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PHONETIC SYMBOLS

Monothongs
1. [i] bead
2. [i] bid
3. [e] bed
4. [æ] bad
5. [
] bard
6. [ ] body
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Monothongs
7. [] board
8. [] ood
9. [u] food
10. [] bud
11. [] bird
12. [] about
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Diphthongs
1. [ei] bay
2. [ai] by
3. [i] beer
4. [] bow
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Diphthongs
5. [i] boy
6. [e] bear
7. [] poor
8. [a] now
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Consonants
1. [p] pan
2. [t] tall
3. [k] call
4. [b] ball
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Consonants
5. [d] doll
6. [] irl
7. [f] fan
8. [v] van
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Consonants
9. [ ] thih
10.["] thy
11.[s] seal
12.[d$] job
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Consonants
13. [&] pressure
14. [$] pleasure
15. [m] sum
16. [n] sun
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Consonants
17. [(] sin
18. [l] little
19. [r] riht
20. [w] wise
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Consonants
21. [j] your
22. [h] how
23. [z] zebra
24. [t&] teacher
Phonetics and phonology

Phonetics deals with speech sounds


themselves, how they are made
(articulatory phonetics), how they are
perceived (auditory phonetics) and the
physics involved (acoustics phonetics).
Phonetics and phonology
Phonology deals with how these
speech sounds are organised into systems
for each individual language; for example:
how the sounds can be combined, the
relations between them and how they
affect each other.
The speech organs
The speech organs
The speech organs
The speech organs
1. The nostrils
2. The lips ( Upper & lower )
3. The teeth ( Upper & lower)
4. The alveolar ridge: Between the top
front teeth and the hard palate
5. The hard palate: Often called “the
roof of the mouth”, a bony structure,
hard and fixed in position
The speech organs
6. The soft palate: In a position that
allows air to pass through the nose &
through the mouth
7. The uvula: The end of the soft palate
8. The tongue: Can be moved into many
different places and different shapes
The speech organs
9. The larynx: Contains 2 small bands
of elastic tissue (vocal cords)
10. The pharynx: A tube beginning just
above the larynx and ending in two,
one part being the back of the mouth
and the other being the beginning of
the way though the nasal cavity
The speech organs

The most significant parts of the speech

apparatus are the lungs, the vocal cords,

the oral cavity including the hard palate,

soft palate, the tongue, the lips and the

nasal cavity.
How are speech sounds produced?
When we are making sounds, the air from the
lungs comes up through the windwipe and
arrives at the larynx. Then it goes through the
vocal cords into the pharynx and up to the
uvula. At this point, the air may go in either
way. It may go into the oral cavity & get out
through the mouth or it may go into the nasal
cavity & get out through the nose.
How are oral sounds produced?

Oral sounds are the sounds in the production of


which the soft palate is raised, blocking off the
nasal cavity so that the airstream can only get
out through the mouth.
E.g.: / b, , , , æ, , s, f, i/
How are nasal sounds produced?

Nasal sounds are the sounds in the production


of which the soft palate is lowered, blocking
off the oral cavity so that the airstream can
only get out through the nose. There are only
three nasal sounds in English
/ m, n, /
How are voiced sounds produced?

Voiced sounds are the sounds in the production


of which the vocal cords come together so that
the airstream is forced between them and the
vocal cords vibrate.
E.g.: /b, d, z, a, w, v, æ, , /
How are voiceless sounds produced?

Voiceless sounds are the sounds in the


production of which the vocal cords come apart
so that the airstream passes freely between
them and the vocal cords do not vibrate.
E.g.: /p, s, k, f, t, , , t, h/
How are vowel sounds produced?

Vowel sounds are the sounds in the production


of which none of the articulators come together
so that the airstream is not obstructed and can
get out freely.
E.g.: /, , i, , , æ/
How are consonant sounds produced?

Consonant sounds are the sounds in the


production of which two articulators come
together so that the airstream is obstructed and
can not get out freely.
E.g.: /b, f, s, , w, k/

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