CENG ELEC 4

SANITARY
ENGINEERING
 P l u m b i n g
Definition

the art and technique of installing pipes,

fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings
for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances
and/or ingredients and removing them; and such

water, liquid and other carried-

wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life
and property; also the

pipes and fixtures after installation

i.e., the ‘plumbing system’

- NPC 217.6
 P l u m b i n g
The Drainage System should
Accomplished the Following:

Fast removal of the waste with a minimum

probability of leakage and stoppage of drains

To prevent the entry of house vermin

and obnoxious gases into the house
from the piping system.
 H i s t o r y
Plumbing Practice in the
Philippines
In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the
government in the City of Manila. Master Plumber John F.
Haas became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing
Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on
the Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated into
the Building Code for the City of Manila.

In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the

Philippines (NAMPAP) was formally organized

Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code for the

City of Manila” was enacted and placed under the
Department of Public Services, Manila.
 H i s t o r y

In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962

which in June 18, 1955, became R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law
of the Philippines” upon ratification of President Ramon
Magsaysay.
On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the
Philippines prepared by NAMPAP was promulgated and
approved by Malacañang.

Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise

known as the “Building Code of the Philippines” was
passed with the “National Plumbing Code of 1959” as referral
code in full text.
The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted
the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 which President
Joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to
Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law.
 P r i n c i p l e s
22 Basic Principles of the
Plumbing Code
All premises intended for human use or habitation shall
be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water,
neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to
backflow or back- siphonage.
Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be
supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure
adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise.
Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the
minimum quantity of water consistent with proper
performance and cleaning.

Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed

and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion
through overheating.
 P r i n c i p l e s
Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with
a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the
sewer system.

Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water

closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or
shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and
personal hygiene.

Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent

material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall
be located in ventilated enclosures.

The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and

maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids,
clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the
pipes may be readily cleaned.
 P r i n c i p l e s
All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED
materials, free from defective workmanship, designed
and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure
satisfactory service.

Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system

shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap.

The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to

provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage,
aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.

Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to

prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the building.

Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to

effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the
workmanship.
 P r i n c i p l e s
Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive
mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere
unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be
allowed to enter the building drainage system.

Proper protection shall be provided to prevent

contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar
materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the
fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with
the building drainage system.

No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment

which is not properly lighted and ventilated.

If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision

shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by
some accepted method of sewage treatment and
disposal, such as a septic tank.
 P r i n c i p l e s
Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to
backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to
prevent its overflow in the building.

Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable

condition by Registered Master Plumbers.

All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to

be accessible for their intended use.

Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the

preservation of the strength of structural members and
the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces
through fixture usage.
Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which may
be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be
discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless
first rendered innocuous through subjection to some
acceptable form of treatment.
 C o m p o n e n t s

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

PLUMBING FIXTURES

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

SANITATION, INSECT, RODENT
AND VERMIN CONTROL
 P l u m b i n g
Objectives

To provide sufficient amount of water to

supply each fixture

To prevent back flow of used water

into the water supply system
 Nature of Water
The Water Cycle:
3 Major
Phases:
Evaporation

Condensation

Precipitation
 The Plumbing Cycle
Components & Flow in
Water Systems:
S U P P L Y DISTRIBUTION U S E
Pressure,
Water Mains, Plumbing
Piping
Storage Tanks Fixtures
Networks

S O U R C E COLLECTION
Gravity,
Lakes, Rivers, Piping
Reservoirs Networks
TREATMENT DISPOSAL

Treated water Sewage Plants,

Sanitary and
returned to the Natural
Storm Sewers
original source Purification
 The Plumbing Cycle
Water Functions Diagram:

SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION U S E COLLECTION DISPOSAL

Flow of water (& water carried wastes) should always

be only in one direction (from supply to disposal)
The two sides should always be carefully separated
from each other
WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
 Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Rain Collected from Water is soft & Only a source

roofs of pure and is during the wet
Water buildings and suitable for the season;
special water hot water
sheds and supply system Storage
stored in becomes a
cisterns or breeding place
ponds; for mosquitoes;

Cistern water Roofs may not

for drinking be clean
should be
boiled,
chlorinated or
otherwise
sterilized
 Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Natural Obtained from Easy to Contains a large

Surface ponds, lakes acquire; amounts of
and rivers bacteria, organic,
Water Usually in large & inorganic
quantities; substances;
Purification &
Used for treatment is
irrigation, necessary
industrial
purposes and,
when treated,
for community
water supply
 Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Ground Obtained from Usually has an May have

underground by abundant organic matter &
Water means of supply; chemical
mechanical & elements;
manual requires less treatment is
equipment; treatment suggested;
because of
From springs natural filtering Character of
and wells and is ground water, its
the principal hardness,
source of water depends upon
for domestic the nature and
use in most condition of the
rural areas soil and rock
through which it
passes or
percolates
 Water Treatment

PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

1. Acidity Entrance of Corrosion of Raising alkaline

oxygen and non-ferrous content by the
carbon dioxide pipes introduction of
Rusting & a neutralizer
clogging of (sodium
steel pipes silicate)
2. Hardness Presence of Clogging of Boiling
magnesium and pipes Use of an ion
calcium salts Impaired exchanger
laundry and (zeolite
cooking process)
3. Turbidity Silt or mud in Discoloration Filtration
surface or in Bad taste
ground
 Quality of Water
Water Quality Problems &
Their Correction:
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

4. Color Presence of  Discoloration of Oxidizing

Iron and fixtures filter
manganese and laundry
5. Pollution Contamination Disease Chlorination
by organic
matter or
sewage
WATER TREATMENT and
 Water Treatment
Treatment & Purification:
OBJECTIONALBLE REASONS FOR TREATMENT
ELEMENT
Calcium, Magnesium Produces hardness
Sulfur Bad taste & odor, highly corrosive to
plumbing, stains clothing, etc.
Salt Bad taste, highly corrosive
Iron Stains clothing & plumbing fixtures,
interferes with water softeners, iron bacteria
clogs pipes

Pathogenic germs Unhealthy; may cause poliomyelitis

Acid Highly corrosive, picks up lead, stains
clothing

Algae Bad taste & odor

 Water Treatment
Treatment & Purification:
OBJECTIONALBLE METHOD OF TREATMENT
ELEMENT
Carbon Dioxide, Aeration
Hydrogen Sulfide
Suspended Material Coagulation & Settling Process
Bacteria Chemicals & Sand filtration
Calcium & Addition of water softeners
Magnesium
Iron Iron Filters
Sulfur Chlorination
Pathogenic Germs Disinfection
Acid Marble or Limestone Filtration
 Purification of Water
AERATION

S praying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it

over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as
carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide

COAGULATION &
PRECIPITATION

A ddition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the

water which cause the larger suspended particles to form a
gelatinous mass which precipitates readily. The precipitate is
gathered in large dumps and disposed of.
 Purification of Water
FILTRATION

W ater is passed through layers of sand

and gravel in concrete basins in order to
remove the finer suspended particles.

SEDIMENTATION

W ater is passed through basins

so sediments can settle
through a period of time

CHLORINATION

W ater is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill

the harmful bacteria.
 Wells & Pumps
Types of Wells
(General):
Shallow Wells
Deep Wells
Individual Well Springs:
(Types According to Method of Construction)

Dug Well

Most common type

Usually dug manually
Around 15 m deep
a.k.a. ‘shallow well’
 Wells & Pumps

Bored Well
Similar to dug well, but constructed
using an auger driven in by hand or
with power tools
Seldom hand driven below 15 meters,
but can reach 40+ meters with power tools

Jetted Well
Use of extreme water pressure so as not to
affect existing foundations in the vicinity
Makes use of a suction pump above, while
casing acts as the pump riser
Used only where ground is relatively soft,
hence sometimes referred to as
“Sand-Point Wells”
 Wells & Pumps
Driven Well
Dug with a sharp pointed hollow
slotted iron rod and well screen
Depths are from 10-15 meters

Drilled Well
Used for drilling oil
Can reach up to 1000 m
 Wells & Pumps
Locating
a Well:
2 Most Common
Sources of
Contamination:
Septic Tank /
leach fields
Livestock
feedlots
Location must
not be less than
100 ft. away
from such
pollution sources
Locate on higher ground
The deeper the well, the better for natural filtration
 Wells & Pumps
Methods of Well Screening:

Well screens are made of non-corrosive material like brass.

Natural material like stones and rock sediment provide

additional screening
 Wells & Pumps
2 Basic Types of Pumps
Piston Pumps
Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston
Single Action (water is drawn
in with only 1 motion) or;

Double Action (water is drawn

in with either stroke)

Duplex or Twin Piston Pump

 Wells & Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps
Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a
centrifugal force
 Wells & Pumps
Types/Classifications of Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
piston pumps that operate with controlled speed. The discharge
from a reciprocating pump is pulsating and changes only when
the speed of the pump is changed. Sometimes an air chamber is
introduced to regulate the pulsation.
 Wells & Pumps
Jet Pumps
Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water up
from a well.

There are four types of Jet Pumps:

Deep well Jet Pumps are used in high volume applications

Shallow well Jet Pumps are used for residential wells

Convertible Jet Pumps can

be used for deep wells
and shallow wells

Miniature Jet Pumps are

used for small applications
 Wells & Pumps
Rotary Pumps
Rotary pumps are piston pumps that make use of a pump driver
Rotary Pumps can discharge from 900 to 1200 GPM

Rotary Pumps are more efficient for viscous fluids

Submersible Pumps
Submersible Pumps are designed to be fully immersible within a tank or
other media storage receptacle.
Many common types of pumps can be designed by manufacturers to
be submersible

Sump Pumps
Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must be
pumped away from a particular area.
Sump pumps, in general, is a category that encompasses a number
of styles of pumps that are used to pump out collected fluid
 Wells & Pumps
Turbine Pumps
Turbine Pumps are centrifugal pumps used for large applications
because of their multiple impellers

Turbine Pumps can discharge up to 2000 GPM

 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Types of Tanks for domestic use:
Overhead Tanks
-Does not have any pressure concerns
but relies on gravity to supply water to
fixtures below
-Usually made of galvanized steel,
stainless steel, or reinforced concrete,
it can come in various shapes and sizes

Cisterns
-Usually built of reinforced concrete
underground and connected with a pump
Pressure Tanks
Hot Water Tanks
 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Gravity Supply Tanks
Used in Overhead Feed System
Main Components:

Supply Pipe
Inlet
Overflow Pipe
Drip Pan
Gate Valves
 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Pneumatic Water Tanks:
Used in the Air Pressure System
Often used with a pump
Also makes use of a pressure relief valve, which
relieves pressure automatically if necessary
 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Types of Hot Water Tanks:
Range Boiler
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm
diameter; 180cm max length)
Made of galvanized steel sheet,
copper or stainless steel
Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi

Storage Boiler
Large hot water tank (60-130 cm
in diameter; 5m max length)
Made of heavy duty material
sheets applied with rust proof paint
Standard working pressure limit
is 65 to 100 psi.
 Controls & Valves
Function of Valves:
Control of the water system
- Start or shut down a system
- Regulate pressure
- Check backflow
- Control the direction of water
Rules Regarding Location
of Valves:
Locate & distribute valves in such
a manner that they can isolate a
certain section of the network in
case of system breakdown (before
each branch)
Locate valves where they are not
too visible while remaining
accessible to users
 Controls & Valves
Types of Valves:
Gate Valve a.k.a. ‘Full-way Valve’
Used mainly to completely close or
completely open the water line
(does not control flow of water)
Best suited to the main supply and
pump lines wherein operation is
infrequent

2 Types:
The Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc

The Double Disc Valve

 Controls & Valves
Globe Valve Controls the flow of water with a
movable spindle
Can reduce water pressure
(throttling)
Only one side of the valve is an inlet

3 Types:
The Plug Type Disc Valve
-for throttling

The Conventional Disc Valve (Ball Type)

-for shutting

The Composition Disc Valve

-for steam and hot water
 Controls & Valves
Check Valve Main function is to prevent reversal
of flow (backflow) in the line

4 Types:
The Swing Check Valve

The Lift Check Valve

Vertical Check Valve

Horizontal Check Valve

 Controls & Valves
Angle Valve Operates in the same manner as
globe valve (disc & seat design)
Used to make a 90° turn in a line
Reduces number of joints

Foot Valve Located at the lower end of the

pumps
Used mainly to prevent loss of
priming of the pumps
a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve’
 Controls & Valves
Safety Valve Used on water systems, heating
systems, compressed air lines &
other pipe lines with excessive
pressure
 Controls & Valves
Types of Faucets/Bibbs:
Compression Operates by the
compression of a
Cock soft packing upon
a metal sheet

Key Cock Operates with a

round tapering
plug ground to fit
a metal sheet.
‘Hose bibb”-
has grooves fit for
a hose

Ball Faucet Constructed with a

ball connected to
the handle
 Water Distribution System
Defects in Water Distribution Systems:

Water Hammer
WATER HAMMER
a knocking in the pipes caused when
faucets in the lower levels are shut off BACK SIPHONAGE
abruptly or automatically
the force exerted by the decelerating
water causes the pipes to shake and
rattle

Back Siphonage
the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a
plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a
negative pressure in such pipe
‘Back Flow’– the flow of water or other liquids, ,mixtures, or
substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of
water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood
level rim of the receptacle.
 Water Distribution System
Defects in Water Distribution Systems:

Expansion / Contraction
Expansion/ Contraction
Pipes expand and contract due to
continuous changes in temperature
Friction Head Loss
An air space should be provided to
allow for breathing room

Friction Head Loss

Friction occurs when liquid flowing through the pipe makes
contact with the pipe enclosures, thus reducing the speed of
water flow
There is greater Friction Head Loss with longer pipes, small
diameter pipes, and a high number of valves of fittings
 Water Distribution System
Classification of Public Water
Distribution:
Direct Pressure Distribution
DIRECT PRESSURE
Water is obtained through a large intake
DISTRIBUTION
installed on the lake basin & extended
into deep water
Components:
Water basin
Receiving well
Filtration plant
 Water Distribution System
Classification of Public Water
Distribution:

Indirect Pressure Distribution DIRECT PRESSURE

DISTRIBUTION
Water is taken form a drilled well or
underground water INDIRECT PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION
Involves individual special mechanical
equipment
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Parts of the Cold Water Distribution
System (Potable & Tap):
Service Pipe
pipe from the street water main or
other source of water supply to the SERVICE PIPE
building served
WATER METER
Water Meter HORIZONTAL SUPPLY
MAIN
device used to measure in liters or
gallons the amount of water that
passes through the water service

Horizontal Supply Main

the principal water distribution pipe
running from the water meter from
which the various branches and
risers to the fixtures are taken.
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Parts of the Cold Water Distribution
System (Potable & Tap):
Riser
a water supply pipe extending
vertically to one full story or more SERVICE PIPE
to convey water into pipe branches
or plumbing fixtures WATER METER

HORIZONTAL SUPPLY
Fixture Branch MAIN

the water supply pipe between the RISER

fixture supply pipe and the water-
distributing pipe FIXTURE BRANCH

CONTROLS & VALVES

Controls & Valves
STORAGE TANKS
used for control, isolation and repair
of the water distribution system

Storage Tanks
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Types of Cold Water Distribution
Systems (within buildings):

Upfeed System UPFEED SYSTEM

Direct Upfeed
- Water is provided by the city water
companies using normal pressure
from public water main
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Air Pressure System (Pneumatic)
- When pressure supplied by city water
supply is not strong enough
- Compressed air is used to raise and UPFEED SYSTEM
push water into the system
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Downfeed (Overheadfeed) or Gravity System

UPFEED SYSTEM

DOWNFEED OR
GRAVITY SYSTEM

- Water is pumped into a large

tank on top of the building and is
distributed to the fixtures by
means of gravity.
 Cold Water Distribution
System
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Upfeed System

1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps & 1. Pressure from water main is

tanks. inadequate to supply tall buildings.
2. Water supply is affected during
peak load hour.

Air Pressure System

1. With compact pumping unit. 1. Water supply is affected by loss of

2. Sanitary due to air tight water pressure inside the tank in case of
chamber. power interruption.
3. economical (smaller pipe diam)
4. less initial construction &
maintenance cost
5. Oxygen in the compressed air
serves as purifying agent.
6. Adaptable air pressure.
7. Air pressure serves zones of
about 10 stores intervals.
 Cold Water Distribution
System

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Overheadfeeed System

1. Water is not affected by peak load 1. Water is subject to contamination.

hour.
2. Not affected by power
interruptions.
3. Time needed to replace broken
parts does not affect water supply.
2. High maintenance cost.
3. Occupies valuable space.
4. Requires stronger foundation and
other structure to carry additional
load of tank and water.
 Hot Water Distribution
System
Types of the Hot Water Distribution
Systems (within buildings):
Upfeed and Gravity Return System

With a continuing network of

pipes to provide constant
circulation of water
Hot water rises on its own &
does not need any pump for
circulation
Hot water is immediately
drawn form the fixture any time
Provided economical circulating
return of unused hot water

Larger pipe is installed at the

top of the riser & the diminishing
sizes passes through the lower
floors of the building
 Hot Water Distribution
System
Types of the Hot Water Distribution
Systems (within buildings):
Downfeed and Gravity Return System
Hot water rises on to
the highest point of
the plumbing system
and travels to the
fixtures via gravity
(closed pipe system)

Water distribution is
dependent on the
expansion of hot
water & gravity.

Larger pipe is installed

at the bottom of the
riser & the diminishing
sizes passes
through the upper
floors of the building
 Hot Water Distribution
System
Types of Hot Water Distribution
Systems (within buildings):
Pump Circuit System
For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor
levels of multi-storey buildings
 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Hot Water Consumption
KIND OF GALLONS PER
BUILDING PERSONS PER HOUR
Office Buildings 4 to 5
School Buildings 2 to 3
Apartment Buildings 8
Hotels 8 to 10
Factories 4 to 6
Residential 10

Working Load of Hot Water Systems

AVERAGE WORKING
KIND OF BUILDING
LOAD
School, Office & Industrial types 25%
Apartments & Residences 35%
Hotels & Restaurants 50%
 Hot Water Distribution
System
2 Types of Water Heating Systems:
Hot Water Space Heating System
Water is confined within a system at low temperature
Hot Water Supply System
Not a closed system which operate on much higher
temperature

Protection of Hot Water Tank:

System Relief Valve
Used for Hot Water Space
Heating System

Temperature & Pressure Relief

Used for Hot Water Supply System
FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEM
 Water & Water Supply for
Fire Fighting
Supplying Water for
Fire Protection Systems:
The Elevated Water Tank
The Underground Water Reservoir

Types of
Fire Protection Systems:
Dry Standpipe System
Wet Standpipe System

Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection

Automatic / Sprinkler System
 Water & Water Supply for
Fire Fighting

Dry Standpipe System

No longer being utilized in new

buildings, provided other systems
are employed (otherwise must
be installed in buildings 4 levels CONNECT TO
FIRE HOSE
or more)

The standpipe is a pipe installed in buildings not as part of

the water supply or waste disposal system but primarily
for use as water conveyor in case of fire
How it works: a standpipe is connected to the building
exterior (max ht.= 1.20M) for connection to fire department
As much as possible, standpipes should be located in
stairway landings
 Water & Water Supply for
Fire Fighting
Wet Standpipe System
How it works: a piping network (line is directly connected
to the main water line) connects to all levels of a building
(at least 1 standpipe on each level)

Wet standpipes shall be constructed of wrought iron or

galvanized steel

The number of wet standpipes shall be determined so that

all portions of the building are within 6.00 meters of a
nozzle attached to a hose 23 meters long

The minimum diameter for a wet standpipe is 51mm for

those less than 15 meters form the fire service connection.
For those more than 15 meters from the fire service
connection, the minimum diameter is 63mm
 Water & Water Supply for
Fire Fighting
Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection
How it works: a piping
network directly connected
to the main water line,
connects to all levels of a
building; additionally, a
Siamese Connection is
located outside the building
for additional water supply
 Water & Water Supply for
Fire Fighting
Automatic / Sprinkler System
There are two general types of Automatic Sprinkler
Systems: the Automatic Wet and Automatic Dry
 Smoke Detectors &
Sprinkler Heads
Spacing of Sprinkler Heads:
Spacing of Sprinkler Heads
COVERAGE OF ONE
KIND OF BUILDING
SPRINKLER HEAD
Light Hazard Occupancy 20 square meters
Extra hazard Occupancy 10 square meters

Special Installation Requirements

At least one fire department connection on each frontage
A master alarm system valve control for all water supplies
other than fire department connections
Special fire walls between protected areas
Sloping water proof floors with drains or scupper to carry
away waste water
 Smoke Detectors &
Sprinkler Heads
Types of Sprinkler Heads

Upright- used above piping

when piping is exposed

Pendent- projects through

a finished ceiling when
piping is exposed