Advanced Nuclear Astrophysics

Explosive Stellar Phenomena

Week 3

Arnau Rios Huguet

Department of Physics
a.rios@surrey.ac.uk
Office 13BB03
Summary
Hydrodynamical equations Timescales
✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆ 1/2
⌧dyn R M
dm 2 ⌧dyn,
=
R M
= 4⇡r ⇢
dr ✓ ◆2
⌧KH M R L
=
dP Gm⇢ ⌧KH, M R L
=
dr r2 ˆ ˙1´↵ ˆ ˙´3
⌧MS M L@ M M
“ “ „
⌧MS,@ M@ L M@ M@

Ideal gas pressure Adiabatic index

R 1 1 1 5
Pgas = ⇢T = + =
µ µ µI µe 3
4
“
3
!2
Summary
Hydrodynamical equations Timescales
✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆ 1/2
⌧dyn R M
dm 2 ⌧dyn,
=
R M
= 4⇡r ⇢
dr ✓ ◆2
⌧KH M R L
=
dP Gm⇢ ⌧KH, M R L
=
dr r2 ˆ ˙1´↵ ˆ ˙´3
⌧MS M L@ M M
“ “ „
⌧MS,@ M@ L M@ M@

Ideal gas pressure Adiabatic index

R 1 1 1 5
Pgas = ⇢T = + =
µ µ µI µe 3
4
!
“
3
!2
Title Text
Subtitle

A. Einstein, References
!3
The interior of the sun
Mass profile, m(r)/Ms
16
1 10

Pressure, P [Pa]
15
0.8 10
14
0.6 10
13
10
0.4 SSM 12
n=3 10
0.2 10
11
10
0 10
5 7

Temperature, T [K]
10
Density, ρ [kg m ]

10
-3

4
10 6
3 10
10
2 5
10 10
1
10 4
0 10
10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Radial distance, r/R Radial distance, r/R
John Bahcall (IAS Princeton)
http://www.sns.ias.edu/~jnb/SNdata/solarmodels.html !4
Energy conservation
Energy generation rate, ε
Energy generated per unit of mass & time

Diagram of star interior Differential equation

dlprq 2
ρ×ε “ 4⇡r ⇢prq"prq
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dr
Integral equation
dr ªr
2
lprq “ 4⇡ dr r ⇢prq"prq
r <latexit sha1_base64="Yyk10NTKDBYkO4EzSfFoF05mDaQ=">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</latexit>
0

L L+dL BCs
lp0q “ 0
lpRq “ L
Phillips or Prialnik
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!5
Energy conservation
Energy generation rate, ε
Energy generated per unit of mass & time

Diagram of star interior Differential equation

dlprq
ρ×ε “ 4⇡r ⇢prq"prq >0!
2
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dr
Integral equation
dr ªr
2
lprq “ 4⇡ dr r ⇢prq"prq
r <latexit sha1_base64="Yyk10NTKDBYkO4EzSfFoF05mDaQ=">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</latexit>
0

L L+dL BCs
lp0q “ 0
lpRq “ L
Phillips or Prialnik
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!5
Energy generation rate
Energy generation rate
rate energy produced
hkkikkj
hkkikkj
rabÑcd ˆ QabÑcd energy produced per
"abÑcd “ gram in star environment
⇢ on
loomo per unit of time
volume to mass

QabÑcd na nb x vyabÑcd erg g-1 s-1

"abÑcd “ W g-1
⇢ 1 ` ab
2
1 ⇢NAv Xa Xb
"abÑcd “ x vyabÑcd QabÑcd
1` ab Ma Mb

Iliadis, Nuclear Physics of Stars

!6
Rate of energy generation
•Depends on nuclear reaction rate
1/3
3.38/T9
2e
pp: "pp = 2.4 ⇥ 10 ⇢X 4
2/3
erg g-1 s-1
T9
1/3
15.228/T9
e
CNO: "CN O ' 4.4 ⇥ 10 ⇢XZ 25 erg g-1 s-1
2/3
T9
4.403/T9
3e
3α: "3↵ ' 5.1 ⇥ 108 ⇢2 Y erg g-1 s-1
T93
5 -3
Solar composition & ρ=1.5x10 kgm

•Often parametrized as

Energy generation rate, ε [J kg s ]

20

-1 -1
10
19 pp chain
10
18
CNO chain
✓ ◆ pp 1 10
@ ln " 10
17

= CNO 1 16
@ ln ⇢ 10
⌫
T 3α 2 10
15

" = "0 ⇢ T ✓ ◆ pp 4
10
14

@ ln " 10
13

⌫= CNO 15 12
Sun central T
@ ln T 10
⇢ 3α 40 10
11

10
10 5 10 15 20 25 30
Temperature, T6
!7
Energy transport in stars

•Three sources to energy transport in stars:

• Radiative (mediated by photons)
• Conductive (mediated by electrons)
• Convective (mediated by fluid dynamics)

•Efficiency depends on:

• Amount of energy transported
• Mean-free path of mediator
• Large λ ⇒ energy transfer in large distance
• Short λ ⇒ energy transfer in short scales

•Need a small departure from equilibrium!

!8
Opacity sources
I⌫ pxq “ I0,⌫ e´⌫ ⇢x UNITS

 m2 kg-1
cm2 g-1
•Scattering
1+X 1
s = T , T = 0.04 m2 kg
2
•Free-free absorption
⌧
22 1 + X Z2 7/2
f f = 10 ⇢T
2 A
•Bound-free absorption
bf = 4 ⇥ 1025 Z(1 + X)⇢T 7/2

•Bound-bound absorption
bb very small

Clayton, Principles of Stellar Evolution or Phillips, Physics of the Stars

!9
Opacity sources
I⌫ pxq “ I0,⌫ e´⌫ ⇢x UNITS

 m2 kg-1
cm2 g-1
•Scattering
1+X 1
s = T , T = 0.04 m2 kg Rosseland mean opacity in the Sun
2
•Free-free absorption
⌧
22 1 + X Z2 7/2
f f = 10 ⇢T
2 A
•Bound-free absorption
bf = 4 ⇥ 1025 Z(1 + X)⇢T 7/2

Kramers law
•Bound-bound absorption
bb very small
C. A. Iglesias and F. J. Rogers, Astrophys. J. 464, 943 (1996)
http://opalopacity.llnl.gov/opal.html
Clayton, Principles of Stellar Evolution or Phillips, Physics of the Stars
!9
Final equation: radiative diffusion
•Radiative transfer approximation
•Determines temperature profiles in stars

dT prq 3 prq⇢prq lprq

“´ <0!
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dr 4ac T prq 4⇡r
3 2

•Often parametrized as: UNITS

n s m2 kg-1
 = 0 ⇢ T cm2 g-1

1+X 1
s = T , T = 0.04 m2 kg
2

Prialnik, Stellar Structure and Evolution

!10
Convection
•Convection transfers heat much more effectively
•Instability associated to large T gradients (Rayleigh-Bernard)
•Observed in everyday liquids and gases... and the Sun!
•Happens above a critical temperature gradient
•Difficult to model as it need 3D calculations of turbulence

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090405.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%E2%80%93B%C3%A9nard_convection

ΔRconv~0.287 R⊙

Hinode JAXA/NASA/PPARC
dT 1 T (r) dP
=
dr conv P (r) dr Eyrian, Wikipedia

Prialnik, Stellar Structure and Evolution or Phillips, Physics of the Stars

!11
Final equation: convection
• When radiative transfer dominates:
dT 3 ⇢(r)(r) L(r) dT 1
= = 0.03 Km
dr rad 4 acT 3 (r) 4⇡r2 dr rad,

•When convection dominates, gradient achieves critical value:

dT 1 T (r) dP
=
dr conv P (r) dr

•Convection is important in:

•Ionization zones (surface layer of stars)
dT dT dT dT
 1) 1+ ⇠1) ⇠0 >
dr rad dr conv
dr dr conv

•Central region of stars

L(r) 1 16⇡Gc Prad
=
m(r) crit  P
Phillips, Physics of the Stars
!12
Fundamental equations of
stellar structure Assumptions
1.Spherical symmetry
2.Hydrostatic equilibrium under Newtonian gravity
dm(r) 3.Radiative diffusion / convective heat transfer
= 4⇡r2 ⇢(r)
dr
dP (r) Gm(r)⇢(r)
=
dr r2
dlprq 2
“ 4⇡r ⇢prq"prq
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dr
dT prq 3 prq⇢prq lprq
“´
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dr 4ac T 3 prq 4⇡r2

Prialnik, Stellar Structure and Evolution & Phillips, Physics of the Stars 13
Fundamental equations of
stellar structure Assumptions
1.Spherical symmetry
2.Hydrostatic equilibrium under Newtonian gravity
dm(r) 3.Radiative diffusion / convective heat transfer
= 4⇡r2 ⇢(r)
dr
dP (r) Gm(r)⇢(r)
=
dr r2
dlprq 2
“ 4⇡r ⇢prq"prq
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dr
dT prq 3 prq⇢prq lprq
“´
<latexit sha1_base64="eX1ePX8vslS/5GJDsvc7qBWzYZo=">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</latexit>
dr 4ac T 3 prq 4⇡r2

dT (r) 1 T (r) dP (r)

or: =
dr P (r) dr

Prialnik, Stellar Structure and Evolution & Phillips, Physics of the Stars 13
Fundamental equations of
stellar structure Assumptions
1.Spherical symmetry
2.Hydrostatic equilibrium under Newtonian gravity
dm(r) 3.Radiative diffusion / convective heat transfer
= 4⇡r2 ⇢(r)
dr
P = P (⇢, T, X)
dP (r) Gm(r)⇢(r)
dr
=
r2 +  = (⇢, T, X)
dlprq " = "(⇢, T, X)
2
“ 4⇡r ⇢prq"prq
<latexit sha1_base64="PZ8rVhvWck+kEtQn9TF5Tmdvj/g=">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</latexit>
dr
dT prq 3 prq⇢prq lprq
“´
<latexit sha1_base64="eX1ePX8vslS/5GJDsvc7qBWzYZo=">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</latexit>
dr 4ac T 3 prq 4⇡r2

dT (r) 1 T (r) dP (r)

or: =
dr P (r) dr

Prialnik, Stellar Structure and Evolution & Phillips, Physics of the Stars 13
Fundamental equations of
stellar structure Assumptions
1.Spherical symmetry
2.Hydrostatic equilibrium under Newtonian gravity
dm(r) 3.Radiative diffusion / convective heat transfer
= 4⇡r2 ⇢(r)
dr
P = P (⇢, T, X)
dP (r) Gm(r)⇢(r)
dr
=
r2 +  = (⇢, T, X)
dlprq " = "(⇢, T, X)
2
“ 4⇡r ⇢prq"prq
<latexit sha1_base64="PZ8rVhvWck+kEtQn9TF5Tmdvj/g=">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</latexit>
dr
dT prq 3 prq⇢prq lprq
“´ Abundances
4ac T 3 prq 4⇡r2
+
dr
<latexit sha1_base64="eX1ePX8vslS/5GJDsvc7qBWzYZo=">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</latexit>

dX
“´ X
dT (r) 1 T (r) dP (r) dt
or: =
<latexit sha1_base64="lnfeD+aTxNQ6mpsO7x/v/WEuXns=">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</latexit>

dr P (r) dr

Prialnik, Stellar Structure and Evolution & Phillips, Physics of the Stars 13
Fundamental equations of
stellar structure Assumptions
1.Spherical symmetry
2.Hydrostatic equilibrium under Newtonian gravity
dm(r) 3.Radiative diffusion / convective heat transfer
= 4⇡r2 ⇢(r)
dr Boundary conditions
P = P (⇢, T, X) mpr “ 0q “ 0
dP (r) Gm(r)⇢(r)
dr
=
r2 +  = (⇢, T, X) + lpr “ 0q “ 0
P pr “ Rq “ 0
dlprq " = "(⇢, T, X)
2 mpr “ Rq “ M
“ 4⇡r ⇢prq"prq lpr “ Rq “ L ¨ ¨ ¨
<latexit sha1_base64="PZ8rVhvWck+kEtQn9TF5Tmdvj/g=">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</latexit>
dr <latexit sha1_base64="1BDx4dsHSCmBEuiaCsK9uODoqA8=">AAADOnicbZLPi9QwFMcz9ceu9desHr0Eh5UVZGhFcD0sDHjxoDDKjLswKUOaZnaykx8lSVeH0H9M8G/w7E3wtHr1DzCtFbetD0K+771PkveSpDlnxkbR10Fw5eq16zu7N8Kbt27fuTvcu/feqEITOieKK32SYkM5k3RumeX0JNcUi5TT43Tzssofn1NtmJIzu81pIvCpZCtGsPWh5XAmDvRR9Bg+gkcwggiFvONPvf/uki/++W/+8o3/GiKSKWvgcjiKxlFtsC/iRoxAY9Pl3uALyhQpBJWWcGzMIo5ymzisLSOcliEqDM0x2eBTuvBSYkFN4ur2S7jvIxlcKe2HtLCOXl7hsDAC2/UTP5utSKs5NdvWrq4CcPqxHUxF++hZnLjqDCpJGe63irKrw8QxmRd1sq5pVXBoFayuHWZMU2L51gtMNPNtQbLGGhPrH+f/hYRIU0k/ECUElplDrHSoSqYrh9bYQlaWXeSsg5z1kU0H2fSR83Lh+0Sp4ll1XYq7Udynih5V71ejYei/QNx98L6YPx2/GEdvn40mk+Yv7IIH4CE4ADF4DibgFZiCOSDgE/gGLsCP4HPwPbgIfv5Bg0Gz5j5oWfDrN6STBpM=</latexit>

dT prq 3 prq⇢prq lprq

“´ Abundances
4ac T 3 prq 4⇡r2
+
dr
<latexit sha1_base64="eX1ePX8vslS/5GJDsvc7qBWzYZo=">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</latexit>

dX
“´ X
dT (r) 1 T (r) dP (r) dt
or: =
<latexit sha1_base64="lnfeD+aTxNQ6mpsO7x/v/WEuXns=">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</latexit>

dr P (r) dr

Prialnik, Stellar Structure and Evolution & Phillips, Physics of the Stars 13
Solution of the equations

•Nonlinear system of differential equations

•Not solvable analytically!
•Solution is “not” unique (no Vogt-Russel
theorem)
•Evolutionary sequences are possible, too!
•Atmosphere usually modeled differently
•We will study simple models from now on
•One of many 1D evolutionary codes:
http://mesa.sourceforge.net/

!14
The interior of the sun
Mass profile, m(r)/Ms
16
1 10

Pressure, P [Pa]
15
0.8 10
14
0.6 10
13
10
0.4 SSM 12
n=3 10
0.2 10
11
10
0 10
5 7

Temperature, T [K]
10
Density, ρ [kg m ]

10
-3

4
10 6
3 10
10
2 5
10 10
1
10 4
0 10
10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Radial distance, r/R Radial distance, r/R
John Bahcall (IAS Princeton)
http://www.sns.ias.edu/~jnb/SNdata/solarmodels.html !15
Phases of matter inside a star

Ad.
Phase Equation of State
index
kB 5
Ideal
classical gas
Ptot “ ⇢T =
<latexit sha1_base64="QOEqKxgfXSE595gb0zM0/uu0iik=">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</latexit>
µmu 3
ˆ ˙5{3
Nonrelativistic 2 ~ ` 2 ˘2{3 5{3 2
⇢ 5
degenerate P “ 3⇡ n “ 107 ˆ Pa =
electronic
5 2me
<latexit sha1_base64="GXTGWZw3lLErZePK8w8wsr2PdGo=">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</latexit>
µe 3
Relativistic
` ˘
2 4{3 ˆ ˙4{3
3⇡ ⇢ 4
degenerate P “
2
~cn 4{3
“ 1.24 ˆ 10 11
ˆ Pa “
matter <latexit sha1_base64="YTAnUzRpN8QD2IFEzsOTLqkxVMo=">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</latexit>
12⇡ µe 3
Photon
1 4 4
radiation Prad = aT “
3 3
8⇡ 5 k 4 4
Radiation density constant: a = 3 3
= “ 7.5657 ˆ 10´15
erg cm ´3 ´4
K
15c h c <latexit sha1_base64="p7zD/MrIqoiJebMYdAyiJ3l57Ww=">AAADH3icbZLPb9MwFMfd8GuEXx0cuVhUkzhAlWwr3QWpEhckLkNat0lNqGzHab3aTmQ7Y5XlfwWJ/wWJE4Pr/hucrAfS8CTLz9/3sf2e/XDJmTZRdNML7ty9d//BzsPw0eMnT5/1d5+f6qJShE5JwQt1jpGmnEk6Ncxwel4qigTm9AyvPtTxs0uqNCvkiVmXNBVoIVnOCDJemveP3o+Ho3ejMUwME1TDOPpi38Yj59f0ylhI1QIS4bx44G6lT/Xi0M37g2gYNQa7TrxxBmBjx/Pd3u8kK0glqDSEI61ncVSa1CJlGOHUhUmlaYnICi3ozLsS+XxS25To4J5XMpgXyg9pYKP+u8MioQUyyzd+1muB6xnrdetUWwMIX7VFLNpXn8Spre+gkrhwr5WUyY9Sy2RZNcEmp7zi0BSwflqYMUWJ4WvvIKKYLwuSJVKIGP8B/08kTBSV9CsphEAyswlzNqmDOLfJEhnInNtGLraQiy6y2kJWXeTSzXydCS54Vj9Xwe0g7lJVh2rOa9Aw9C0Qb3941zndH8YHw+jz4WAy2TTDDngJXoHXIAZjMAEfwTGYAgK+gR/gF7gOvgc/g+vgzy0a9DZ7XoCWBTd/AX1XBPI=</latexit>

Prialnik
!16
Phases of matter inside a star

Ad.
Phase Equation of State
index
kB 5
Ideal
classical gas
Ptot “ ⇢T =
<latexit sha1_base64="QOEqKxgfXSE595gb0zM0/uu0iik=">AAADD3icbZLLatwwFIY17iWpe5u0y25Eh0AWJdgl0G4KQ7vpcgozSWBkjCTLGWV0MZKcZBB+hULfpdBVQ7dddd23qezOoh73gNHPOZ+kc36LVIJblyS/R9Gdu/fu7+0/iB8+evzk6fjg2anVtaFsQbXQ5pxgywRXbOG4E+y8MgxLItgZWX9o62dXzFiu1dxtKpZJfKF4ySl2IZWPj2Y5cuzGeaddE79DpcHUr/P3jUeyhjKvG4jMSsN5Pp4kx0kXcCjSrZiAbczyg9EvVGhaS6YcFdjaZZpULvPYOE4Fa2JUW1ZhusYXbBmkwpLZzHcjNfAwZApYahM+5WCX/XeHx9JK7Favwmo3krQrsZveqb4FMLnpJ4nsXz1PM9/ewRRt4sNeU658m3muqrordj2VtYBOw9ZKWHDDqBObIDA1PIwF6QoHA10w/P+NxMgwxa6plhKrwiPe+hyKpPRohR3kTbOLXO4gl0NkvYOsh8hVswxzIqJF0dqlhZ+kQ6oeUN15HRrH4Qmkuz98KE5fH6dBfzqZTKfbx7APXoCX4Aik4A2Ygo9gBhaAgs/gK/gObqMv0bfoNvrxF41G2z3PQS+in38AQb4AqQ==</latexit>
µmu 3
ˆ ˙5{3
Nonrelativistic 2 ~ ` 2 ˘2{3 5{3 2
⇢ 5
degenerate P “ 3⇡ n “ 107 ˆ Pa =
electronic
5 2me
<latexit sha1_base64="GXTGWZw3lLErZePK8w8wsr2PdGo=">AAADcnicbVLbahsxENXavaTbm5M+FNoXpSaQQnB37Yb0JWDoSx9diJOAZRutrLUV67JI2iRG7Bf04/rczyj0A6pdNlB7OyDmcObMaDSjJOPM2Cj6FbTajx4/ebr3LHz+4uWr1539g0ujck3omCiu9HWCDeVM0rFlltPrTFMsEk6vkvXXMn51S7VhSl7YTUanAi8lSxnB1lPzzo8RPIco1Zi4fuFOixqjVYL1zDN9KObUs5ym9hgOIMrYrA+RZsuV/Thz/U+DAsqZOy39OYyj2RlElglqHlLqenqlCodEXhV7yK6ykKX31sERLuadbtSLKoNNENegC2obzfeDn2ihSC6otIRjYyZxlNmpw9oywmkRotzQDJM1XtKJhxL7xqaumloBjzyzgKnS/kgLK/bfDIeFEdiuTrw3G5GUPjGbraquFODkfptMxPbVF/HUlXdQSYrwaKspm36ZOiazvApWPaU5h1bBcltwwTQllm88wEQz/yxIVthP1Pqd/r+REGkq6R1RQmC5cIiVc/fBJPVbxRayotiV3OxIbpqS9Y5k3ZTcFhP/TpQovijHpbjrxk1V3lBV9SppGPovEO8uvAku+7140Iu+f+4Oh/Vn2APvwQdwDGJwBobgGxiBMSDgd/A2gMFh60/7XfuwXf+cVlDnvAFb1j75CzB4HgY=</latexit>
µe 3
Relativistic
` ˘
2 4{3 ˆ ˙4{3
4
!
3⇡ ⇢
degenerate P “
2
~cn 4{3
“ 1.24 ˆ 10 11
ˆ Pa “
matter <latexit sha1_base64="YTAnUzRpN8QD2IFEzsOTLqkxVMo=">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</latexit>
12⇡ µe 3
Photon
1 4 4
radiation Prad = aT “
3 3
8⇡ 5 k 4 4
Radiation density constant: a = 3 3
= “ 7.5657 ˆ 10´15
erg cm ´3 ´4
K
15c h c <latexit sha1_base64="p7zD/MrIqoiJebMYdAyiJ3l57Ww=">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</latexit>

Prialnik
!16
Phases of matter inside a star

Ad.
Phase Equation of State
index
kB 5
Ideal
classical gas
Ptot “ ⇢T =
<latexit sha1_base64="QOEqKxgfXSE595gb0zM0/uu0iik=">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</latexit>
µmu 3
ˆ ˙5{3
Nonrelativistic 2 ~ ` 2 ˘2{3 5{3 2
⇢ 5
degenerate P “ 3⇡ n “ 107 ˆ Pa =
electronic
5 2me
<latexit sha1_base64="GXTGWZw3lLErZePK8w8wsr2PdGo=">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</latexit>
µe 3
Relativistic
` ˘
2 4{3 ˆ ˙4{3
4
!
3⇡ ⇢
degenerate P “
2
~cn 4{3
“ 1.24 ˆ 10 11
ˆ Pa “
matter <latexit sha1_base64="YTAnUzRpN8QD2IFEzsOTLqkxVMo=">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</latexit>
12⇡ µe 3
1 4 4
Photon
radiation Prad =! aT “
3 3
8⇡ 5 k 4 4
Radiation density constant: a = 3 3
= “ 7.5657 ˆ 10´15
erg cm ´3 ´4
K
15c h c <latexit sha1_base64="p7zD/MrIqoiJebMYdAyiJ3l57Ww=">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</latexit>

Prialnik
!16
Journey to the center of a Star

log(T)-log(ρ) diagram, solar composition

12
Temperature, log10(T [K])

10

8
x
s as
ga e g
6 al rat
I d e n e
ge
de
NR
4

2 4 6 8 10 12 14
-3
Density, log10(ρ [kg m ])

Prialnik, Stellar Structure and Evolution

!17
Journey to the center of a Star
•We know different EoS. Find the interfaces:
log(T)-log(ρ) diagram, solar composition
12 ✓ ◆5/3
⇢ ~ 2
⇢
R T = (3⇡ 2 )2/3
Temperature, log10(T [K])

µ 5me mu µ
10 2
log10 T = ⇠ + log10 ⇢
3
8
x
s as
ga e g
6 al rat
I d e n e
ge
de
NR
4

2 4 6 8 10 12 14
-3
Density, log10(ρ [kg m ])

Prialnik, Stellar Structure and Evolution

!18
Journey to the center of a Star
•We know different EoS. Find the interfaces:
log(T)-log(ρ) diagram, solar composition
12 ✓ ◆5/3
⇢ ~ 2
⇢
R T = (3⇡ 2 )2/3
Temperature, log10(T [K])

µ 5me mu µ
10 g as 2
n era t e log10 T = ⇠ + log10 ⇢
d e ge 3
UR
✓ ◆4/3
8 ⇢ ~c ⇢
x R T = (3⇡ 2 )2/3
µ 4 mu µ
s as 1
ga e g 0
6
e al
erat log10 T = ⇠ + log10 ⇢
I d
ge n 3
de
NR
4

2 4 6 8 10 12 14
-3
Density, log10(ρ [kg m ])

Prialnik, Stellar Structure and Evolution

!19
Journey to the center of a Star
•We know different EoS. Find the interfaces:
log(T)-log(ρ) diagram, solar composition
12 ✓ ◆5/3
⇢ ~ 2
⇢
R T = (3⇡ 2 )2/3
Temperature, log10(T [K])

µ 5me mu µ
10 g as 2
n era t e log10 T = ⇠ + log10 ⇢
d e ge 3
UR
✓ ◆4/3
8 ⇢ ~c ⇢
UR-NR deg. interface
x R T = (3⇡ 2 )2/3
µ 4 mu µ
s as 1
ga e g 0
6
e al
erat log10 T = ⇠ + log10 ⇢
I d
ge n 3
de
NR ~2
✓
⇢
◆5/3
~c
✓
⇢
◆4/3
4 (3⇡ 2 )2/3 = (3⇡ 2 )2/3
5me mu µ 4 mu µ

3
2 4 6 8 10
-3
12 14 ⇢ = 1.9 ⇥ 109 µe kg m
Density, log10(ρ [kg m ])

Prialnik, Stellar Structure and Evolution

!20
Journey to the center of a Star
•We know different EoS. Find the interfaces:
log(T)-log(ρ) diagram, solar composition
12 ✓ ◆5/3
⇢ ~ 2
⇢
R T = (3⇡ 2 )2/3
Temperature, log10(T [K])

µ 5me mu µ
10 g as 2
re n era t e log10 T = ⇠ + log10 ⇢
r e s su d e ge 3
atio np UR
Ra di ✓ ◆4/3
8 ⇢ ~c ⇢
UR-NR deg. interface
x R T = (3⇡ 2 )2/3
µ 4 mu µ
s as 1
ga e g 0
6
e al
erat log10 T = ⇠ + log10 ⇢
I d
ge n 3
de
NR ~2
✓
⇢
◆5/3
~c
✓
⇢
◆4/3
4 (3⇡ 2 )2/3 = (3⇡ 2 )2/3
5me mu µ 4 mu µ

3
2 4 6 8 10
-3
12 14 ⇢ = 1.9 ⇥ 109 µe kg m
Density, log10(ρ [kg m ])
⇢
Prad = 10 ⇥ R T
µ
1 00
log10 T = ⇠ + log10 ⇢
3
!21
Next Lecture

•Post main-sequence stellar evolution

•Evolution of composition within star

•Cross section
•Reaction rate
•Energy generation rate

•Non-explosive nucleosynthesis

!22