Examples 19 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

Combined Loading I 3. Calc Stresses at d

Note: Axial load causes compression;
Flexural load causes compression, therefore
Monologue: stresses work together (i.e. loads are
Test run-down additive)
yd = 0.500 in
σd = P/A + Myd/I
Example I (Problem 8.33) Qd = 0 (there is no cross-section
beyond d)
τd = VQ/(It) = 0.537(0)/[0.833(1)]
= 0 k/in2

4. Calc Stresses at e
Note: No flexural stress at N.A.
ye = 0 in
σe = P/A + Mye/I
= 1.07/1 + 1.88(0)/0.0833
Given: Above state = 1.07 k/in2 (c)
Determine: Normal and shear stresses at yqde = c/2 = 0.5/2 = 0.250 in
d, e, & f Aqe = bc = 1(0.500) = 0.500 in2
Qe = Aqeyqe = (0.5)(0.25) = 0.125 in3
1. Calc Section Properties τ = VQe/(It) = 0.537(0.125)/[0.833(1)]
A = bd = 1.00 in2 = 0.807 k/in2
I = bd3/12 = 14/12 = 0.0833 in4
c = d/2 = ½ = 0.500 in 5. Calc Stresses at f
Note: Axial load causes compression;
2. Draw FBD flexure causes tension. Let tension be (+)
θ = tan-1(6/12) = 26.6˚ and compression be (–).
∑Fy: 1.2sinθ – V = 0 yf = 0.500 in
V = 1.2sinθ = 0.537 k σf = P/A + Myf/I
∑Fx: P – 1.2cosθ = 0 = –1.07/1 + 1.88*(0.5)/0.0833
P = 1.2cosθ = 1.07 k = +10.2 k/in2 (t)
M = 3.50(1.2sinθ) = 3.50(0.537) Qf = 0 (no cross-section beyond)
= 1.88 k-in τf = VQ/(It) = 0.537(0)/[0.0833(1)]
= 0 k/in2
Examples 19
Example II (Problem 8.46)
Given: Above loading
Determine: Normal and shear stresses
at a, b & c
1. Draw FBD at a, b, c
P = 50.0 k
Vx = -6.00 k
V2 = -2.00 k
M2 = (12-2)*(6) = +60.0 k-in
Mx = 12*(2) = –24.0 k-in
2. Calc Section Properties
A = bd = 1.8*(4.8) = 8.64 k/in2
Ix = 4.8*(1.8)3/12 = 2.33 in4
Iz = 1.8*(4.8)3/12 = 16.6 in4
3. Stresses at Point A
x = 0.00 in from CL
y = +0.900 in from CL
ENGR 240 Fall 2016
Qa = Aqa*yqa = 1.8*(2.4)*(1.2)
= 5.18 in3
P causes compression at a
Vx causes shear only at a
Vz causes tension only at a
σa = -P/A + MxZ/Ix
= -50/8.64 + 24*(0.900)/2.33
= +3.48 k/in2 (t)
τ = VxQa/(Ixt) = 6*(5.18)/[16.6*(1.80)]
= 1.04 k/in2
4. Stresses at Point B
x = 1.20 in from CL
z = 0.900 in from CL
Qb = Aqb*yqb = 1.8*(1.2)*(1.8)
= 3.89 in3
P causes compression at b
Vx causes shear & tension at b
Vz causes tension only at b
σb = -P/A + Mzx/Iz + Myz/Ix
= -50/8.64 + 60*(1.2)/16.6
+ 24*(0.900)/2.33
= +7.82 k/in2 (t)
τ = VxQb/(Izt) = 6*(3.89)/[16.6*(1.80)]
= 0.781 k/in2
Examples 19 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

5. Stresses at Point C Vx = -2.00 k

x = 2.40 in from CL Vz = -3.00 k
z = 0.900 in from CL
Mx = (15 – 4)*(3) = 33.0 k-in
Qc = Aqc*yqc = 0*(2.4) = 0.00 in3
P causes compression at c My = (15)*(2) = 30.0 k-in
Vx causes shear & tension at c
Vz causes tension only at c
2. Calc Section Properties
σc = –P/A + Mzx/Iz
= -50/8.64 + 60*(2.4)/16.6 A = bd = 4*(6) = 24.0 in2
+ 24*(0.900)/2.33 Ix = 4(6)3/12 = 72.0 in4
= +12.2 k/in2 (t)
Iy = 6(4)3/12 = 32.0 in4
τ = VyQc/(Izt) = 6*(0)/[16.6*(1.80)]
= 0.00 k/in2
3. Calc Stresses at H
Example III (Problem 8.51)
P causes compression at H
Vy causes tension only at H
Vx causes shear only at H
σ = –P/A + Mxy/Ix
= –24/24 + 33(3)/72
= +0.375 k/in2 (t)
τ = 3Vx/(2A) = 3(2)/[2*(24)]
= 0.125 k/in2

Given: Above Loading

4. Calc Principles Stresses

Determine: Principle stresses & shear

stress at H

1. Draw FBD at H
σAVG = σx/2 = 0.375/2 = 0.188 k/in2
R = [σAVG2 + τ2]1/2
= [(0.188)2 + (0.125)2]1/2
= 0.225 k/in2
σMAX = σAVG + R = 0.188 + 0.225
= 0.412 k/in2
P = 24.0 k
Examples 19
σMAX = σAVG – R = 0.188 – 0.225
= –0.038 k/in2
τ = R = 0.225 k/in2
Example IV (Problem 8.55)
Given: Above loading.
Determine: Normal & shear stresses at “a”
1. Look up section properties – Appendix C
Depth, d = 11.9 in
Flange Width, bf = 8.00 in
Flange thickness, tf = 0.515 in
Web thickness, tw = 0.295 in
Strong Axis Moment of Inertia,
Ix = 310 in4
Weak Axis Moment of Inertia,
Iy = 44.1 in4
ENGR 240 Fall 2016
2. Calc Loads
Vy = 5.00 k
Vx = 3.00 k
Mx = Vy*l = 5(6) = 30.0 k-ft = 360 k-in
My = Vx*a = 3(4) = 12.0 k-ft = 144 k-in
3. Calc Normal Stress
Vy causes tension only at “a”
Vx causes compression & shear
at “a”
NO axial Load
σ = Mxy/Ix – Myx/Iy
= 360*(5.95)/310 – 144(1)/44.1
= +3.64 k/in2 (t)
4. Calc Shear Stress
Vy does NOT cause shear stress at
“a” because in the y-direction there is
nothing beyond “a.”
Vx DOES cause shear stress at “a”
because there is 3” of flange in the
x-direction beyond “a.”
Aqax = lf*tf = 3*(0.515) = 1.54 in2
xqax = bf/2 – lf/2 = 8/2 – 3/2 = 2.50”
Qx = Aqax*xqax = 1.54*(2.50)
= 3.86 in3
τ = VxQx/[Iy*tf]
= 3(3.86)/[44.1*(0.515)]
= 0.510 k/in2
Examples 20 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

Combined Loading II 4. Normal Stress at k

P causes compression
Vx causes tension
Example I (Problem 8.52) Vy causes tension

Let compression be (–) and tension be (+)

σk = –P/A + Mxy/Ix +Myx/Iy
= -24/24 + 33(2)/72
+ 30(2)/32
= + 1.79 k/in2 (t)
5. Shear Stress

Given: Above beam and loading.

Determine:
a) Principle stress at k
b) Maximum shear stress at k
Ak = 1(4) = 4
yk = 2.5 in
1. Forces & Moments at k
Qk = Akyk = 4(2.5) = 10.0 in3
P = 24.0 k
τky = VyQk/(IE) = 3(10)/[72(4)] = 0.104 k/in2
Vx = 2.00 k
τkx = 0.00 k/in2
Vy = 3.00 k
τk = τT + τky + τkx = 0.104 k/in2
Mx = Vx(15-4) = 33.0 k-in
OR
My = Vx(15) = 2(15) = 30.0 k-in
τk = 3V(1-y2/c2)/(2A)
= 3(3)[1 – (2)2/(3)2]/[2(24)]
= 0.104 k/in2
2. Section Properties
A = 4(6) = 24.0 in2
6.
Ix = bd3/12 = 4(6)3/12 = 72.0 in4
Iy = db3/12 = 6(4)3/12 = 32.0 in4

3. FBD

𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
σp = (σz +σy)/2 ± � 2
+ 𝜏𝜏𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
2

= (1.79 + 0)/2 ± [(1.79-0)/2 + 0.104]1/2

= 1.80 k/in2 & -0.01 k/in2
𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2
τMAX = �� 2
� + 𝜏𝜏𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
2
= 0.901 k/in2
Examples 20 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

Example II (Problem 8.44) σH = P/A + Mc/I

= -2500/0.503
+ 1500(0.4)/0.0201
= -24.9 k/in2 (t)
σAVG = (σH + σ)/2 = 24.9/2
= 12.4 k/in2
τ = Tr/J = 1500(0.4)/0.0402
= 14.9 k/in2

Given: Solid cast-iron pipe with d = 0.800 in R = [σAVG2 + τ2]1/2

Determine: = [(12.4)2 + (14.9)2]1/2

a) Principal Stresses at H & K = 19.4 k/in2

b) Shear stress at H & K σMAX = σAVG + R = 12.4 + 19.4

= 31.8 k/in2

1. Forces & Moments σMIN = σAVG – R = 12.4 – 19.4

P = 2500 lb = -7.00 k/in2

Vy = 600 lb τMAX = R = 19.4 k/in2

Vx = 0
Mx = 2.5(600) = 1500 lb-in 4. Point K

My = 0 P causes compression; Vy causes torsion &

T = 2.5(600) = 1500 lb-in shear; K at N.A.

σK = P/A = -2500/0.503 = -4.97 k/in2

2. Section Properties Qk = Akyk = (πr2/2)(4π/(3π)]

c = d/2 = 0.8/2 = 0.400 = 2πr3/3 = 2(0.4)3/3

A = πr2 = π(0.4)2 = 0.043 in3

I = πr4/4 = π(4)4/4 τK = Tr/J + VyQ/(It)

J = πr4/4= π(4)4/4 = 1500(0.4)/0.0402

+ 600(0.043)/[0.0201(0.8)]

3. Point H = 16.5 k/in2

P causes compression only; Vy causes σAVG = (σx + σy)/2

torsion & tension, therefore = (-4.97 + 0)/2 = -2.49 k/in2

counteract. Let compression be (–).

Examples 20 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2
R = �� 2
� + 𝜏𝜏𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
2

= [(2.49)2 + (16.5)2]1/2
= 16.7 k/in2
σMAX = σAVG + R = –2.49 + 16.9
= 14.4 k/in2
σMAX = σAVG – R = –2.49 – 16.9
= -19.4 k/in2
τMAX = R = 16.7 k/in2
Examples 21 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

Beam Deflection by c1 = 0
Integration EIy’ = Mox

4. Integration & Substitution

Monologue: EIy = Mox2/2 +c2
What’s on your minds?
Use deflection boundary condition.
Example I (Problem 9.1) 0 = Mo(0)2/2 + c2
c2 = 0
EIy = Mox2/2
y = Mox2/(2EI) ←

5. Calc deflection at free end

Let x = L
y = MoL2/(2EI) ↑
Given: Cantilever bean with applied free
end moment 6. Calc slope at free end
Let x = L
Determine: θ = y’ = Mox/(EI)
a) Equation of elastic curve = MoL/(EI) ↑
b) Deflection of free end
c) Slope at free end Example II (Problem 9.8)

1. Knowns:
@ x = 0, y = 0
@ x = 0, θ = 0

2. Draw FBD

Given: Beam and applied loading

Determine:
∑MJ: –M + Mo = 0 a) Equation of elastic curve AB
M = Mo b) Slope at A
c) Slope at B
3. Integrate & Substitute
EIy” = Mo 1. Knowns
EIy’ = Mox + c1 @ x = 0, y = 0
@ x = L, y = 0
Use slope boundary conditions.
0 = Mo(0) +c1
Examples 21 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

2. Calc Reactions
∑MA: –wL(L/2) + RB(L) 6. Slope at A
– 2w(L/2)(1.25L) = 0 θA = (0.125wLx2 – 0.167wx3)/(EI)
RBL = wL2/2 + 1.25wL2 = [0.125wL(0)2
RB = 1.75wL – 0.167w(0)3]/(EI) = 0
∑Fy: RA – wL + 1.75wL – 2w(L/2) = 0
RA = 0.25wL 7. Slope at B
θB = [0.125wL(L)2 – 0.167w(L)3]/(EI)
3. Draw FBD = –0.042wL3/(EI) ↓
Since there are 2 distinct loading regions,
2 FBD’s required. Example III (Problem 9.12)

For 0 < x < L:

Given beam & applied loading.

Determine:
∑MJ: M – RAx + wx(x/2) = 0
M = 0.25wLx – 0.5wx2 a) Location & magnitude of maximum
absolute deflection between A & L/2
Since all of the required items are in the
b) Assuming a W18x76, Mo = 150 k-ft, &
first segment, we can use just the
first segment. E = 29000 k/in2, find max allowable
length so that ΔMAX ≤ 0.05 in
3. Integrate & integrate
EIy” = 0.25wLx – 0.5wx2
EIy’ = 0.125wLx2 – 0.167wx3 + c1 1. Knowns
EIy = 0.0417wLx3 – 0.0417wx4 At x = 0, y =0
+ c1x + c2 At x = L, y = 0

4. Substitute & substitute

0 = 0.0417wL(0)3 – 0.0417w(0)4 2. Calc Reactions
+ c1(0) +c2 ∑MA: –Mo + RBL – Mo = 0
c2 = 0
RB = 2Mo/L
0 = 0.0417wL(L)3 – 0.0417wL4 + c1L
c1 = 0 ∑Fy: RA + RB = 0
RA = –2Mo/L
5. Equation of elastic curve AB
y = 0.0417w(Lx3 –x4)/(EI)
Examples 21 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

3. Draw FBD 6. Calc Maximum Deflection

At peak deflections, θ = 0 (apex of
curve), so let θ = 0:
0 = Mo(Lx – x2 – L2/6)/(EIL)
x2 – Lx + L2/6 = 0 (x ≤ 0.5L)

∑MJ: –Mo + 2Mo/L + M = 0 x = 0.211L ←

M = Mo – 2Mox/L y = {Mo[L(0.211L)2/2 – (0.211L)3/3

– L2(0.211L)/6]}/(EIL)
4. Integrate & integrate = –0.016MoL2/(EI)
EIy” = Mo -2Mox/L |𝑦𝑦| = 0.16MoL2/(EI) ←
EIy’ = Mox – Mox2/L + c1
EIy = 0.5Mox2 – 0.333Mox3/L +c1x +c2 7. Calc Maximum Length
From Appendix C & let y = |𝑦𝑦|
5. Substitute & substitute Ix = 1330 in4
Use left end boundary conditions: 0.05 = 0.016[150(12)]L2/[29000(1330)]
0 = 0.5Mo(0)2 – 0.333Mo(0)3/L L = 259 in ≈ 21.5 ft
+c1(0) +c2
c2 = 0
Use right end boundary condition:
0 = 0.5Mo(L)2 – 0.333MoL3/L
+ c1

c2 = –0.167MoL2
y = {[0.5Mox2 – 0.333Mox3]/L
– 0.167MoL2x}/(EI)
Simplify:
y = Mo(Lx2/2 – x3/3 – L2x/6)/(EI)
y’ = Mo(Lx – x2 – L2/6)/(EIL)
Examples 22 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

Indeterminate Beams by 4. Integrate & integrate

Integration EIy’’ = RB*(L–x) – w(L-x)2/2
= R BL – R Bx – w
*(L2 - 2Lx + x2)/2
Monologue: = RBL – RBx – wL2/2
Checking Calcs + wLx –wx2/2
o Look Up Everything EIy’ = RBLx - RBx2/2 – wL2x/2
o Check the Math + wLx2/2 – wx3/6 + c1
o Ask Questions – Why did you EIy = RBLx2/2 – RBx3/6 – wL2x2/4
do that? + wLx3/6 – wx4/24 +c1x + c2

Example I (Problem 9.19) 5. Substitute & substitute

Use x = 0 & θ = 0 in EIy’
0 = RBL(0) – RB(0)2/2 – wL2(0)/2
+ wL(0)2/2 – w(0)3/6 +c1
therefore, c1 = 0
Use x = 0 and y = 0 in EIy
0 = RBL(0)2/2 – RB(0)3/6 – wL2(0)2/4
+ wL(0)3/6 – w(0)4/24
Given: Above beam & loading
+ 0(0) +c2
therefore c2 = 0
Determine: Roller Reaction, RB
6. Equations
1. Recognize - Indeterminate
y = [RBLx2/2 – RBx3/6 – wL2x2/4
+ wLx3/6 – wx4/24]/(EI)
2. Knowns:
y’ = [RBLx – RBx2/2 – wL2x/2
At x = 0: y = 0; θ = 0
+ wLx2/2 – wx3/6]/(EI)
At x = L: y = 0
7. Reaction at B
3. Draw FBD
x = L; y = 0
0 = [RBL(L2)/2 – RBL3/6 – wL4/4
+ wL4/6 – wL4/24]/(EI)
0 = RBL3/2 – RBL3/6 – wL4/4
+ wL4/6 – wL4/24
0 = RBL3/3 – wL4/8
wL4/8 = RBL3/3
∑MCUT: –M – w(L–x)*(L–x)/2 + RB*(L–x) = 0 RB = 3wL/8 ↑
M = RB*(L-x) – w*(L-x)2/2
Examples 22 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

Example II (Problem 9.25) EIy’ = MAx + RAx2/2 + c1

EIy = MAx2/2 + RAx3/6 + c1x + c2

6. Substitute & substitute

Use slope equation with x = 0; θ = 0
0 = MA(0) + RA(0)2/2 +c1
c1 = 0
Use deflection equation with x = 0;
y=0
0 = MA(0)2/2 + RA(0)3/6 +c2
Given: Above beam & loading
c2 = 0
Determine:
7. Draw FBD for L/2 ≤ x ≤ L
a) Reaction at B
b) Moment Diagram

1. Recognize – indeterminate

2. Knowns:
At x = 0: y = 0; θ = 0
At x = L: y = 0 ∑MCUT: -MA + M + P(x–L/2) – Rax = 0
M = MA – P(x–L/2) + RAx
3. Reactions
∑MA: MA – PL/2 + RBL = 0 8. Integrate & integrate
MA = PL/2 – RBL EIy” = MA – P(x – L/2) + RAx
∑Fy: RA – P + RB = 0 = MA – Px + PL/2 + RAx
RA = P – RB EIy’ = MAx – Px2/2 + PLx/2
+ RAx2/2 +c1
4. Draw FBD for 0 ≤ x ≤ L/2 EI = MAx2/2 – Px3/6 + PLx2/4
Make cut in first half. + RAx3/6 + c1x + c2

9. Substitute & substitute

Use slope equation with x = L/2;
θ1 = θ2. By continuity,
MAx +RAx2/2 = MAx[Px2/2
+ PLx/2] +RAx2/2 + c1
∑MCUT: MA – M + RAx = 0 MAL/2 +RAL2/8 = MAL/2
M = MA +RAx + RAL2/8 – 0 +c1
c1 = 0
5. Integrate & integrate
EIy” = MA + RAx
Examples 22 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

Use deflection equation with Given: Beam and loading.

x = L/2; y1 = y2
MAx /2 + RAx3/6 = MAx2/2
2 Determine:
– Px3/6 + PLx2/4 a) Reaction at A
+ RAx3/6 +c2 b) Draw moment diagram
MAL2/8 + RAL3/48 = MAL2/8 – 0
+ RAL3/48 + c2 1. Knowns
c2 = 0 At x = 0: y = 0; θ = 0
At x = L: y = 0; θ = 0
Use deflection equation with θ = 0 @ L/2 (symmetry)
x = L; y = 0
0 = MAL2/2 + RAL3/6 – PL3/6 2. Reactions
+ PL3/4 RA = RB = wL/2
0 = (RBL – P/2)*L3/2 MA = MB
+ (P–RB)*L3/6 – PL3/48
RB = 5P/16 = 0.312P ↑ 3. Draw FBD
RA = P – 5P/16 = 11P/16
= 0.688P ↑
MA = 5PL/16 – PL/2
= – 0.188PL
MC = RB(L/2) = 5PL/32
= 0.156PL
MB = 0 ∑MCUT: -MA – RAx + wx(x/2) + M = 0
M = MA + RAx – wx2/2

4. Integrate & Substitute & Substitute

EIy” = MA + RAx –wx2/2
EIy’ = MAx + RAx2/2 – wx3/6 +c1
Use x = 0 & y’= 0
0 = MA(0) + RA(0)2/2 + w(0)3/6 + c1
c1 = 0
Use x = L/2 & y’ = 0
Example III (Problem 9.34)
0 = MAL/2 + RAL2/8 –wL3/48
MA = 2[wL3/16 – wL3/48]/L
= -wL2/12

5. Moment Equation
M = MA + RAx – wx2/2
= – wL2/12 + wLx/2 – wx2/2
Examples 22 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

6. Moment Diagram
Examples 23 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

Beam Deflection and yc = Pb[x3-(L2-b2)*x]/[6EIL]

Indeterminate Beams by = P(L/3)[8L3/27-(L2-L2/a)
Superposition *(2L/3)}/[6EIL]
= -8PL3/(486EI)

Monologue: Superposition
• Common Sense – Don’t Let the Deflection @ C
Engineering Workplace Destroy It Δc = yc = yc1 + yc2 = -7PL3/486EI
• Good Engineering + (-8)*PL3/(486EI)
• I’m Good, Very Knowledgeable & = -15PL3/(486EI)
Can Beat Up Most Others = -5PL3/(162EI)
• Wayne County Failure – Tale of 3 Slope @ A
Disciplines θA = θA1 + θA2
= -5PL2/(81EI) – 4PL2/(81EI)
Example I (Problem 9.70) = -9PL2/(81EI)
= -PL2/(9EI)

Example II (Problem 9.66)

Determine
a) Deflection at C
b) Slope at A
Determine: Slope & Deflection at C
Effects of load at B: Case 5 Appendix D
a = L/3, b = 2L/3, x = 2L/3 Effects of Load at B: Case 1 Appendix D
For x>a, replace x by L-x & interchange θB1 = -P(L/2)2/(2EI) = -PL2/(8EI)
a&b yB1 = -P(L/2)3/[3EI] = -PL3/(24EI)
y = Pb[x3-(L2-b2)*x]/[6EIL] Assume BC remains straight.
= Pa[(L-x)3-(L2-a2) θC1 = θB1 = -PL2/(8EI)
*(L-x)]/[6EIL] yC1 = yB1 - L θB1/2
yc = P(L/3){[L-L/3]3-(L2-L2/a) = -PL3/(24EI) – PL3/(16EI)
*(L-2L/3)}/[6EIL] = -5PL3/(48EI)
= -7PL3/(486EI)
θA1 = -Pb(L2-b2)/[6EIL]

Effects of load at C: Case 5 Appendix D

a = 2L/3, b = L/3, x = 2L/3
Examples 23 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

Effects of Load at C: Case 1 Appendix D Effect of Point Load: Case 1

θC2 = -PL2/(2EI) P = 125 k; L = 40in
yC2 = -PL3/(3EI) yC2 = -PL3/(3EI)
= -125*(40)3/[3*(13400)]
Superposition = -0.200in
θC = θC1 + θC2 θC2 = -PL2/(2EI)
= PL2/(8EI) – PL2/(2EI) = -125*(40)2 /[2*(13400)]
= -5PL2/(8EI) rad cw = -0.00749 rad
yC = yC1 + yC2
= -5PL3/(48EI) – 3PL3/(3EI) Superposition
= -21PL3/(48EI) θC = θC1 + θC2
= 7PL3/(16EI) ↓ = -0.00506 + (-0.00749)
= -0.0125 rad
Example III yc = yc1 = yc2
= -0.164 + (-0.200)
= -0.364 in

Example IV (Problem 9.86)

Determine: Slope & Deflection at C

r = d/2 = 1.75/2 = 0.875 in

I = πr4/4 = π*(0.875)4/4 = 0.460 in4
EI = 29000*(0.460) = 13400 k-in2
Determine:
Effect of Distributed Load: Case 2 a) Slope @ A
w = 0.015 k/in; L = 30 in b) Deflection @ B
yB1 = -wL4/(8EI)
= -0.015*(30)4/[8*(13400)] Force Body Diagram 1:
= -0.114 in
θB1 = -wL3/(6EI)
= -15*(30)3/[6(13400)]
= -0.00506 rad
BC remains straight; LBC = 40in
yC1 = yB1 +LBC*θB1 ∑Ma: -800(12) +18RC = 0
= -0.114 +10*(-0.00506) RC = 800(12)/18
= -0.164 in I = bh /12 = 1.254/12 = 0.203 in4
3

θC1 = θB1 = -0.00506 rad EI = 0.203*(29000) = 5900 k-in2

Examples 23 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

Force Body Diagram 2:

Case 1 Appendix D
yC1 = -RCLCD3/(3EI)
= -0.533*(12)3/[3*(5900)]
= -0.052 in

Use 1st FBD again; Case 5 Appendix D

θA1 = -Pb(L2-b2)/(6EIL)
= -0.800*(6)
*(182 - 62)/[6*(5900)*18)]
= -0.00217 rad
yB1 = -Pb2a2/(3EIL)
= -0.800*(6)2*(12)2/[3(5900)]
= -0.0130 in

Effect of Movement at C
θA2 = yc/LAC = -0.052/18
= -0.00289 rad
yB2 = ayc/L = 12*(-0.052)/18
= -0.0347 in

Superposition
θA = θA1 + θA2
= -0.00217 + (-0.00289)
= -0.00506 rad cw
yB = yB1 + yB2
= -0.013 + (-0.0347)
= -0.0477 in ↓
Examples 24 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

Column Buckling Example II (Problem 10.6)

Example I (Problem 10.2)

Given: AD is rigid & loads remain

horizontal
Determine: magnitude of PCR

1. Draw FBD

Given: Above loading. AB is rigid.

Determine: Critical loading, Pcr.
Let yB and yC be the deflections at B & C.
1. Draw FBD Up is positive.
Let θ be the angle change of bar AB FB = -kyB
FC = -kyC

2. Sum Forces
∑Fy = -FB – FC = 0
FC = -FB
-kyc = -(-kyB)
yc = -yB
x = Lsinθ
3. Calc Deflections
For small angles,
sin θ = θ
tan θ = θ
cos θ = 1

F = kx = kLsinθ = kLθ yC = -asinθ/2

yB = asinθ/2
2. Sum moments and solve for P
∑M B : FLcosθ – Px = 0
kLθL(1) = PLθ
kL 2 θ = PLθ
P C R = kL
Examples 24 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

δ = -lsinθ Determine:
a) Steel critical load
4. Sum Moments b) Req’d “d” for same critical load
FB & FC for a couple c) Aluminum strut weight as a
MF = kasinθ/2 (acosθ) percentage of steel strut weight
P & P’ for a couple
MP = Pδ 1. Calc Steel Strut Critical Load
∑M: MF – MP = 0 Moment of Inertia, I = bd3/12
MF = MP = 0.54/12 = 0.00521 in4
ka cosθ*sinθ/2 = Plsinθ
2 For simply supported:
ka2cosθ/2 = Pl PCR = π2EI/L2
Since AD is horizontal as shown = π2*(29000)*(0.00521)/(48)2
θ = 0 therefore cosθ = 1 = 0.647 k
ka2/2 = Pl
PCR = ka2/2l 2. Calc Aluminum Strut Size
Let PCRS = PCRA
0.647 = π2EAIA/L2
Example III (Problem 10.12) IA = 0.647*(48)2/[ π2(10100)]
= 0.015 in4
4
dreq = √12𝐼𝐼 = 4�12(0.015) = 0.651 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

3. Calc Weight Percentage

Steel Weight, Ws = γsVs
= 0.49*(4)*(0.25)/144 = 3.40 lb
Aluminum Weight, WA = γAVA
= 0.17*(4)*(0.651)2/144
= 2.00 lb

% = 100 WA/WS = 100(2)/34 = 58.8%

Example IV (Problem 10.17)

Given:
Steel strut
Es = 29000 k/in2
γs = 0.490 k/ft3
Aluminum strut Given:
EA = 10100 k/in2 Vertical Brace
γs = 0.170 k/ft3 Effective length, kL = 12.0ft
Examples 24 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

2L4x3x1/4
Es = 29000 k/in2
Safety Factor, Ω = 2.50

Determine: Allowable compression load

1. Section Properties
From Appendix C (Single Angle)
A = 1.69 in2
Ixo = 2.77 in4
Iyo = 1.36 in4
𝑦𝑦� = 1.24 in
𝑥𝑥̅ = 0.736 in

For Double Angle (Welded)

Ix = 2Ixo = 2(2.77) = 5.54 in4
Iy = 2[Iy + Ax2] = 2[1.36
+ 1.69*(0.736)2] = 4.55 in4 (controls)
2. Calc Critical Load
PCR = π2EI/L2
= π2*(29000)*(4.55)/1442
= 62.8 k

3. Calc Allowable Load

PALL = PCR/ΩC = 62.8/2.5 = 25.1 k
Examples 25 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

Column End Conditions 3. Arrangement #2

Monologue:
• Dates
• Don’t be an “It can’t be done”
engineer

Example I (Problem 10.28)

Top Constraint: rotation fixed,

translation free
Bottom Constraint: Pinned
Effective Length Factor, k = 2.00

Let PCR2 = PCR1 & Solve for dreq

πr4/4 = PCR(KL)2/(π2E)
r4 = 4PCR(KL)2/(π3E)
dreq = 2*[4PCR(KL)2/(π3E)]1/2
Given: = 2*{4*(3.72)[2(96)]2/[π3(29000)]}1/2
Weight, w = 3.25 k = 1.77 in
Rod diameter, d= 1.25 in
E = 29000 k/in2 4. Arrangement #3
Rod height, h = 8.0 ft

Determine:
a) Factor of safety with respect to
buckling
b) Diameter required of each of the
other arrangements for the same
factor of safety

Top Constraint: rotation fixed,

1. Calc Critical Load
translation free
I = πr4/4 = π(0.625)4/4 = 0.120 in4
Bottom Constraint: Fixed
PCR = π2EI/L2
Effective Length Factor, k = 1.00
= π2(29000)(0.120)/(96)2
= 3.72 kip/rod
Let PCR32 = PCR1 & Solve for dreq
dreq = 2*[4PCR(KL)2/(π3E)]1/2
2. Calc Safety Factor
= 2*{4*(3.72)[1(96)]2/[π3(29000)]}1/2
Preq = w/2 = 3.25/2 = 1.62 k
= 1.25 in
Ω = PCR/Preq = 3.72/1.62 = 2.29
Examples 25 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

5. Arrangement #4

Top Constraint: rotation fixed,

translation fixed (FIXED)
Bottom Constraint: Fixed
Effective Length Factor, k = 0.700

Let PCR32 = PCR1 & Solve for dreq

dreq = 2*[4PCR(KL)2/(π3E)]1/2
= 2*{4*(3.72)[0.7(96)]2/[π3(29000)]}1/2
= 1.04 in
Examples 26 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

Column Design = 4.71*[29000/36]1/2

= 134 > 125
therefore, short column
Monologue: ΩC = 1.67
• Last real class Critical Buckling Stress, σCR
• Final date/time = 0.658(σy/σE)(σy)
• Final is easiest test = 0.658(36/18.4)(36)
= 15.9 k/in2
Allowable Compression Stress, σALL
Example I = σCR/ΩC = 15.9/1.67
= 9.50 k/in2
Allowable Centric Compression,
PALL = σALL*A = 9.5*(9.13)
= 86.7 k

4. A572 Grade B Option

Short Column Limit, λE
= 4.71*[E/σy]1/2
Given: = 4.71*[29000/50]1/2
Effective Length, Le = KL = 21.0 ft = 113 < 125
Elastic Modulus, Es = 29000 k/in2 therefore, NOT short column
Critical Buckling Stress, σCR
Determine: = 0.877*(σe)
a) PMAX for σy = 36.0 k/in2 (A36) = 0.877*(18.4)
b) PMAX for σy = 50.0 k/in2 (A572 Gr 50) = 16.1 k/in2
Allowable Compression Stress, σALL
1. Section Properties = σCR/ΩC = 16.1/1.67
A = 9.13 in2 = 9.66 k/in2
ry = 2.02 in (use min. r) Allowable Centric Compression,
Slenderness ratio, λ = Le/r PALL = σALL*A = 9.66*(9.13)
= 21(12)/2.02 = 125 = 88.2 k

2. Elastic Critical Buckling Stress Example II

σe = π2E/λ2
= π2(29000)/(125)2
= 18.4 k/in2

3. A36 Option
Short Column Limit, λE
= 4.71*[E/σy]1/2
Examples 26 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

Given: = 0.0267P
Effective Length, Le = 8.50 ft Eccentric Moment, M = Pe = 0.5P
Elastic Modulus, Ew = 440 k/in2 Actual Flexural Stress, σb_ACT
Allowable Compression Stress, σc = Mc/Ix = 0.5P*(3.75)/176
= 1180 lb/in2 = 0.0106P
Lumber Compression Factor, cc = 0.8 UC = σc_ACT/σc_ALL + σb_ACT/σb_ALL
Allowable Flexural Stress, σb_ALL ≤ 1.00
= 1300 lb/in2
0.0267P/0.681 + 0.0106P/1.30
1. Section Properties ≤ 1.00
Width, b = 5.00 in Let UC = 1.00 & Solve for P
Depth, d = 7.50 in
P = 21.1 k
Extreme Fiber Distance, c = d/2
= 7.5/2 = 3.75 in 4. e = 1.00 in Combined Stresses
Area, A = bd = 5*(7.5) = 37.5 in2 Eccentric Moment, M = Pe = 1P = P
Strong Axis Moment of Inertia, Ix
Actual Flexural Stress, σb_ACT
= bd3/12 = 5*(7.5)3/12
= Mc/Ix = P*(3.75)/176
= 176 in4
= 0.0213P
Wood Slenderness Ratio, λw = Le/b
UC = 0.0267P/0.681 + 0.0213P/1.30
= 8.5*(12)/5 = 20.4
≤ 1.0
P = 18.0 k
2. Allowable Compression Stress
Elastic Compression Stress, σce
Example III
= 0.822E/λ2
= 0.822*(440)/(20.4)2
= 0.869 k/in2
Compression Stress Ratio, σce/σc
= 0.869/1.18 = 0.736
η = (1 + σce/σc)/(2*cc)
= (1 +0.736)/[2*(8)] = 1.08
Cp = η + [η2 – σ`ce/(2*σc)]1/2
= 1.08 + [1.082 – 0.736/0.8]1/2
= 0.577
Given:
Allowable Compression Stress,
σc_ALL = σc*Cp = 1.18*(0.577) Effective Length, Le = 24.0 ft
= 0.681 k/in2 Elastic Modulus, Es = 29000 k/in2
Yield Stress, σy = 50.0 k/in2
3. e = 0.500 in Combined Stresses
Allowable Bending Stress,
Actual Compression Stress, σc_ACT
= P/A = P/37.5 k/in2 σb_ALL = 30.0 k/in2
Examples 26 ENGR 240 Fall 2016

From Appendix C: W14x68

Determine: Required W14 using interaction Sx = 103 in3;
Iy = 121 in4;
1. Assume short column ry = 2.46 in
Short column limit, λε UC = 66.2/121 + 32/103
= 4.71*[E/ σy]1/2 = 0.858 < 1.00 OK
= 4.71*[29000/50]1/2
= 113
Slenderness Limit, λ = Le/r →
ry = Le/λ = 12*(24)/113
= 2.54 in

2. Stresses
Compression Stress, σC_ALL
= 0.877π2*E*ry2/(Ω*λ2)
= 0.877π2
*(29000)ry2/[1.67*2882]
= 1.81ry2 k/in2
Moment, M = P*e = 120*(8) = 960 k-in
Flexural Stress, σb_ALL = M/Sx
= 960/Sx
Axial Stress, σc_ACT = P/A = 120/A
UC = σc_ACT/σc_ALL + σb_ACT/σb_ALL
≤ 1.00
(120/A)/1.81ry2 + (960/Sx)/30
≤ 1.00
66.2/(Ary2) + 32/Sx ≤ 1.00
**remember
r = [Iy/A]1/2, therefore
r 2 A = Iy
66.2/Iy + 32/Sx ≤ 1.00