolute zero on the kelvin scale is

equivalent to -271.15oC on the Celsius scale. To convert degrees
Celsius to Kelvin:

Accuracy and Precision

 Accuracy refers to a measure of how closely individual measurement are
to the actual or true, while precision refers as to how closely individual
measurements are to each other.

Significant Figure in Calculations

Significant figures are the digits in a measured or calculated quantity. For
example, a measured value of 3.0 kg has two significant values, while a
value of 3.0 kg has three significant value.
In defining significant figure, read the numbers from left to right, with the
start of count from the first nonzero digit.
Zeros may or My not be significant:
 Zeros are always significant if located between nonzero digits
Examples:
 209 g (3 significant figures)
 4.017 in (4 significant figures)
 Zeros always not significant if located at the beginning of a number
Example
 0.05 g (1 significant figures)
 0.00078 on (2 significant figures)
 Zeros located at the end of a number are significant if the number has
a decimal point
Example
 0.04000 g (3 significant figures)
  6.0 g (2 significant figures)
When numbers end in zeros without decimal point, zeros are usually
considered as no significant. In this case, exponential notation is used to
identify that zeros are not significant. For example, based on method of
measurement, 20,5000 g can also be written as;
 2.05 s 104 g – 3 significant figure
 2.050 x 104 g – 4 significant figures
 2.0200 x 104 g – 5 significant figures
In performing addition and subtraction, multiplication and division, there are
additional rules in significant figures in calculations.
1. Addition and Subtraction
the result should have the same number of decimal of decimal places
as they value with the least number of decimal places.
 Example: 10.15 + 3.221+ 65.3 =78.671
The final answer to be reported is 78.7 because (65.3) =78.7
2. Multiplication and division
The result should have the same number of significant figures as the
value with the least number of significant figures.
 Example: Area = (5.4423 cm ) (3.5 cm) = 19.04805 cm2---
round off to 19 cm2

In rounding off number, consider the leftmost digit:

 Preceding number will not be changed, if the leftmost digit
removed is less than 5
o Example: 2.349 --- round off to 2 significant figures = 2.3
 Preceding number will increase by 1 if the leftmost digit
removed is 5 or greater
o Example: 8.635--- round off 3 significant figures = 8.64
5.773--- round off to 2 significant figures = 5.8
2. Matter and Its Properties
Classification of Matter
 Matter is characterized by either:
 Physical state- solid, liquid, gas; and
 Composition- element, compound, or mixture
State of Matter
Matter comes in three states:

 Solid- has fixed shape and volume

 Liquid- has distinct volume and assumes the shape of its container
 Gas- has no definite volume or shape, and fills its container

State of matter can be converted from one state to another by having changes in temperature
and/or pressure. Upon further heating, water will be converted into a gas. This process is called
ice melting. Condensing on the other hand occurs when a gas is cooled, it will turn liquid. Upon
further cooling, it will freeze into a solid state.

Properties of Matter
Matter is identified by either its physical property or chemical property.
 Physical property- can be measured and observed without changing the identity
and composition of a substance, such as color, smell, hardness, density, melting
point and boiling point.
 Chemical property- identifies the way a substance changes or reacts to form
other substances. Flammability, or the ability to burn a substance in the presence
of oxygen, is one example of a chemical property.
Measurable properties of matter are further classified into the following additional
properties:
 Intensive property- does not depend on the amount of matter being
observed. Examples include mass and volume. More matter means more
mass. Value of the same extensive property can be added together.
Ways of Classifying Matter
 Pure substances, also referred to as substance, is a form of matter that has fixed
composition and properties. Examples include water, table suit (sodium chloride) and
ammonia.
Substances can be classified into elements or compounds, substances that cannot be
broken down into simpler substances are called elements. Each elements is made up
of only one kind of atom. Elements and their symbol are listed in the periodic table.
When atoms of 2 or more elements interact, compound are formed. Compounds may
only be separated by chemical means.
Mixture Is a combination of 2 or more elements substances in which each substances
retains its own identity.

There 2 categories of mixture:

 Homogeneous- composition of mixture appears to be the same. This
consists of single phase, either, solid, liquid and gas. Homogeneous mixture
are also called solution.
 Heterogeneous- composition, properties and appearance of mixture is not
the same.
III. Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Dalton’s Atomic theory
In 1808, John Dalton, an English scientist and school teacher, formulated an accurate
description of atoms.
Dalton’s atomic theory is summarized into the following hypotheses:
1. Elements are made up of extremely tiny particle called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given elements are the same, but atoms of one element are different
from the atoms of all other’s elements.
3. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
4. Compounds are made up of a combination of atoms of more than one elements; a given
compound always has the same relative number and types of atoms.
Subatomic Particles (protons, electrons, neurons)
Atoms are invisible building blocks of matter; between 1x10-10m and 5x10-10m in diameter.
Atoms are composed of the following:

 Proton(p)- reside inside the atom’s nucleus; positively charge (1+); mass= 1.0073 amu*
 Neutrons(n)- reside inside atom’s nucleus; it has no charge; mass= 1.0087 amu*
 Electrons (e)- located outside the atom’s nucleus; negatively charge (-1); mass =5.486 x
10-4 amu*
*Amu- refers to atomic mass unit; 1 amu = 1.66054 x 10-24g or 1/12 mass of a carbon atom
Every atom does not have net electrical charge, thus the number of electrons and protons are
equal in number.
Electrostatic force causes attraction between the negatively charged electrons and positively
charged protons. Electrons move around the atom’s nucleus very fast. The space in which
electrons are located comprises a huge majority of the atom’s volume.
Nucleus contain majority of the mas of atom, since it would take 1836 electrons to equal the
mass of 1 protons or neutron.

The Periodic Table

 elements are arrange in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic number. Elements
having the same properties are located in vertical columns.

 Group- elements located in the columns

 Period- elements located in the horizontal row
Metals, which comprise majority of the elements, are located at the left side and the middle of
the table; on the other hand, non-metals can be found on the upper right side.
A stepped line from boron (B) to astatine(At) separates metals from non-metals. Most of the
elements that lie along this line possess metallic and non-metallic properties and are referred
to as metalloids.

Atomic Number, Mass Number, Isotopes

Atomic number refers to the number of protons in an atoms; subscript located in the lower
left portion of the elements symbol.
Mass number refers to the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom; atomic
number plus the number of neutrons; superscript located in the upper left portion of the
elements symbol.
The different between the mass number and atomic number equals to the number of neutrons
in an atom.
Atomic number always remains the same for any given elements. For example, all carbon
atoms have atomic number of 6. This means, that all carbon atoms have 6 protons or electrons.
Meanwhile, mass number can change, thus a given elements may have different number of
neutrons. For example, a 12C (carbon twelve, carbon -12) identifies a carbon atom with 6
protons and 6 electrons (i.e. 6+6 = 12), while a13C (carbon thirteen, carbon -13) contains of 6
protons and 7 neutrons (i.e. 6+7 = 13), and 14C (carbon fourteen, carbon -14) contains of 6
protons and 8 neutrons (i.e. 6+8 =14)
Atoms of given elements with the same atomic numbers but different mass numbers are
referred to as isotopes. This means that there is same number of protons, but different number
of neutrons.
Molecules and Ions
Molecules are made up of at least 2 atom joined together by chemical forces/chemical
bonds. A molecule may be composed of atoms of the same element or atoms of different
elements combined in a fixed ratio. Like atoms, molecules have no net electrical charge.

 Diatomic molecule- contains only 2 atoms. Examples include hydrogen (h2), nitrogen
(N2), oxygen (O2), fluorine (F2), chlorine (Cl2), bromine (Br2) and Iodine (I2), hydrogen
chloride (HCI) and carbon monoxide (CO).
 Polyatomic molecule- contains more than 2 atoms. Examples include Ozone (O3),water
(H20) and monomial (NH3).
An ion is an atom or group of atoms which contains net positive or negative charge. During
chemical reactions, the number or protons in the nucleus of an atom does not change, but the
number of electrons may charge.
When 1 or more electrons are lost, an atom become positively charged, referred to as cation.
When atoms gain electrons, it becomes negatively charged, referred anion. Generally speaking,
Cations are metal ions while anions are nonmetal ions.
Ionic compound is composed of combination of cation and anions, or a combination o metals
and nonmetals. An example of this is ordinary table salt (NaCl).

 Monatomic ion- contain only 1 atom. Example include Mg2+ Fe3+, S2-,N3- Na+ and Cl-.
 Polyatomic ion- contains 2 or more atoms.. example include OH- (hydroxide ion), CN-
(cyanide ion) and NH4+ (ammonium ion)
Chemical formulas
 chemical formulas are utilized by chemist to define the composition of molecules and
ionic compounds. This also include the ratio of the number of atoms in a given compound.
1. Molecular formula- chemical formulas that show the actual number of atoms in a
molecule.
2. Empirical formula- chemical formula that show only the relative ratio of each atom in
molecule; subscript are the smallest possible whole number ratio.
Formula of ionic compound
The empirical formula of ionic compound are can be determined if the charges of the ions are
known. Because chemical compound have no net electrical charge, the total possible charge
should always equal the negative charge.
For example, when Al3+ ions and O2- ions are combined, the ionic compound that will be formed
will be Al2O3.

Naming compound
Naming ionic compound

Metal cation are written with the same name as the metal. For example, Na+ is named as
sodium ion; Mg2+ is named as magnesium ion; Al3+ is named as aluminum ion.
Cation which assume different charges, are written as with the name of the metal followed a
roman numeral indicating the positive charge. For example, Fe2+ is named as iron (II) ion; Fe3+ is
named as iron (III) Mn3+ is named as manganese (III); Mn4+ is named as manganese (IV).
Transition metals (group 3B to group 2B in the periodic table of elements) are those metals
which produce cation with different charges.
Nonmetal cations are written with names ending in -ium. For example, NH4+ is named as
ammonium ion; H3O+ is named as hydronium ion.
The table bellow shows some common cations, where ions on the left side are ions that only
have 1 possible charge, while ions on the right side have more than 1 possible charge.
Anions are written with the element name ending with -ide. For example, Br- is named as
bromide ion; O2- is named as oxide ion; N3- is named as nitride ion; OH- is named as hydroxide
ion; CN- is named as cyanide ion.

Naming of ionic compound is composed of the metal cation followed by the nonmetal anion.
For example, NaCl is named as sodium chloride; NH4Cl is named as ammonium chloride; Mn2O3
is named as manganese (III) oxide.
Naming of molecular compounds
Molecular compound usually made up of nonmetallic elements. Naming of molecular
compounds is the same as that of ionic compounds.
The name of the first element in the formula is written first. If more than 1 atom is present,
prefixes are used. The prefix “mono-“ is omitted with the first element. For example, PCL3 is
named as phosphorus trichloride, instead of monophosphorus trichcloride.

Following the first element, the second element is written with name ending in -ide, and the
prefixes above are used.
Examples:
CO carbon monoxide
SO3 sulfur trioxide
N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide
P4S10 tetraphosphorus decasulfide

Naming of acids
Substances which produce hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, are referred to as
acids.
1. Anions which names end in “-ide” are named as acids by adding the prefix “hydro-“ and
changing the ending to “-ic”, followed by the word “acid”.
Examples:
-
Cl (chloride) HCI hydrochloride acid
-
Br (bromine) HBr hydrobromic acid
2. Anions with names ending in “-ate” or “-ite” are named as acids by changing “-ate” to “-
ic” and “-ite” to “-ous”, followed by the word “acid”.
Examples:

Glossary
Accuracy: measure how closely individual measurements are to the actual value
Anion: negatively charge ion
Atoms: smallest building blocks of matter
Cation: positively charge ion
Chemical formula: expression used to define composition of molecules amd ionic
compounds
Compounds: two or more elements combined together
Electrostatic force: force which exist between particles with opposite electrical charges.
Elements: basic unit of matte
Ion: atom which contain net positive negative charge
Isotopes: atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers
Mass: amount of matter in an object
Matter: anything that has mass and occupied space
Mixture: combination of two or more substances wherein each substances retains its own
identity
Molecules: two or more atoms combined together
Precision: measure of how closely individual measurements are to one another
Pure substance: form of matter that has fixed composition and properties
Significant figure: digits in a measured quantity
Subscript: character which is written below the line
Superscript: character which is written above the line.
Temperature: degree of hotness or coldness of an object