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Regulations No. 1
Airspace
For Everyone
In this Safety Advisor, we will examine the airspace
structure and how pilots are expected (and required
by the Federal Aviation Regulations) to operate with-
in it.
The airspace Distilled to the basics, there are two kinds of air-
space: uncontrolled and controlled.
soap opera plot. could fly in, it was generally agreed that if you
remained clear of clouds and had at least one-mile
visibility, you could see other airplanes and terrain in
With a little study, time to avoid a collision. This was called see and
avoid. It formed the basis for VFR flight and remains
critical to preventing collisions.
Controlled Airspace
The Beginning
With the advent of inexpensive gyroscopic flight instru-
ments, travel through the clouds became possible. See Figure 1. Victor Airway
and avoid was useless in the soup, so procedures to
ensure aircraft separation were needed. This led to the Contrary to what many pilots believe, controlled air-
creation of air traffic control (ATC) and controlled, or space does not mean that all flight within it is controlled.
Class E, airspace. The government established a system It means that IFR services are available to qualified pilots
of airways, each eight-nautical miles wide with base who choose to use them. Pilots operating under VFR
altitudes of 1,200 feet above ground level (agl), and des- may fly freely in controlled airspace as long as weather
ignated the airspace within them as controlled airspace. conditions meet current regulatory requirements for that
The airway system was defined by a network of radio airspace.
beacons, many of which were located on airports.
To help pave the way for all-weather utility, the instru- A weather observer or automated weather observation
ment landing system (ILS) was invented, providing equipment (ASOS or AWOS) must be available at air-
vertical guidance in the form of an electronic glideslope. ports surrounded by surface-based Class E. If weather
It remains the predominant precision approach system information is not available, the airspace reverts to Class
today. G with a Class E transition area, as shown in Figure 3.
As radar became commonplace, the FAA designed A TRSA is airspace that does not fit the requirements
new classes of airspace solely to separate IFR and VFR of Class C airspace, but is too busy to be just Class D
flights in areas of high traffic. These classes of airspace airspace.
include terminal radar service areas (TRSAs), Class C,
and Class B.
Special VFR
A Special VFR (SVFR) clearance is one that permits take-
offs and landings in conditions below basic VFR weather
minimums (1,000-foot ceiling and 3-sm visibility). It can
Figure 11. SUA Scheduled Hours of Operation
be granted within the surface boundaries of Class B, C,
D, and E airspace, unless there is a “NO SVFR” noted in
the airport information block on the sectional or termi-
• Prohibited areas are established for security reasons
nal area chart.
or for national welfare and are identified on aviation
charts by a defined area marked with the letter “P,” fol-
SVFR requires at least one-mile ground or flight visibility
lowed by a number. Prohibited areas are permanently
and the ability to remain clear of clouds. At night, a
“off limits”. An example of a prohibited area is the White
SVFR clearance requires that the pilot be instrument-
House, or Camp David, as shown in Figure 12. Although
rated and the airplane be equipped for instrument flight.
these areas are charted, it is imperative to check notices
An SVFR clearance only permits the pilot to operate in
to airmen (notams) before you fly. Some prohibited areas
substandard VFR weather minimums in the selected
such as P-40 (Camp David in Thurmont, MD) may
change often.
VFR charts also depict glider, hang glider, and ultralight • Providing a safe environment for space agency
operations areas with symbology as shown in Figure 17. operations.
• Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs) may be For more information on TFRs, visit
imposed to keep aircraft from entering certain areas. http://www.faa.gov/ATS/ATA/ai/TFR_AC_91-63C.pdf
TFRs are often issued on very short notice, for a variety
of reasons, and have become more prevalent since A pilot was flying in the vicinity of Washington, D.C.
September 11, 2001. TFRs are issued by notam when he diverted to avoid flying into weather. He was
(see FAR 91.137). not in radio contact with ATC, so he remained clear of
the Class B airspace. However, in doing so, he inadver-
Because of the last-minute nature of many TFRs, all tently penetrated the ADIZ around Washington, DC.
pilots must use extra caution. Know where you are at all He was intercepted and escorted to a nearby aiport by
times, obtain at least a standard preflight briefing from fighter aircraft.
an AFSS and request notams before your flight. Even
when the TFR is over an event or incident that may be
interesting to watch from the air, such as a wild fire or a The following is an example of a TFR notam:
rocket launch, pilots should remember to stay clear of
FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS ST. MARYS, GA. EFFECTIVE
the TFR area. As pilot in command, it is your responsibil-
IMMEDIATELY UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE. PURSUANT
ity to avoid all TFRs.
TO 14 CFR SECTION 99.7 SPECIAL SECURITY
INSTRUCTIONS. FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS ARE IN
TFRs are established for a variety of reasons
EFFECT DUE TO NATIONAL SECURITY. EXCEPT FOR
including:
RELIEF AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS UNDER DIRECTION
OF THE COMMANDER, KING BAY NAVAL BASE. ALL
• Protection of persons and property when low
OPERATIONS ARE PROHIBITED WITHIN THE AIR-
flying aircraft would increase a hazard over a
SPACE FROM THE SURFACE UP TO BUT NOT
ground incident.
INCLUDING 3000 FEET MSL WITHIN A 2 NAUTICAL
MILE RADIUS OF 3048N/08131W AND THE
• Providing a safe environment for disaster relief.
CRAIG/CRG/ VORTAC 002 DEGREE RADIAL AT 27
NAUTICAL MILES. JACKSONVILLE TRACON 904-741-
• Preventing unsafe congestion of sightseeing aircraft
0767 IS IN CHARGE OF THE OPERATION.
above an incident or event with a high degree of
MACON/MCN/ AFSS 478-784-1155 IS THE FAA
public interest.
COORDINATION FACILITY.
For more FREE information on these and other aviation safety topics, visit
www.asf.org
Safe Pilots. Safe Skies. Pg. 12 www.asf.org
Law Enforcement Aircraft Meaning Intercepted Aircraft Meaning
Rocks wings. After acknowledge- You have been inter- Rocks wings and follows. (Also, at I understand and will
ment initiates a slow level turn, nor- cepted. Follow me. night flash navigational lights.) comply.
mally to the left, onto the desired
heading.
Cut-out and retain for reference.
Performs an abrupt breakaway You may proceed. Rocks wings. I understand and will
maneuver consisting of a climbing comply.
90-degree turn, or more, without
crossing the intercepted aircraft's
flight path.
Circles airport, lowers landing gear, Land at this airport. Lowers landing gear, follows the I understand and will
and overflies runway in the direc- law enforcement aircraft and lands comply.
tion of landing. if the runway is considered safe.
(Also, at night turn the landing
lights on.)
Raises landing gear while flying This airport is If the intercepted aircraft is requ- Understood, follow
over runway between 1,000' and inadequate. ested to go to an alternate airport, me.
2,000', and continues to circle the the law enforcement aircraft raises
airport. its landing gear and uses the inter-
cept procedures.
The pilot switches on and off all Cannot comply. Performs the breakaway Understood.
available lights at regular intervals. maneuver.
The pilot switches on and off In distress. Performs the breakaway Understood.
all available lights at irregular maneuver.
intervals.
1-800-WX-BRIEF
SA02-09/07 Edition 3