Study Guide: 1270 Final Exam

Part 1: Chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7

1. What is the textbook’s definition of argumentation (Chapter 1, p. 2)?

2. What is a claim? Identify examples of a fact claim, value claim, and policy claim
(Chapter 1)
3. What is an issue (Chapter 1)?
4. What is a proposition (Chapter 1)?
5. What is a sphere? Define and give an example of argumentation in the technical,
personal, and public spheres? (Chapter 1)
6. What is the role of personal testimony in feminist argumentation (Chapter 3)?
7. How does gender influence the reception and presentation of argument (Chapter 3)?
8. What is a Claim? Grounds? Warrant? Backing? Qualifier (Chapter 4)?
9. Explain the following common types of argument: argument by generalization; argument
by cause; argument by sign; argument by analogy; argument from authority (Chapter 4).
10. Identify and explain five generic values usually relevant to decision makers (Chapter 5, p.
79)?
11. What is presumption? What is the burden of proof (Chapter 6)? Provide an example or
presumption and burden of proof in the legal and public spheres.
12. Explain the problem/solution and criteria/definition patterns for organizing arguments
(Chapter 6)?
13. What are four types of statistics that can be used as evidence (Chapter 6)?
14. Explain the twelve general rules for using evidence (Chapter 7).

Part 2: Chapters 8, 9, 10, and 11

1. What are stated values? What are implied values? Provide an example of each (Chapter
8).
2. What are positive and negative values? Provide an example of how they can be used in an
argument? (Chapter 8).
3. What are abstract and concrete values? Provide an example of how they can be used in an
argument? (Chapter 8).
4. What are six steps in trying to find the values in the arguments of others (Chapter 8, p.
130)?
5. What is direct credibility? Secondary credibility? Indirect credibility? (Chapter 9)
6. What are seven general principles for the use of credibility (Chapter 9)?
7. What is the textbook’s definition of refutation (Chapter 10, p. 156)?
8. What are seven principles that should be followed when engaging in refutation (Chapter
10, p. 157)
9. Explain the following elements of refutation: canvas alternative decisions; weigh the
costs and risks; make plans to implement the decision; chose the appropriate position to
defend (status quo; status quo with minor repairs; counterplan); employ the general
theory of refutation; engage in framebreaking; deny support (Chapter 10, pp. 161-170)
10. How can the general theory of refutation help find and critique the “hidden assumptions”
in an argument? (lecture).
 11. What is the textbook’s definition of a fallacy claim (Chapter 11, p. 174)?
12. Provide an example of refutation that works by “critiquing the warrant” (think: the anti-
vaccination video we watched in lecture)? (lecture; Chapter 11).
13. Explain the following fallacy claims of sophistry: begging the question; responding with
a counter-charge; appeal to authority; appeal to popularity; post hoc fallacies; ad
hominem fallacies (Chapter 11)

Part 3: Chapters 12, 16, 13, and 14

1. For Aristotle, which type of rhetoric addresses legal rhetoric concerned with “what
happened in the past” (Chapter 12)?
2. Why is narrative important to argumentation in legal contexts (Chapter 12)?
3. What is the textbook’s definition of “political argumentation” (Chapter 16)?
a. Their definition then leads into their focus on “the public’s business” - what is the
significance of this phrase?
4. What is the public screen? (Chapter 16) How does the public screen create opportunities
for argument through “image events”? (lecture)
5. What is one of the defining characteristics of political argument (Chapter 16, p. 258)?
6. What are Aristotle’s five categories of political argument? (Chapter 16)
7. What does it mean to say that political argumentation also has to constitute “the public”?
What is the role of “constituting publics” and “the people” in political argumentation?
(lecture; Chapter 16, pp. 270-271)
8. Explain the “strict father figure” and “nurturant parent” metaphors, according to George
Lakoff? How do these metaphors shape arguments in political campaigns? (lecture)
9. What are six elements of Refutation in Political Campaigns? (Chapter 16)? What are the
potential dangers with “refutation by inoculation” (Chapter 16)?
10. What are four elements of the tradition of argumentation in science? Explain each
(Chapter 13)?
11. How does scientific argument employ argument by generalization, argument by cause,
argument by sign, argument by analogy, and argument by authority? Be able to identify
examples of each in the realm of scientific argument (Chapter 13).
12. What are seven questions that must be explained in a system of theology and form the
elements of religious argumentation? Explain each (Chapter 14).
13. Explain the five forms of evidenced used in religious argument. What role do accuracy,
trustworthiness, and interpretation play in the use of texts as evidence in religious
argument? (Chapter 14).
14. What is an example of argument by authority in religious argumentation? What is an
example of argument by analogy in religious argumentation? What is an example of
argument by sign in religious argumentation (Chapter 14)?