STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS CLEANLINESS OF

ONESELF AND THE ENVIRONMENT AMONG GRADE 12 STUDENTS

OF MANITO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL, SCHOOL YEAR 2017-2018

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region V (Bicol)
Division of Albay

MANITO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Manito, Albay

A Research Proposal Presented to

Senior High School Department

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

In Practical Research 1 & 2

Presented by:

12-Xenon; Group No. 10

MARIAN FAITH S. DADO

MARY ANN B. DECLARO
JESSICA D. DELPUSO
LUISA D. ESPINAS
DIANNE C. GUEVARRA
JOAN L. JERAO
JESSA LOQUINERIO
NONNIELYN P. LORISTO
VENUS M. LOVENDINO
JANNETH C. ORTIZ
SHAINA MAE B. REMONDAVIA
RITA B. SEVILLANO
MARINEL B. TRIPULCA

October 2017
First Semester, S.Y. 2017-2018

i
 \Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region V (Bicol)
Division of Albay
Manito National High School
Manito, Albay

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that all the suggestions, comments, and recommendations of the
Panel of Oral Examiners had been integrated in the Research proposal entitled
STUDENT’ PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS CLEANLINESS OF ONESELF
AND THE ENVIRONMENT AMONG GRADE 12 STUDENTS IN MANITOI NATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOL, SCHOOL YEAR 2017-2018 prepared by Group No. 10 of 12-Xenon as
partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research 1 and 2.

Certified True and Correct:

CHRISTINE M. LEBANTO
Research Adviser

VIRGINIA B. DAGTA
Research Teacher

ii
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region V (Bicol)
Division of Albay

Manito National High School

Manito,Albay

Results of Oral Examination for Group No. 10 of 12-Xenon, Candidates for Graduation in
K to 12 Basic Education Program; Technical Vocational and Livelihood Strand:HE-
Dressmaking.

Research title: STUDENTS PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS

CLEANLINESS OF ONESELF AND THE ENVIRONMENT AMONG
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL AT MANITO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL,
SCHOOL YEAR 2017-2018.”
Place: Manito National High School SHS Building, 11 Zinc room
Date: September 9, 2017
Time: 1:00 – 2:00 pm

Panel of Oral Examiners Action Taken

VIRGINIA B. DAGTA __________________

Chairman

ALPHA GRACE BERNAL __________________

Member

KRISTINE KAYE D. OCIFEMIA _________________

Member

iii
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region V (Bicol)
Division of Albay
MANITO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Manito, Albay

APPROVAL SHEET

Upon recommendation of the Panel of Oral Examiners, this Research Proposal

entitled STUDENTS` PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE TOWARDE CLEANLINESS OF
ONESELF AND THE ENVIRONMENT AMONG GRADE 12 STUDENTS AT MANITO
NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL, SCHOOL YEAR 2017-2017, prepared and submitted by
Group No. 10 of 12 Xenon is hereby approved as partial fulfillment in Practical
Research 1 and 2; and Inquires, Investigations and Immersion.

VIRGINIA B. DAGTA
Research teacher
_________________
Date:
Approval:
SHERLY D. SATUITO
SS. Principal

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Certification ii

Recommendation for Oral Examination iii

Result of Oral Examination

Approval Sheet

Table of Contents ii

List of Figures iv

CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem 2

Scope and Delimitation 3

Significance of the Study 4

Notes 5

CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related 6

Related Studies 7

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

Gap to be Bridged by the Study

Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework

Definitions of Terms

v
 Notes

CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Method

Sources of Data

Instruments to be used

Respondents

Statistical Treatment

Notes

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

1 The Theoretical Paradigm

2 The Conceptual Paradigm

vii
 CHAPTER 1
The Problem

Introduction

Existing literature covers the impact of cleanliness on learning, its importance in

roommate matching, cleanliness satisfaction in food and health settings and gender

differences regarding cleanliness among older adults. Cleanliness and sanitation

according to Meehan (2015) not only play a critical role in health throughout all stages of

life, but cleanliness also affect the ability to learn. However, cleanliness of the classroom

has shown to be an integral part of learning especially at higher education institutions.

Cleaner classrooms provide fewer distractions and allow students to focus on learning.

This is the reason why different environmental policies and programs are being

implemented in schools. However, despite these programs and policies, reality is always

there, maintenance of cleanliness is still a problem in most schools.

Particularly in Manito National High School, maintenance of cleanliness has been

a problem for many years now. Where this problem could be attributed? Perhaps, it is

from the students itself. There is lots of trash inside the school premises that are not

properly disposed because many students are not mindful of them. Properly labeled trash

bins are present in some classrooms, yet many students don’t practice proper waste

disposal and throw away garbage anywhere they want carelessly. Based from

observations, students nowadays have attitude problems specially in relation to

cleanliness because they no longer care about it.

viii
 Thus, the present researchers were inspired to conduct a study to determine the

students’ perception about cleanliness not only cleanliness of oneself but to

environmental cleanliness because the researchers believe that personal cleanliness

extends to environmental cleanliness. If maintenance of cleanliness is already a part of a

person’s system, it will reflect to his or her immediate environment. The researchers also

believe that what a person perceives it is manifested in his behavior or attitude. So, the

researchers wanted to prove whether the students’ attitude towards cleanliness is

affected by their perception about cleanliness of oneself and the environment.

Statement of the Problem

The study primarily aims to determine the attitude towards Cleanliness and

Perception towards Cleanliness of oneself and the Environment among Senior High

School Students of Manito National High School for S.Y. 2017-2018.

Specifically, the study will seek answer to the following sub-problem:

1. What is the students’ perception towards cleanliness of

a. Oneself?

b. The environment?

2. What is the attitude towards cleanliness of Grade 10 students in Manito National High

School, S.Y. 2016 – 2017?

ix
3. What intervention may be proposed to enrich and enhance students’ perception and

attitude towards cleanliness of oneself and the environment?

Scope and Delimitation

The present study is about determining the Perception and Attitude toward

Cleanliness among Grade 12 Students in Manito National High School during the S.Y.

2017 -2018, and proposing an intervention that could enhance and enrich these

perceptions and attitude towards cleanliness.

It will be conducted during the Second Semester of School Year 2017-2018 to

selected Grade 12 students.

The variables of the study are students Attitude toward Cleanliness; Students

perception toward Cleanliness and intervention needed to enhance and enrich them. It

will not discuss about the relationship of such attitude to the students’ perception. The

respondents is delimited to the Grade 12 Students only because they are the students

whose perception level about something else is already developed.

x
Significance of the Study

The present study shall be very beneficial to the following:

School Administrator. Through this study, they will be informed that one way to

implement environmental programs in school is by enriching students’ positive attitude

towards cleanliness.

Teacher. By means of this study, they will know that value formation is a significant

part of the lesson where cleanliness can be integrated.

Parents. Results of this study can help parents understand they are not just

parents, they are also teachers of their children on how to be a responsible person and

how to maintain cleanliness that begins with oneself.

Students. Through this study students can be enlightened about the importance

of attitude in maintaining cleanliness to oneself and the environment.

Future Researchers. The study itself is beneficial to the future researchers

because they can use this as their related study for future researches they will conduct.

xi
 Notes

Student achievement.http://www.studentachievementmeasure.org

Cleanliness

operation./http://nova.rambler.ru/search?query=cleanliness%20operation

Ashley Meehan. Differences in Expectations of Cleanliness among Students at

Bowling Green State University. Published Dissertation, Bowling Greean State University.

Spring 2015.

xii
 CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies on the relationship

between absenteeism towards the academic achievement of students. The related

literature and studies establish a relevance to the present study.

This chapter also covers the synthesis of the state-of-the-art, gap to bridge by the

study, theoretical and conceptual frameworks and definition of terms to validate direction

and substance of the study.

Related Literature

Foreign.Allport (1935) defined attitude as a mental or neural state of readiness,

organized through experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influence on the

individual’s response to all objects and situations to which it is related. Attitudes are a

complex combination of things such as personality, beliefs, values, behaviors and

motivations. It includes three components: an affect (feeling), cognition (a thought or

belief) and behavior (an action). Attitudes help define how people see situations, as well

as define how to behave toward the situation or object. It provides a person with internal

cognition or beliefs and thoughts about people and objects.

Perception on the other hand is closely related to attitude. Perception is the

process by which organisms interpret and organize sensation to produce a meaningful

experience of the world (Lindsay & Norman, 1977). In other words, a person is confronted

xiii
with a situation or stimuli. A person’s awareness and acceptance of the stimuli play an

important role in the perception process. In selective perception, the processing of

external stimuli is done by interpreting what a person sees based on beliefs, experience

or attitudes.

In this regard, a person’s perception or thoughts about something else determines

attitude. It follows then that students’ perception about cleanliness of one’s self and the

environment is connected with that person’s attitude towards cleanliness.

Moreover, knowledge of a person tends to carry the appropriate behavior. That is,

knowledge brings a balanced tendency in behavior. This trend can be understood as the

principal knowledge of the behavior of an organic invisibility and functional entanglement

if traced will have a relationship with each other mutual to complete cognition, affect and

psychomotor as already noted. Thus, there is a strong insight that levels of knowledge or

perception about something else like cleanliness is positively related to behavior and

behavior is a component of attitude.

On the other hand, Pickens (2005) cited that a person’s attitude towards the

environment can be changed and can be formed. To change a person’s attitude, the

cognitive and emotional components must be addressed. Thus, a negative perception

and attitude can be changed to positive and a positive perception and attitude can be

enriched.

xiv
Related Studies

Foreign. A study of Vivas, et.al (2013) about knowledge, attitudes (KAP) of

hygiene among school children in Angola, Ethiopia is to know if illness and death is

attributable to disease. Sixty-two percent and 31% of all deaths in Africa and Southern

Asia, respectively, are causes of infectious disease. This trend is especially notable in

developing countries.

In the study of Kiprotich and Victor Boiyo (2014) about Environmental, Awareness,

Attitudes and Participation among secondary school students: A comparative study of

Kasarani and Kibera Divisions, Nairobi country, Kenya tells about the importance and

benefits of environmental challenges like the degradation of the world’s environment

constitutes a very real and important concern for today’s society.

The study of Meehan (2015) about difference in expectations of cleanliness among

students of Bowling Green State University was focused on the significant differences in

cleanliness perception between females and males and between health science and non-

health science students.

According to study of Maptuh (2014) about the relationship between knowledge

about cleanliness of the environment and that the method used in this research is

descriptive correlational in nature.

The studies cited were deemed significant and related to the presents study

because they all deal with cleanliness, attitude and perception towards cleanliness.

xv
Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

The studies of Vivas, et.al (2013), Kiprotich and Victor Boiyo (2014) and Maptuh

(2014) were similar to the present study because they all deal with the importance of

knowledge and attitude towards environmental cleanliness.

Likewise, the study of Meehan (2015) was also significant and relevant to the

present study because its focus is on the perception towards cleanliness more specifically

about difference in expectations of cleanliness among students of bowling green state

university

Gap to be Bridged by the Study

The studies cited were all related to the present study since they all deal with

attitude and perception towards environmental cleanliness. However, none of them have

focused on the perception about cleanliness of oneself and the environment and attitude

towards cleanliness. All the studies cited were done in other countries and none of them

were done in the Philippines specially in Manito National High School.

This is the gap that the present study will try to bridge.

xvi
Theoretical Framework

The present study is anchored on affective-cognitive consistency theory, social

judgment theory and social learning theory.

Affective-cognitive consistency theory examines the relationship between attitudes

and beliefs and posits that individuals are in an unstable state when their attitudes towards

an object, event or person and their knowledge about that object, event, or person are

inconsistent (Simonson &Maushak, 2001). The theory suggests that the affective

component of the attitude system may be changed by providing new information

(changing the cognitive component) via a persuasive message. Once the individual has

processed the new information, he or she will undergo an attitude change to bring the

knowledge and affect into harmony. Processing the message requires that the audience

pay attention to and comprehend the message, then accept and retain it (Zimbardo

&Leippe, 1991). Affective-cognitive consistency theory suggests that the affective

component of the attitude system may be changed by first changing the cognitive

component through providing new.

Social judgment theories emphasize the role of prior attitudes in shaping attitude

formation and change. They describe attitude as a kind of spectrum with a "Attitude of

Acceptance" surrounding a current attitude; a new position is more likely to be accepted

if it falls within this latitude and less likely to be accepted if it does not (Smith & Ragan,

1999). This theory suggests that change in attitude position might be greater in response

to the presentation of a moderate persuasive position than in response to a more extreme

message. Social judgment theory presents attitude change as a response to the receipt

xvii
of a message that is not entirely congruent with the currently held attitude. Acceptance of

the new position is contingent upon its falling within the latitude of acceptance of the

receiver. "The use of successive approximations can expand the latitude of acceptance

and thereby permit greater attitude change than might otherwise be possible"

Social learning theory focuses on the development of cognitions related to the

expected outcome of behavior. This theory suggests that an individual learns attitudes by

observing the behaviors of others and modeling or imitating them. An observed behavior

does not have to be reinforced to be learned (Zimbardo &Leippe, 1991), and the model

"can be presented on film, by television, in a novel, or by other vicarious means"

Thus, it can be said that attitude can be changed according to the three theories

cited. Attitude change can occur by changing the cognitive component according to the

affective-cognitive consistency theory, by changing attitude position through acceptance

of new position according to the social judgment theory and by development of cognition

through observing, modeling or imitating according to social learning theory.

xviii
 Changing Cognitive
Component
Attitude Change
 Changing attitude
position
 Development of
Cognition

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

xix
Conceptual Framework

Cleanliness means different things to different people. It is not a work which a

person should do forcefully. It is a good habit and healthy way of life. All type of

cleanliness is very necessary for good health whether it is personal cleanliness,

surrounding cleanliness, environment cleanliness, pet animal cleanliness or work place

cleanliness (like school, college, office, etc). It should be initiated at home, school,

college, society, community or office. Cleanliness among students in the schools are

promoted through many activities like cleaning of school campus, classrooms, labs,

poster making on cleanliness, waste segregation, essay writing, painting on cleanliness,

poems recitation, group discussion or documentary videos

However, despite the efforts done in schools, maintenance of cleanliness is still a

problem in most schools like Manito National High School. The researchers believe that

something is wrong with the students’ perception and attitude towards cleanliness of

oneself and the school environment. That’s why the researchers wanted to know the

students’ perception and attitude towards cleanliness because if the root cause of their

non-observance to programs and policies on cleanliness is their perception and attitude,

intervention must be done to change them. As postulated by the Affective-Cognitive

Consistency Theory and Social Learning Theory, attitude can be changed by changing

the cognitive component of attitude and development of cognition. In this case perception

towards cleanliness is part of a person’s cognitive aspect. Influencing the perception of

students can inflict change in their attitude towards cleanliness of the environment

gradually.

xx
 The paradigm of the conceptual framework is shown in Figure 2.

Students’
perception
towards Intervention that
cleanliness of can be proposed to
Students’ attitude
help enrich or
a. Oneself towards
enhance attitude
cleanliness.
b. Environm towards
ent cleanliness.

Figure 2 Conceptual Paradigm

xxi
Definition of Terms

Attitude. Pickens (2015) defined attitude asa complex combination of things called

personality, beliefs, values, behaviors, and motivations. In this study, it refers to the

attitude towards cleanliness which can be positive or negative attitude.

Cleanliness. It is a good habit and healthy way of life. All type of cleanliness is

very necessary for good health whether it is personal cleanliness, surrounding

cleanliness, environment cleanliness, pet animal cleanliness or work place cleanliness.

In this study, it refers to the personal and environmental cleanliness.

Enhance. In this study, enhance will refers to the questionnaire to be given for the

respondents for their perception and attitude towards cleanliness

Intervention. From webster’s dictionary, intervention is the act or fact intervening

interposition or interference of one state in the affaire of another.

Environment. It is the natural environment where all living and non-living things

occurring naturally. In this study, it refers to the immediate surrounding where a student

stays like the home or school environment.

Perception. According to Pickens (2015), perception is closely related to attitude.

It is a process by which organisms interpret and organize sensation to produce a

meaningful experience of the world. In this study, perception refers to the students’

thoughts or beliefs about cleanliness of oneself and the environment.

xxii
 Notes

Cleanliness.http://buceherwing.wordpress.com/2013/11/01/the-cleanliness-of-

theoy

Perception.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peception

Psychology.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

Environment.http://en.wikipedia.org/wki_environment

Theories of Attidue Change and Formation.

https://www.boundless.com/users/233409/textbooks/introduction-to-emerging-

perspectives-on-learning-teaching-and-technology/learner-centered-theories-shorts-

2/teaching-and-learning-in-affective-domain-18/theories-of-attitude-formation-and-

change-121-14516/

Meriam Webster’s Dictionary. (free downloaded Smartphone application)

xxiii
 CHAPTER 3
Research Design and Methodology

This chapter includes the discussion of the research methods, research design,

sources of data, respondents, data gathering procedures, instruments and statistical tools

to be used in the study.

Research Method

This study is a qualitative research using descriptive design. It is most appropriate

to use because it’s concerned with describing the perception and attitude towards

cleanliness and describing a possible intervention that can help enhance this attitude.

Sources of Data

The needed data shall be drawn from the following sources:

a. Primary Sources. First hand data shall be gathered from the Grade 12

Student as respondents whose attitude and perception towards cleanliness shall be

treated.

b. Secondary Sources. Other data shall be gathered from the internet and

from books and journals.

xxiv
Instruments to be used

To be able to gather the data needed in the study, two questionnaires shall be used

by the researcher. These survey-questionnaires’ shall be for the attitude of Grade 12

Students towards cleanliness and their perception towards cleanliness of oneself and the

environment.

Respondent

The respondents of the study shall be the selected Grade 12 Students of Manito

National High School who will be chosen by random sampling technique. They had been

chosen because they were the school age population whose perception about something

else has already been enhanced.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will follow certain procedures in gathering the data. First, they will

seek permission and approval from the school principal that survey-questionnaire will be

administered to Grade 12 Student. Second, upon approval of the request for permission,

the researcher will coordinate with the Grade 12 curriculum prior to administration of the

instrument, data will be organized, and analyzed.

xxv
Statistical Treatment

The present study is a descriptive qualitative research however it will still need the

use of sample weighted mean in the treatment of respondents’ responses to the

questionnaire.

Weighted Mean. It is the weighted arithmetic mean similar to an ordinary arithmetic

mean (the most common type of average) expect that instead of each of the data points.

Σ𝑓𝑥
𝑋=
𝑁

Where

X= Weighted mean

∑ 𝑓𝑥 = The sum of the product of f and x

N= Number of cases

xxvi
 Notes

Effect of cleanliness of our health

http://www.simplehealthtips.net/cleanliness-affects-health/

Meehan saying about cleanliness

http://www.google.com.ph/webhp?sourceid-chrome-instant&ion=1&ie=UTF-

8&rct=j#q=meehan+saying+about+cleanliness&*

xxvii