Contents

1. Ecology................................................................................................................................3

1.1. Ecosystem ........................................................................................................................3

2. Factors affecting Ecosystem .................................................................................................3

2.1. Biotic factors ....................................................................................................................4

2.2. Abiotic factors ..................................................................................................................4

3. Wah Cantonment .................................................................................................................4

3.1. Geology............................................................................................................................4

3.2. Climate .............................................................................................................................5

4. Vegetation in Wah Cantt ......................................................................................................6

5. Waste Disposal ....................................................................................................................6

6. Wild Life of Wah Cantt ........................................................................................................6

7. References ...........................................................................................................................8
 List of figures
Figure 1 - Ecosystem...................................................................................................................3
Figure 2 - Temperature of Waah Cantt ........................................................................................5
Figure 3 - Rainfall (mm) in Wah Cantt ........................................................................................5
Figure 4 - Himalayan bulbul ........................................................................................................6
Figure 5 - Rose-ringed parakeet...................................................................................................7
Figure 6 - Indian robin (Copsychus fulicatus) ..............................................................................7
Figure 7 - House sparrow, Passer domesticus ..............................................................................7
1. Ecology
The scientific study of the processes influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms,
the interactions among organisms, and the interactions between organisms and the transformation
and flux of energy and matter is known as ecology. [1]

1.1. Ecosystem
An ecosystem is all the plants and animals that live in a particular area together with the
complex relationship that exists between them and their environment. An ecosystem is a
community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their
environment, interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together
through nutrient cycles and energy flows. [2]

Figure 1 - Ecosystem

2. Factors affecting Ecosystem

Ecosystems are dynamic. Change occurs constantly to adapt to stresses and pressures in a
process referred to as ecological succession. Over time, ecosystems reach a state of stability or
climax. However, that stability is constantly tested. Living and non-living factors can impact
ecosystems. Human activities such as urbanization and development can encroach or destroy
ecosystems. Extreme weather conditions such as flooding or drought can challenge an ecosystem's
ability to adapt.

2.1. Biotic factors

Biotic components or biotic factors, can be described as any living component that affects
another organism, or shapes the ecosystem. This includes both animals that consume other
organisms within their ecosystem, and the organism that is being consumed. Biotic factors also
include human influence, pathogens, and disease outbreaks. Each biotic factor needs the proper
amount of energy and nutrition to function day to day.

2.2. Abiotic factors

Abiotic components or abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical parts of the
environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems. Abiotic factors and
the phenomena associated with them underpin all biology.

3. Wah Cantonment
Wah Cantonment also known as Wah Cantt - ‫ واہ کینٹ‬is a military city located in
the Punjab province of Pakistan, near Taxila and 30 km to the north west of Rawalpindi and
Islamabad. Wah Cantonment lies between 33.7714° N and 72.7518° E longitudes. [3]

3.1. Geology
Wah Cantt is located 30 km north west of Islamabad. It is a valley which is surrounded by hills
in all directions. The terrain in the Cantonment consists of plains and mountains whose total relief
exceeds 1,175 m. Three general physiographic zones trend generally east-northeast. The northern
part of the metropolitan area lies in the mountainous terrain of the Margala Hills, a part of the
lower and outer Himalayas, which also includes the Hazara and Kala Chitta Ranges. The total area
of the city is 58.77 km2. Wah Cantt is located in an area suitable for growing every sort of crops,
especially fruits. [3]
3.2. Climate
In Wah Cantt, the climate is warm and temperate. In winter, there is much less rainfall than in
summer. The climate here is classified as humid subtropical climate by the Köppen-Geiger system.
The average annual temperature is 21.8 °C in Wah Cantt. Energy from the sun supports all life on
earth. Sun shine in 365 days of year due to which animals and plants can easily live in the premises.
Insects can survive there according to the weather conditions and four seasons of Pakistan. Due to
great number of trees and plants in the area of Wah Cantt sometimes temperature goes below the
normal range (<5⁰C). Amount of water in the specific region decides that how much living
organisms can survive in that region. In wah cantt, mostly people are using underground water via
boring.

Figure 2 - Temperature of Waah Cantt

Figure 3 - Rainfall (mm) in Wah Cantt

 Records for the Rawalpindi station of the Pakistan Department of Meteorology (1988) indicate
a monsoonal climate of rainy hot summers and cool dry winters. The monsoon rains usually start
in June, peak in August, and end by September. A much smaller winter monsoon peaks in March.
The four monsoon summer months always have some precipitation, but any of the other months
can be completely dry. Freezing temperatures are rare and have been recorded only in November,
December, and January.

4. Vegetation in Wah Cantt

The area with moderate climate is suitable for cultivation of every type of crop especially fruits.
Majority of the people are employees of POF and pay little attention to the agriculture sector.
Crops are grown in adjacent area of wah cantt including the Jamilabad, Liaquatabad, Hussainabad
etc. The major crops that are grown include wheat, Pearl millet, Maize, Cauliflower.

5. Waste Disposal
Disposal of the large quantities of liquid and solid waste generated by more than 350,000
people of Wah Cantt is a major problem that presently causes pollution of ground water, and air.
Sewage is carried by pipes to the main stream. The solid waste is collected by the waste collection
department of wah cantonment.

6. Wild Life of Wah Cantt

This is a list of birds found in Wah Cantt, Pakistan. Seventy-two species of birds have been found
in this and adjacent area.

Figure 4 - Himalayan bulbul

 Figure 5 - Rose-ringed parakeet

Figure 6 - Indian robin (Copsychus fulicatus)

Figure 7 - House sparrow, Passer domesticus

7. References
https://www.caryinstitute.org/discover-ecology/definition-ecology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wah_Cantonment