THERMORDYNAMICS PROJECT

Abdelmoniem atia 141514

Ahmed Hatem 149366
Mahmoud Mohamed 141761
Mohamed Ahmed Eltouny 144514
Mohamed Ali Othman 143445

Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Year 2

Module leader: Dina Ahmed

Teaching assistant: Wafa & Marwa

1. Question 1
A mixture containing equimolar amounts of benzene (l), toluene (2), and ethyl
benzene (3) is flashed to conditions T and P. For one of the conditions following
determine the equilibrium mole fractions {xi} and {yi} of the liquid and vapor phases
formed and the molar fraction V of the vapor formed. Assume that Raoult’s law
applies.

T = 383.15 K (110 °C), P = 90 kPa.

Solution
𝐵
log(𝑝) = 𝐴 − T= 110(°C)
(𝑇+𝐶)

𝑃𝑖
𝑘=
𝑃𝑡
partial
A B C pressure k
Benzene 7.06437 1296.93 229.916 1773.89 2.63
Ethyl benzene 7.1561 1559.55 228.582 354.795 0.5255
Toluene 229.916 1457.29 231.827 746.383 1.1056

Z is the mole fraction of each component

Z1 Z2 Z3 V After correction V Before correction

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.377417667 0.5

𝑖 𝑖𝑍𝐾
Σyi= 1+𝑣(𝐾 −1) 𝑖

yi is the composition of vapour phase

Before correction
Y1 0.434710744
Y2 0.206686332
Y3 0.315045593
Σyi 0.956442669

After Correction
Y1 0.488487181
Y2 0.192041733
Y3 0.318967455
Σyi 0.999496369
Comments:
- Flash has low separation efficiency as separation is carried out in only one

stage.

- Hysys was more accurate in calculations because it functions as simulation to

a real process with conditions as temperature, pressure, and flow rates taken

into consideration while excel perform calculations according to givens

without taking any conditions into consideration

2. Question
Binary system of benzene (A) and toluene (B).

a) Prepare a graph showing t vs. x1 and t vs. y1 at the given pressure.

Group 1: p = 0.5 atm
Solution:
P(mmHg) 380

Temperature Range
T(A) °C 59.162
T(B) °C 87.911

𝐵
log(𝑝) = 𝐴 − used to calculate pressures of benzene and toluene
(𝑇+𝐶)

𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 −𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑒
XA=
𝑃𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 −𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑒

XB= 1 − 𝑋𝐴
𝑃𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒
YA= ( ) × 𝑋𝐴
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

YB= 1 − 𝑌𝐴

Log Log
T (P°A) (P°B) P°(A) P°(B) XA XB YB YB
59.16 2.57 2.1284 380 134.40 1 0 1 0
60 2.592 2.1428 391.47 138.95 0.954569 0.045 0.98 0.016
65 2.668 2.227 465.75 168.83 0.711189 0.288 0.87 0.128
70 2.741 2.309 550.83 203.75 0.507803 0.492 0.73 0.263
75 2.811 2.387 647.76 244.33 0.336287 0.663 0.57 0.426
80 2.879 2.464 757.66 291.21 0.190336 0.809 0.37 0.620
85 2.945 2.537 881.67 345.11 0.065023 0.934 0.15 0.849
87.91 2.982 2.579 960.84 380 0 1 0 1
 Txy diagram
100 Dew Curve
90 Dew Temp.= 75°C

80

70
Temprature /°C

60

50
T vs XA
40
Bubble Temp.= 70 °C Bubble Curve T vs YA
30

20

10

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
xAyA

Comments:
- Pressure was high, thus gap between dew curve and bubble curve was small

which is the two-phase region and that means low separation efficiency.

- In order to increase the quality of separation temperature should be increased

while pressure should be decreased.

b) Find the bubble and dew Temperatures for an equimolar mixture
Prepare a graph showing P vs. x1 and P vs. y1 at the given temperature.
Group 1: T = 70 ℃

Solution:

A B C P Sat
Benzene 7.06437 1296.93 229.916 549.615778
Toluene 7.1362 1457.29 231.827 203.2219357

𝐵
log(𝑝) = 𝐴 − is used to calculate PSat of benzene and toluene
(𝑇+𝐶)

P= 𝑋1 𝑃1𝑆𝑎𝑡 + 𝑋2 𝑃2𝑆𝑎𝑡
𝑋1 𝑃1𝑆𝑎𝑡
𝑦1 =
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
XB= 1 − 𝑋𝐴
YB= 1 − 𝑌𝐴

P total X1 X2 Y1 Y2
203.222 0 1 0 1
237.861 0.1 0.9 0.231066 0.768934361
272.501 0.2 0.8 0.403387 0.596613315
307.14 0.3 0.7 0.536839 0.463161145
341.779 0.4 0.6 0.64324 0.356759756
376.419 0.5 0.5 0.730059 0.269941226
411.058 0.6 0.4 0.802245 0.197754883
445.698 0.7 0.3 0.863211 0.136789108
480.337 0.8 0.2 0.915384 0.084616397
514.976 0.9 0.1 0.960538 0.039462379
549.616 1 0 1 0
 Pxy Diagram
600

Bubble curve
500

P bubble= 376 mmHG

400
Pressure/mmHG

300

200
Dew Curve

100 P dew = 300mmHG

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
X1Y1

P vs X1 P vs Y1

Comments:
- The two-phase region was somehow larger than in the temperature-
composition diagram because temperature was higher which is better for the
separation process.