LECTURE-2

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

Lecture Summary:

 Introduction to Single Line Diagram

 Symbols used for Power System components
 Introduction to Per Unit Representation
 Selection of Base Quantities
 Advantage of Per Unit System

Instructional Objective:

On completion of this lecture you should be able to:

A. Explain the concept of Single Line Diagram and its advantages.

B. Build Single Diagram for a Power System.
C. Explain the concept of per Unit System of normalization.
D. Select the base values for per unit system.
E. Compute per unit impedance values for power system components
having different base values.
F. Explain the advantages of per unit system representation

There are two forms of representation of a power system.

1. Single Line Diagram

2. Per Unit Normalization

The First one is the graphical representation in terms single line diagram. And
second one is the representation of various electrical quantities in terms of per
unit values. So, first we will talk about the single line diagram for a power
system.

Single Line Diagram:

 Single Line Diagrams (SLD) are concise way of communicating the basic
arrangement of power system components.

1
  Single Line Diagrams use a single line to represent all three phases.
 Single Line Diagrams are also called One Line Diagrams
 They show the relative electrical interconnections of generators,
transformers, transmission and distribution lines, loads, circuit breakers,
etc. used in assembling the power system.

Why Single Line Diagarm:

 Power systems are extremely complicated electrical networks

 In three phase networks, all devices are installed in all three phases and
each power circuit consists of three conductors
 A complete conventional diagram showing all the connections is very
complicated and impractical.
 Three phase systems are designed as balanced system and are generally
operated as a balanced 3-phase system.

The single line diagram needs the symbols for the various power system
components.

Apparatus symbols approved by “American Standards Association”

2
Bus Bars:

Typical Example of power system

Single Line Diagram of Substation

3
Per Unit Normalization
In Power Systems electrical quantities such as Power, Voltage, Current, Impedance etc. are
very often expressed as per of a base or reference value.

The Per Unit value is expressed by equation:

Actual Value of Quantity

Per Unit Quantity
Base Value of Quantity

Choice of Base Quantity

4
Three Phase System

↑∅ = ∅ = ∅

=
√

5
Per unit Impedance:

Change of Base:

. . =

. .
=

. .
=

= . .

Or

6
Per Unit Impedance of transformer:
Impedance referred to primary side

= =

And Impedance referred to secondary side

= =

P. U. Impedance referred to either side

7
 ⎛ ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Advantages of Per Unit System:

1. Manufacturers specify the impedance of equipment in percent or PU on
the base of name plate rating.
2. PU impedance of same type of equipment with widely different rating lie
in the narrow range.
3. PU impedance expressed with proper base is same referred to either
side of a transformer.

Example: Prepare a per phase schematic of the system shown

shown in the fig. Below
and show all impedances in per unit on a 100 MVA base, and 132 kV base in
transmission line circuit.
G1: 100 MVA, 11kV, X = 0.15 p.u.
G2: 200 MVA, 13.8 kV, X = 0.20 p.u.
T1: 120 MVA, 11.0/ 132kV, X = 0.10 p.u.
T2: 250 MVA, 13.8/161 kV, V, X = 0.120 p.u.
Load: 250 MVA, 0.80 PF lagging operating at 132 kV

8
Determine the per unit impedance of the load for the following cases

i. Load modelled as a series combination of resistance and inductance

ii. Load modelled as a parallel combination of resistance and inductance
inductance.

Series Connection:

9
Parallel Connection:

Impedance diagram with per unit representation, where load is represented as

parallel combination of resistance and reactance.

10
Assignment-2 (Submission date: 17-2-2019)

1. Two generators are connected in parallel to the same bas and have sub
sub-

2. Three motors rated 6.9 kv are connected to the same bus. The motors are:

3. Draw the impedance diagram for the power system shown in Fig. 1

Fig. 1 One line diagram

Example: Prepare a per phase schematic of the system shown in the fig. Below
and show all impedances in per unit on a 300 00 MVA base, and 132 kV base in
transmission line circuit.
G1: 100 MVA, 11kV, X = 0.15 p.u.
G1: 200 MVA, 13.8 kV, X = 0.20 p.u.
T1:
1: 120 MVA, 11.0/ 132kV, X = 0.10 p.u.
T2: 250 MVA, 13.8/161 kV, X = 0.120 p.u.
Load: 250 MVA, 0.80 PF lagging operating at 132 kV
11
Determine the per unit impedance of the load for the following cases

i. Load modelled as a series combination of resistance and inductance

ii. Load modelled as a parallel combination of resistance and inductance
inductance.

*****

12