RING

Definisi A-1 :
Suatu himpunan 𝑅 ≠ ∅ dengan dua operasi biner “∘ " dan “∗” dinyatakan dengan
< 𝑅,∘,∗> dinamakan suatu Ring (Gelanggang) jika:
(i) < 𝑅,∘> merupakan grup komutatif.
(ii) < 𝑅,∗> memenuhi sifat assosiatif, yaitu:
∀𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑅, (𝑥 ∗ 𝑦) ∗ 𝑧 = 𝑥 ∗ (𝑦 ∗ 𝑧)
(iii) < 𝑅,∗> memenuhi sifat distribusi, yaitu:
∀𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 berlaku:
𝑥 ∗ (𝑦 ∘ 𝑧) = (𝑥 ∗ 𝑦) ∘ (𝑥 ∗ 𝑧) (Distribusi kiri)
(𝑥 ∘ 𝑦) ∗ 𝑧 = (𝑥 ∗ 𝑧) ∘ (𝑦 ∗ 𝑧) (Distribusi kanan)
(Sahat Saragih, 3)

Definition Ring
A ring R is a set with two binary operations, addition (denoted by 𝑎 + 𝑏) and
multiplication (denoted by 𝑎𝑏), such that for all 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 in 𝑅:
1. 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎.
2. (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐).
3. There is an additive identity 0. That is, there is an element 0 in 𝑅 such that
𝑎 + 0 = 𝑎 for all 𝑎 in 𝑅.
4. There is an elemen −𝑎 in 𝑅 such that 𝑎 + (−𝑎) = 0
5. 𝑎(𝑏𝑐) = (𝑎𝑏)𝑐
6. 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 and (𝑏 + 𝑐)𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎 + 𝑐𝑎 (Joseph A Gallian, 237)
So, a ring is an Abelian group under addition, also having an associative
multiplication that is left and right distributive over addition.
Note that multiplication need not be commutative. When it is, we say that the
ring is commutative.
Also, a ring need not have an identity under multiplication. A unity (or
identity) in a ring is a nonzero element that is an identity under multiplication. A
nonzero element of a commutative ring with unity need not have a multiplicative
inverse. When it does, we say that it is a unit of the ring. Thus, 𝑎 is a unit if 𝑎−1
exists.
Definition
A ring < 𝑅, +,∙> is a set 𝑅 together with two binary operations + and ∙, which
we call addition and multiplication, defined on 𝑅 such that the following axioms
are satisfied:
1. < 𝑅, +,∙> is an abelian grup.
2. Multiplication is associative.
3. For all 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅, the left distributive law, 𝑎 ∙ (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 ∙ 𝑏) + (𝑎 ∙ 𝑐)
and the right distributive law (𝑎 + 𝑏) ∙ 𝑐 = (𝑎 ∙ 𝑐) + (𝑏 ∙ 𝑐) hold.
(Jb Fraleigh, 167)

Definisi A-2 :
Jika < 𝑅, +,∙> adalah suatu Ring dan terdapat 𝑒 ∈ 𝑅 sedemikian hingga berlaku
: 𝑎 ∙ 𝑒 = 𝑒 ∙ 𝑎 = 𝑎, ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑅, maka < 𝑅, +,∙> disebut ring dengan unsur kesatuan.
(Sahat Saragih, 4)
Also, a ring need not have an identity under multiplication. A unity (or identity)
in a ring is a nonzero element that is an identity under multiplication.

Definisi A-3 :
Jika < 𝑅, +,∙> suatu ring dan ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 berlaku 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑎 maka < 𝑅, +,∙>
disebut Ring Komutatif. (Sahat Saragih, 5)
Note that multiplication need not be commutative. When it is, we say that the
ring is commutative.

Definisi A-4 :
Jika 𝑅 ring dengan elemen kesatuan 1, 𝑢 ∈ 𝑅 disebut unit jika terdapat 𝑢−1 ∈ 𝑅
sedemikian hingga 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢−1 = 𝑢−1 ∙ 𝑢 = 1. (Sahat Saragih, 14)
A nonzero element of a commutative ring with unity need not have a
multiplicative inverse. When it does, we say that it is a unit of the ring. Thus, 𝑎
is a unit if 𝑎−1 exists.
 SIFAT RING
Teorema B-1 :
Dalam suatu ring R, untuk sembarang 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 berlaku :
a. 0𝑦 = 𝑦0 = 0
b. −(−𝑥) = 𝑥
c. 𝑥(−𝑦) = −𝑥𝑦
d. (−𝑥)𝑦 = −𝑥𝑦
e. (−𝑥)(−𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 (Sahat Saragih, 15)

Theorem 12.1 : Rules of Multiplication

Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 belong to a ring 𝑅. Then
1. 𝑎0 = 0𝑎 = 0
2. 𝑎(−𝑏) = (−𝑎)𝑏 = −(𝑎𝑏)
3. (−𝑎)(−𝑏) = 𝑎𝑏
4. 𝑎(𝑏 − 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑐 and (𝑏 − 𝑐)𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎 − 𝑐𝑎
Furthermore, if 𝑅 has a unity element 1, then
5. (−1)𝑎 = −𝑎
6. (−1)(−1) = 1 (Joseph A Gallian, 239)

Theorem 12.2 : Uniqueness of the Unity and Inverses

If a ring has a unity, it is unique. If a ring element has a multiplicative inverse, it
is unique. (Joseph A Gallian, 240)

If 𝑅 is a ring with additive identity 0, then for any 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 we have

1. 0𝑎 = 𝑎0 = 0
2. 𝑎(−𝑏) = (−𝑎)𝑏 = −(𝑎𝑏)
3. (−𝑎)(−𝑏) = 𝑎𝑏 (Jb Fraleigh, 170)